 | This Lua module is used on approximately 12,000 pages and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the module's /sandboxor/testcases subpages, or in your own module sandbox. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them. |
The list of Val units is published at Template:Val/list, and here is the place that produces that report. So preview {{Val/list}} from the edit box to see your changes before saving them. The file format and syntax are mostly self explanatory.
Questions or requests related to Val units are welcomed at Template talk:Val. For feedback specifically about the terminology or procedural steps seen on this page, please use the talk page.
Below are the detailed procedures, examples, descriptions of testing and previewing, explanations about sorting Val expressions, and links to helpful pages. There's also further information about Val/Convert relations.
An entry defining a unit for Val is a single line under a section heading.[1] It starts with the unit code, followed by at least two spaces and a link. If you are adding a group of related units, you can enter a blank line around them to group them in the report at Val/list. An entry is ignored if it lacks at least two adjacent space characters.
|u=, |ul=, |up=or|upl= parameters.u for the Greek letter μ, if you're not sure.. to multiply, / to divide, and a signed digit for powers. For multiplication, * is deprecated. When adding a unit that includes division, consider also adding a version with multiplication by the negated power; for example, m/s2 and m.s-2 (for m/s2 and m⋅s−2).⋅ to multiply, / to divide, and <sup>...</sup> for powers. Division is also the unit-inversion form that multiplies a negative numbered power, for example for m/s2 and m⋅s−2 (from m.s-2 and m/s2).<abbr>...</abbr>or<span>...</span>.⋅, see Wikipedia:HTML.The preview of main interest is Template:Val/list[3], but previewing other your own page of interest with your newly added unit in a val call and in a sorting table are also part of this procedure. Template:Val/units/testcases contains Val calls for all defined Val units.
To maintain Val units,
If you want a unit to add for practice, add one from List of common physics notations, or from SI units#Units and prefixes.
Changing or removing existing unit codes is possible by employing {{Template usage}} to see how Val unit codes may or may not be in use on the wiki. For example, to see about changing or removing unit code J.s, do a
{{tlusage|val|"J.s"|0}} → hastemplate:"val" insource:/\{\{ *[Vv]al *\|[^}]*"J.s"/ prefix::.Put any unit code in quotes if it contains dash, dot, or slash—anything but a letter or number. See Template:Val/units/test for a list of these searches for each Val unit.
Say you're creating a new page or revamping an old page, and discover the need for a convenient way to make several entries containing c0, and link that symbol to the page Speed of light. The following entry will define your unit code as c0, your unit symbol as ''c''<sub>0</sub>, and the unit's article as Speed of light#Numerical value, notation, and units.
or as explained below at §Advanced unit entry formats, you can also write
Then preview with Template:Val/list, and check for an error message next to the new unit, and test the link you gave.
After that the page with the (saved) Val calls is used to test the linked and non-linked versions of the normal and the per units:
For an entire example that uses the other format to make a Val/unit entry.
If you want a unit to add for practice, add one from List of common physics notations, or from SI units#Units and prefixes. There are many examples of composite units that have their own page, so adding a unit code for one of those should link to its page. There are many articles that could use a new Val unit, such as molarity at Resveratrol.
Either of the test pages of these examples could have the sortable test-table shown in the next section.
To test a newly added unit not used on any page, you will need to run the preview on a sandbox page you have already created. Here are all the test cases you can preview there before saving your changes here; they are the four |u= parameters:
{{Val|9|u = }}
{{Val|9|ul = }}
{{Val|9|u=foo|up = }}
{{Val|9|u=foo|upl = }}
and the sortable table:
{| class="wikitable sortable" summary="Sortable table to test Val sorting"
! Val number and unit
|-
| {{val|5|u= }}
|-
| {{val|3|u= }}
|-
| {{val|1|u= }}
|-
| {{val|2|u= }}
|-
| {{val|4|u= }}
|}
This table falls into place unsorted, so when your unit accepts an SI prefix you can test, say, k, m, and G, with your unit, and compare with e notations 1e3, 1e6, and 1e9 in the number. For example, Val sorts these two as equal: 1e3 m (standard e notation) and 1 km.
|up= versions should have no space in front of them.In the usual format
code [[pagename|symbol]]the wikilink represents two fields itself, for a total of three fields per entry. But you cannot use a wikilink for composite units that need more than one pagename.
The other record type for adding a unit entry is also three fields. It has the same three fields, but they are in a different order.
code symbol pagenameThis format separates each field with whitespace, and also takes tabs between fields two and three.
For a new composite unit you should probably link the whole composition, or link the largest portion which could have its own page.
{{val|99|ul=m|upl=d}} → 99 m/d|end= parameter to prepend to the unit, and these can also be individually linked. For example (in geology) there is already 333 14C yr BP to use with |end=:{{val|333|ul=uBP|end= [[megaannum|Ma]]}} → 333 Ma 14C yr BP".For example Template:Val/list says
m.s-1 [[Metre per second|m⋅s<sup>−1</sup>]] linking to an article titled Metre per second, not
m.s-1 [[Metre|m]]⋅[[Second|s]]<sup>−1</sup> which has separate links to already existing unit codes.
The module must be told directly about sorting factors, spacing, and aliasing for a unit code.
There is an optional field that goes at the end after two or more spaces or one or more tabs. It is a flag mainly used to provide for that unit to be sorted in a table. Flags are mainly for sorting, and they work for either record type. Just add two or more spaces, or one or more tabs, and then the flag field. (Optional flags ALIAS and NOSPACE and ANGLE are for even more advanced users. See §Advanced unit flags below.)
Using SI requires that the unit symbol compare precisely to the unit code, and so never allows HTML or other characters in the symbol. Any difference between the unit symbol and unit code must be an SI prefix, such as k, M, or G.
Val's sorting scale factor is for comparison to other Val units that might be sorted with it.
Where Sorting is done on the wiki, it is done in sortable tables. Val entries in a sortable table will need a fourth field sorting flag. It can be a number, an equation, or an SI, but it flags the same function: a wikitable sorting "scale".
To display the sort key use |debug=yes. For example
{{val|999|u=uV|debug=yes}} → 6996998999999999999♠999 µV{{val|99|u=V|debug=yes}} → 7001990000000000000♠99 V{{val|1|u=kV|debug=yes}} → 7003100000000000000♠1 kVFor scaling a unit to sort properly, you need to pick a number for a sorting factor. There are numerous examples at Template:Val/list and at Template:Val/sortkey/unit. A system of units will have its base units, for example 1 bit; then the scale for sorting a kilobyte unit is then 8000 (eight bits per byte, times a kilo, or thousand). Or a year scale is seconds so that all times sort by seconds, which is a base unit. In general the scale shows to be "base unit" of the same type times the "SI prefix", and if it's not that simple, then the unit system's number has associated a number to it, such as Avogadro's number.
For example, the following defines a unit with code billion, symbol billion, link 1,000,000,000, and scale 1e9 (1×109). After the following entry is saved to the database
billion billion 1,000,000,000 1e9
{{val|2|u=billion}} would start sorting after {{val|98.7|e=3}}.
| Prefix | Symbol | Factor | Power |
|---|---|---|---|
| tera | T | 1000000000000 | 1012 |
| giga | G | 1000000000 | 109 |
| mega | M | 1000000 | 106 |
| kilo | k | 1000 | 103 |
| hecto | h | 100 | 102 |
| deca | da | 10 | 101 |
| (none) | (none) | 1 | 100 |
| deci | d | 0.1 | 10−1 |
| centi | c | 0.01 | 10−2 |
| milli | m | 0.001 | 10−3 |
| micro | μ | 0.000001 | 10−6 |
| nano | n | 0.000000001 | 10−9 |
| pico | p | 0.000000000001 | 10−12 |
SI is used because it scales Val expressions automatically, and it is a clean indicator that the unit will sort properly. It correctly scales any SI prefix for sorting, but not other unit codes.
For SI the unit symbol will not accept HTML, but will accept μ. HTML is not accepted at this time because in order to validate the entry, the unit code must differ from the unit symbol by exactly one valid SI prefix. If there is no difference, or too much difference, it is an invalid definition for sorting purposes. The exception is for the Greek letter μ: if you used a character input application to "install" the Greek letter μ in your symbol, for your "easy to type" unit code, u, these two are not a character mismatch.
All unit entries that use SI will have the same base unit as the symbol at Val/units, but they will display properly at Val/list.
For example, kilo is a thousand, but you're defining km2 for kilometers squared, and need HTML. You can't use SI with HTML, so use 1000*1000, or 1000000 in the sorting field. Use 1e-6 or 0.000001 or 1/100000 instead.
If the unit you are maintaining has SI prefixes and they are all likely to be sorted in a table, add up to twelve entries, one for each common SI unit. Some of these, like Meter in the example, may have their own article, but usually all go to the base unit's pagename. Here is how meter is defined.
m [[Metre|m]] SI cm [[Centimetre|m]] SI dam [[Decametre|m]] SI dm [[Decimetre|m]] SI hm [[Hectometre|m]] SI km [[Kilometre|m]] SI Mm [[Megametre|m]] SI mm [[Millimetre|m]] SI um [[Micrometre|µm]] 1/1000000 µm [[Micrometre|m]] SI nm [[Nanometre|m]] SI pm [[Picometre|m]] SI
The information that was in the unit symbol is now fully specified in, and exhibited at, the unit code. SI specifies that the unit's symbol has been transformed from a symbol to a string for use in string comparison that will finally result in calculating a sorting factor. It conveniently uses the idea that the unit code is often equal to the symbol, especially with SI units. The field definitions are sacrificed for a simplicity in the user presentation, user calculation, and user entry.
In the other format, the following defines three unit codes for volts, V for sorting. V is the base unit with the SI prefix removed. A unit code defined in this manner will have its sort key scaled by the software according to the SI prefix produced by the difference between the unit code and unit symbol.
kV V Kilovolt SIµV V Microvolt SIuV V Microvolt SINow {{val|1|u=kV}} will sort after {{val|999|u=V}} without having to resort to using a number, and with the clean representation at Val/list.
The symbol column shows "V" for each, but it is not the symbol—it is the base unit after removing the SI prefix so convert can work out what is intended to be the prefix. The following would give identical results:
kV kV Kilovolt 1e3µV µV Microvolt 1e-6uV µV Microvolt 1e-6As you can see, without "SI", you define both the symbol, and the scale. You define the symbol with HTML or the Greek letter or other symbol, and you define the scale with a number or an equation. When "SI" is used, convert just does the right thing for the symbol and scale.
If you are here to change the link or markup of a unit, but it is not listed at Val/units, sometimes you can find the unit markup and link that you do want, already existing at Template:Convert#Units. In that case you can change the unit code to whatever you'd prefer, and it will achieve your goal. For example, if {{Val|1|C}} is going to Celsius instead of Coulombs, you can define your own unit code, say "degC".
The following defines degC to refer to the unit known as °C in convert. There is no link because a link is defined at Convert.
degC °C ALIAS
If you want to reorganize sections here, note that the two lines local builtin_units and local builtin_units_long_scale require a blank line after them. The section long scale, with all the units like "billions" and "trillions", is under the latter, near the bottom of the page. All the rest of the units are in the former.
The file format is two Lua strings and a return statement with them in it: a string in quotes [=[ ... builtin_units ... ]=], and another string in quotes [=[ ... builtin_units_long_scale ... ]=]. The first string, builtin_units, is short-scale, second string is long scale. The reason there are two strings is because of the difference between British and US terms surrounding "billion", "billionth", etc.
For each string there must be a blank line before the first line of the string and after the last line of the string. In other words the first two and last two characters of each string must be newlines.
There is one record per line, starting in first column, having 2-4 fields. The field separator is two or more spaces. Between first and second fields, use two or more spaces. Between all other fields, use two or more spaces, or one or more tabs. Entries without two spaces in them are ignored.
You can alias Convert or Val units. But these are different things.
For spacing and aliasing:
ALIAS specifies that the unit's symbol is the code for a unit defined in {{convert}}}.NOSPACE prevents the default insertion of a non-breaking space before the unit symbol.ANGLE flag, this identifies those special units that must displayed not only after the main Val number, but also after its uncertainty#Measurements numbers.(ANGLE also implies NOSPACE.)Val and Convert share unit codes, but their units of measurement are different.
-- Definitions for units known to val
-- File format is two strings and a return statement with them in it:
-- string in quotes [=[ ... builtin_units ... ]=].
-- string in quotes [=[ ... builtin_units_long_scale ... ]=].
-- First string, builtin_units, is short-scale, second string is long scale.
-- Entry format:
-- One record per line, starting in first column, having 2-4 fields.
-- Field separator: two or more spaces
-- Between first and second fields: two or more spaces
-- Between all other fields: two or more spaces, or one or more tabs
-- Entries without two spaces in them are ignored.
-- There must be a blank line before the first entry and after the last.
-- I.e. the first two and last two characters of the string must be newlines.
-- Format of entry. Two record types:
--
-- One record type is a wikilink:
-- Unit-code [[ pagename | Symbol-accepts-HTML-only ]]
-- Text-field separator is still two spaces. Two spaces not allowed in wikilink.
--
-- The other record type is all fields:
-- Unit-code symbol-accepts-HTML-only pagename#section-OK
--
-- Plus there is an optional field that goes at the end after two or more spaces.
-- Whether it is a number or an equation or the letters SI,
-- any of these three has the same function: a wikitable sorting "scale".
-- It is for sorting, and it works for either record type.
-- Difference is SI can't accept HTML. But SI correctly scales any SI prefix.
-- (Optional fields ALIAS and NOSPACE and ANGLE are for advanced users.)
-- "Invalid unit" error:
-- Using SI requires that the symbol equal unit-code, so never allows HTML.
-- Any difference between SI or symbol must be an SI prefix, such as k, M, or G.
-- A space at the end of an entry is an error. No space at each EOL.
local builtin_units = [=[
== Test ==
Foo [[Hz|<samp>Foo</samp>]]
Baz [[Hertz|baz<sub>0</sub>]]
Baz [[Kelvins|baz<sub>0</sub>]]
Bar [[Foobar|bar<abbr title="super duper">0</abbr>]]
quux [[Foobar|<span title="super duper 2">bar0</span>]]
== Unsorted units ==
c0 [[Speed of light#Numerical value, notation, and units|''c''<sub>0</sub>]]
lbf [[Pound (force)|<span title="pound-force">lb<sub>F</sub></span> ]]
N.s [[Newton-second|N⋅s]]
J.K-1 [[Joule per kelvin|J⋅K<sup>−1</sup>]]
C.mol-1 [[Faraday constant|C⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
C/mol [[Faraday constant|C/mol]]
C.kg-1 [[Roentgen (unit)|C⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>]]
C/kg [[Roentgen (unit)|C/kg]]
F.m-1 [[vacuum permittivity|F⋅m<sup>−1</sup>]]
F/m [[vacuum permittivity|F/m]]
e [[Elementary charge|''e'']]
kB [[Kilobyte|kB]] 8e3
MB [[Megabyte|MB]] 8e6
GB [[Gigabyte|GB]] 8e9
TB [[Terabyte|TB]] 8e12
lx [[Lux (unit)|lx]]
nat [[nat (unit)|nat]]
== Time and frequency ==
byte/s [[Data rate units|byte/s]] 8
kB/s [[Data rate units#Kilobyte per second|<span title="Kilobytes per second">kB/s</span>]] 8e3
MB/s [[Data rate units#Megabyte per second|<span title="Megabytes per second">MB/s</span>]] 8e6
GB/s [[Data rate units#Gigabyte per second|<span title="Gigabytes per second">GB/s</span>]] 8e9
TB/s [[Data rate units#Terabyte per second|<span title="Terabytes per second">TB/s</span>]] 8e12
bit/s [[Bit per second|bit/s]] 1
bps [[Bit per second|bit/s]] 1
kbit/s [[Kilobit per second|kbit/s]] 1e3
Mbit/s [[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] 1e6
Gbit/s [[Gigabit per second|Gbit/s]] 1e9
Tbit/s [[Terabit per second|Tbit/s]] 1e12
kT/s [[Transfer (computing)|<span title="Kilotransfers per second">kT/s</span>]] 1e3
MT/s [[Transfer (computing)|<span title="Megatransfers per second">MT/s</span>]] 1e6
GT/s [[Transfer (computing)|<span title="Gigatransfers per second">GT/s</span>]] 1e9
year [[Year|year]] 31557600
years [[Year|years]] 31557600
yr [[Year#Symbols y and yr|yr]] 31557600
y [[Year|y]] 31557600
a [[Annum|a]] 31557600
Ga [[Gigaannum|Ga]] 31557600000000000
Ma [[Megaannum|Ma]] 31557600000000
ka [[Kiloannum|ka]] 31557600000
kyr [[kyr|kyr]] 31557600000
kya [[kyr|kya]] 31557600000
myr [[myr|myr]] 31557600000000
mya [[Mya (unit)|mya]] 31557600000000
byr [[Billion years|byr]] 31557600000000000
bya [[Billion years ago|bya]] 31557600000000000
Gyr [[billion years|Gyr]] 31557600000000000
BP [[Before present|BP]]
uBP [[Radiocarbon dating#Calibration|<sup>14</sup>C yr BP]]
BC [[Before Christ|BC]] -1
AD [[Anno Domini|AD]] 1
BCE [[Before the Common Era|BCE]] -1
CE [[Common Era|CE]] 1
JD [[Julian date|JD]] 1
MJD [[Modified Julian date|MJD]] 1
s-1 [[Second|s<sup>−1</sup>]]
s-2 [[Second|s<sup>−2</sup>]]
s2 [[Second|s<sup>2</sup>]]
s [[Second|s]] SI
as [[Attosecond|s]] SI
cs [[Second|s]] SI
das [[Second|s]] SI
ds [[Second|s]] SI
Es [[Second|s]] SI
fs [[Femtosecond|s]] SI
Gs [[Second|s]] SI
hs [[Second|s]] SI
ks [[Second|s]] SI
ms [[Millisecond|s]] SI
µs [[Microsecond|s]] SI
us [[Microsecond|s]] SI
Ms [[Second|s]] SI
ns [[Nanosecond|s]] SI
ps [[Picosecond|s]] SI
Ps [[Second|s]] SI
Ts [[Second|s]] SI
Ys [[Second|s]] SI
ys [[Yoctosecond|s]] SI
Zs [[Second|s]] SI
zs [[Zeptosecond|s]] SI
Hz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
aHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
cHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
daHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
dHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
EHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
fHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
hHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
GHz [[Gigahertz|Hz]] SI
kHz [[Kilohertz|Hz]] SI
MHz [[Megahertz|Hz]] SI
mHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
uHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
µHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
nHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
pHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
PHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
THz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
yHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
YHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
zHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
ZHz [[Hertz|Hz]] SI
== Length, area, volume ==
fb-1 [[Barn (unit)|fb<sup>−1</sup>]]
m-1 [[Metre|m<sup>−1</sup>]]
m-2 [[Square metre|m<sup>−2</sup>]]
m-3 [[Cubic metre|m<sup>−3</sup>]]
km2 [[Square kilometre|km<sup>2</sup>]]
km3 [[Cubic kilometre|km<sup>3</sup>]]
µm2 [[Square metre|µm<sup>2</sup>]]
um2 [[Square metre|µm<sup>2</sup>]]
am2 [[Square metre|am<sup>2</sup>]]
cm2 [[Square centimetre|cm<sup>2</sup>]]
dam2 [[Square metre|dam<sup>2</sup>]]
dm2 [[Square metre|dm<sup>2</sup>]]
Em2 [[Square metre|Em<sup>2</sup>]]
fm2 [[Square metre|fm<sup>2</sup>]]
Gm2 [[Square metre|Gm<sup>2</sup>]]
hm2 [[Square metre|hm<sup>2</sup>]]
mm2 [[Square metre|mm<sup>2</sup>]]
Mm2 [[Square metre|Mm<sup>2</sup>]]
nm2 [[Square metre|nm<sup>2</sup>]]
pm2 [[Square metre|pm<sup>2</sup>]]
Pm2 [[Square metre|Pm<sup>2</sup>]]
Tm2 [[Square metre|Tm<sup>2</sup>]]
ym2 [[Square metre|ym<sup>2</sup>]]
Ym2 [[Square metre|Ym<sup>2</sup>]]
zm2 [[Square metre|zm<sup>2</sup>]]
Zm2 [[Square metre|Zm<sup>2</sup>]]
gal [[Gallon|gal]]
Gal [[Gal (unit)|Gal]]
uGal [[Gal (unit)|µGal]]
µGal [[Gal (unit)|µGal]]
mGal [[Gal (unit)|mGal]]
b [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
ab [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
cb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
dab [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
db [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Eb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
fb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Gb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
hb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
kb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
mb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
µb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
ub [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Mb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
nb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
pb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Pb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Tb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Yb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
yb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
Zb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
zb [[Barn (unit)|b]] SI
== Velocity and acceleration ==
m.s-2 [[Metre per second squared|m⋅s<sup>−2</sup>]]
m/s2 [[Metre per second squared|m/s<sup>2</sup>]]
m.s-1 [[Metre per second|m⋅s<sup>−1</sup>]]
m/s [[Metre per second|m/s]]
km.s-1 [[Metre per second|km⋅s<sup>−1</sup>]]
km/s [[Metre per second|km/s]]
== Mass and energy ==
lbm [[Pound (mass)|<span title="pound-mass">lb<sub>m</sub></span>]]
uJ [[Joule|µJ]]
J.s [[Joule-second|J⋅s]]
kWh [[Kilowatt hour|kWh]]
kW.h [[Kilowatt hour|kW⋅h]]
J/C [[Volt|J/C]]
J/kg [[Joule|J/kg]]
Da [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
EDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
PDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
TDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
GDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
MDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
kDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
mDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
uDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
μDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
nDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
pDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
fDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
aDa [[Dalton (unit)|Da]] SI
g [[Gram|g]] SI
ag [[Attogram|g]] SI
cg [[Centigram|g]] SI
dag [[Gram|g]] SI
dg [[Decigram|g]] SI
Eg [[Exagram|g]] SI
fg [[Femtogram|g]] SI
Gg [[Gigagram|g]] SI
hg [[Kilogram#SI multiples|g]] SI
kg [[Kilogram|g]] SI
mcg [[Microgram|g]] SI
Mg [[Megagram|g]] SI
mg [[Milligram|g]] SI
ug [[Microgram|g]] SI
µg [[Microgram|g]] SI
ng [[Nanogram|g]] SI
Pg [[Petagram|g]] SI
pg [[Picogram|g]] SI
Tg [[Tonne|g]] SI
yg [[Yoctogram|g]] SI
Yg [[Yottagram|g]] SI
zg [[Zeptogram|g]] SI
Zg [[Zettagram|g]] SI
== Pressure and density ==
psi [[Pounds per square inch|psi]]
g.cm-3 [[Gram per cubic centimetre|g⋅cm<sup>−3</sup>]]
g/cm3 [[Gram per cubic centimetre|g/cm<sup>3</sup>]]
kg.m-3 [[Kilogram per cubic metre|kg⋅m<sup>−3</sup>]]
kg/m3 [[Kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]]
kg/cm3 [[Density#Formula and common units|kg/cm<sup>3</sup>]]
g/L [[Gram per litre|g/L]]
g/l [[Gram per litre|g/l]]
mcg/dL [[Gram per litre|µg/dL]]
mcg/dl [[Gram per litre|µg/dl]]
mg/mL [[Gram per litre|mg/mL]]
mg/ml [[Gram per litre|mg/ml]]
ug/dL [[Gram per litre|µg/dL]]
ug/dl [[Gram per litre|µg/dl]]
μg/dL [[Gram per litre|μg/dL]]
μg/dl [[Gram per litre|μg/dl]]
mg.L-1 [[Gram per litre|<abbr title="milligrams per liter">mg/L</abbr>]]
mg/L [[Gram per litre|<abbr title="milligrams per liter">mg/L</abbr>]]
mg.l-1 [[Gram per litre|<abbr title="milligrams per liter">mg/l</abbr>]]
mg/l [[Gram per litre|<abbr title="milligrams per liter">mg/l</abbr>]]
== Fracture toughness ==
MPa.m.5 [[Fracture toughness|MPa⋅m<sup>1/2</sup>]]
kPa.m.5 [[Fracture toughness|kPa⋅m<sup>1/2</sup>]]
Pa.m.5 [[Fracture toughness|Pa⋅m<sup>1/2</sup>]]
== Temperature ==
degC °C ALIAS
degF °F ALIAS
degR °R ALIAS
K [[Kelvin|K]] SI
YK [[Yottakelvin|K]] SI
ZK [[Zettakelvin|K]] SI
EK [[Kelvin|K]] SI
PK [[Petakelvin|K]] SI
TK [[Terakelvin|K]] SI
GK [[Gigakelvin|K]] SI
MK [[Megakelvin|K]] SI
kK [[Kilokelvin|K]] SI
hK [[Hectokelvin|K]] SI
daK [[Decakelvin|K]] SI
dK [[Decikelvin|K]] SI
cK [[Centikelvin|K]] SI
mK [[Millikelvin|K]] SI
µK [[Microkelvin|K]] SI
uK [[Microkelvin|K]] SI
nK [[Nanokelvin|K]] SI
pK [[Picokelvin|K]] SI
fK [[Femtokelvin|K]] SI
aK [[Attokelvin|K]] SI
zK [[Zeptokelvin|K]] SI
yK [[Yoctokelvin|K]] SI
== Electromagnetism ==
Wb [[Weber (unit)|Wb]]
N.A-2 [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|N⋅A<sup>−2</sup>]]
H.m-1 [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|H⋅m<sup>−1</sup>]]
V.m-1 [[Electric field|V⋅m<sup>−1</sup>]]
V/m [[Electric field|V/m]]
C [[Coulomb|C]] SI
YC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
ZC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
EC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
PC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
TC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
GC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
MC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
kC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
hC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
daC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
dC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
cC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
mC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
µC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
uC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
nC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
pC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
fC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
aC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
zC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
yC [[Coulomb|C]] SI
F [[Farad|F]] SI
YF [[Farad|F]] SI
ZF [[Farad|F]] SI
EF [[Farad|F]] SI
PF [[Farad|F]] SI
TF [[Farad|F]] SI
GF [[Farad|F]] SI
MF [[Farad|F]] SI
kF [[Farad|F]] SI
hF [[Farad|F]] SI
daF [[Farad|F]] SI
dF [[Farad|F]] SI
cF [[Farad|F]] SI
mF [[Farad|F]] SI
µF [[Farad|F]] SI
uF [[Farad|F]] SI
nF [[Farad|F]] SI
pF [[Farad|F]] SI
fF [[Farad|F]] SI
aF [[Farad|F]] SI
zF [[Farad|F]] SI
yF [[Farad|F]] SI
H [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
YH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
ZH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
EH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
PH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
TH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
GH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
MH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
kH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
hH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
daH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
dH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
cH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
mH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
µH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
uH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
nH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
pH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
fH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
aH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
zH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
yH [[Henry (unit)|H]] SI
A [[Ampere|A]] SI
YA [[Ampere|A]] SI
ZA [[Ampere|A]] SI
EA [[Ampere|A]] SI
PA [[Ampere|A]] SI
TA [[Ampere|A]] SI
GA [[Ampere|A]] SI
MA [[Ampere|A]] SI
kA [[Ampere|A]] SI
hA [[Ampere|A]] SI
daA [[Ampere|A]] SI
dA [[Ampere|A]] SI
cA [[Ampere|A]] SI
mA [[Ampere|A]] SI
µA [[Ampere|A]] SI
uA [[Ampere|A]] SI
nA [[Ampere|A]] SI
pA [[Ampere|A]] SI
fA [[Ampere|A]] SI
aA [[Ampere|A]] SI
zA [[Ampere|A]] SI
yA [[Ampere|A]] SI
V [[Volt|V]] SI
YV [[Volt|V]] SI
ZV [[Volt|V]] SI
EV [[Volt|V]] SI
PV [[Volt|V]] SI
TV [[Volt|V]] SI
GV [[Volt|V]] SI
MV [[Volt|V]] SI
kV [[Volt|V]] SI
hV [[Volt|V]] SI
daV [[Volt|V]] SI
dV [[Volt|V]] SI
cV [[Volt|V]] SI
mV [[Volt|V]] SI
µV [[Volt|V]] SI
uV [[Volt|V]] SI
nV [[Volt|V]] SI
pV [[Volt|V]] SI
fV [[Volt|V]] SI
aV [[Volt|V]] SI
zV [[Volt|V]] SI
yV [[Volt|V]] SI
VA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
YVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
ZVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
EVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
PVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
TVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
GVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
MVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
kVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
hVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
daVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
dVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
cVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
mVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
µVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
uVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
nVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
pVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
fVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
aVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
zVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
yVA [[Volt-ampere|VA]] SI
Ω [[Ohm|Ω]] SI
YΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|YΩ⋅m]] 1e24
ZΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|ZΩ⋅m]] 1e21
EΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|EΩ⋅m]] 1e18
PΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|PΩ⋅m]] 1e15
TΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|TΩ⋅m]] 1e12
GΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|GΩ⋅m]] 1e9
MΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|MΩ⋅m]] 1e6
kΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|kΩ⋅m]] 1e3
Ω.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|Ω⋅m]] 1
mΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|mΩ⋅m]] 1e-3
µΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|µΩ⋅m]] 1e-6
uΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|µΩ⋅m]] 1e-6
nΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|nΩ⋅m]] 1e-9
pΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|pΩ⋅m]] 1e-12
fΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|fΩ⋅m]] 1e-15
aΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|aΩ⋅m]] 1e-18
zΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|zΩ⋅m]] 1e-21
yΩ.m [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity#Definition|yΩ⋅m]] 1e-24
R [[Rayleigh (unit)|R]] SI
G [[Gauss (unit)|G]] SI
aG [[Attogauss|G]] SI
cG [[Centigauss|G]] SI
daG [[Decagauss|G]] SI
dG [[Decigauss|G]] SI
EG [[Exagauss|G]] SI
fG [[Femtogauss|G]] SI
GG [[Gigagauss|G]] SI
hG [[Hectogauss|G]] SI
kG [[Kilogauss|G]] SI
MG [[Megagauss|G]] SI
mG [[Milligauss|G]] SI
uG [[Microgauss|G]] SI
µG [[Microgauss|G]] SI
nG [[Nanogauss|G]] SI
PG [[Petagauss|G]] SI
pG [[Picogauss|G]] SI
TG [[Teragauss|G]] SI
yG [[Yoctogauss|G]] SI
YG [[Yottagauss|G]] SI
zG [[Zeptogauss|G]] SI
ZG [[Zettagauss|G]] SI
T [[Tesla (unit)|T]] SI
aT [[Attotesla|T]] SI
cT [[Centitesla|T]] SI
daT [[Decatesla|T]] SI
dT [[Decitesla|T]] SI
ET [[Exatesla|T]] SI
fT [[Femtotesla|T]] SI
GT [[Gigatesla|T]] SI
hT [[Hectotesla|T]] SI
kT [[Kilotesla|T]] SI
MT [[Megatesla|T]] SI
mT [[Millitesla|T]] SI
uT [[Microtesla|T]] SI
µT [[Microtesla|T]] SI
nT [[Nanotesla|T]] SI
PT [[Petatesla|T]] SI
pT [[Picotesla|T]] SI
TT [[Teratesla|T]] SI
yT [[Yoctotesla|T]] SI
YT [[Yottatesla|T]] SI
zT [[Zeptotesla|T]] SI
ZT [[Zettatesla|T]] SI
== Astrophysics ==
au [[Astronomical unit|au]]
c [[Speed of light|''c'']]
ly [[Light-year|ly]]
dex [[decimal exponent|dex]]
Earth mass [[Earth mass|''M''<sub>⊕</sub>]]
Earth radius [[Earth radius|''R''<sub>⊕</sub>]]
M_Earth [[Earth mass|''M''<sub>⊕</sub>]]
R_Earth [[Earth radius|''R''<sub>⊕</sub>]]
M+ [[Earth mass|''M''<sub>⊕</sub>]]
R+ [[Earth radius|''R''<sub>⊕</sub>]]
Jupiter mass [[Jupiter mass|''M''<sub>J</sub>]]
Jupiter radius [[Jupiter radius|''R''<sub>J</sub>]]
M_Jupiter [[Jupiter mass|''M''<sub>J</sub>]]
R_Jupiter [[Jupiter radius|''R''<sub>J</sub>]]
Solar mass [[Solar mass|''M''<sub>☉</sub>]]
solar mass [[Solar mass|''M''<sub>☉</sub>]]
M_Solar [[Solar mass|''M''<sub>☉</sub>]]
M_solar [[Solar mass|''M''<sub>☉</sub>]]
R_Solar [[Solar radius|''R''<sub>☉</sub>]]
R_solar [[Solar radius|''R''<sub>☉</sub>]]
Solar radius [[Solar radius|''R''<sub>☉</sub>]]
solar radius [[Solar radius|''R''<sub>☉</sub>]]
Solar luminosity [[Solar luminosity|''L''<sub>☉</sub>]]
solar luminosity [[Solar luminosity|''L''<sub>☉</sub>]]
L_solar [[Solar luminosity|''L''<sub>☉</sub>]]
L_Solar [[Solar luminosity|''L''<sub>☉</sub>]]
Lo [[Solar luminosity|''L''<sub>☉</sub>]]
pc2 [[Parsec|pc<sup>2</sup>]]
pc3 [[Parsec|pc<sup>3</sup>]]
kpc2 [[Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs|kpc<sup>2</sup>]]
kpc3 [[Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs|kpc<sup>3</sup>]]
kpc [[Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs|kpc]]
Mpc2 [[Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs|Mpc<sup>2</sup>]]
Mpc3 [[Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs|Mpc<sup>3</sup>]]
Mpc [[Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs|Mpc]]
Gpc2 [[Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs|Gpc<sup>2</sup>]]
Gpc3 [[Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs|Gpc<sup>3</sup>]]
Gpc [[Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs|Gpc]]
== Nuclear physics and chemistry ==
cm-1 [[Wavenumber|cm<sup>−1</sup>]]
u [[Unified atomic mass unit|u]]
osmol [[Osmole (unit)|osmol]]
Osm [[Osmole (unit)|Osm]]
M [[Molarity|M]]
TM [[Molarity|M]] SI
GM [[Molarity|M]] SI
MM [[Molarity|M]] SI
kM [[Molarity|M]] SI
hM [[Molarity|M]] SI
daM [[Molarity|M]] SI
dM [[Molarity|M]] SI
cM [[Molarity|M]] SI
mM [[Molarity|M]] SI
uM [[Molarity|M]] 1e-6
nM [[Molarity|M]] SI
pM [[Molarity|M]] SI
kg.mol-1 [[Molar mass|kg⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
kg/mol [[Molar mass|kg/mol]]
g.mol-1 [[Molar mass|g⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
g/mol [[Molar mass|g/mol]]
eV/c2 [[Electronvolt#Mass|eV/''c''<sup>2</sup>]]
keV/c2 [[Electronvolt#Mass|keV/''c''<sup>2</sup>]]
MeV/c2 [[Electronvolt#Mass|MeV/''c''<sup>2</sup>]]
GeV/c2 [[Electronvolt#Mass|GeV/''c''<sup>2</sup>]]
TeV/c2 [[Electronvolt#Mass|TeV/''c''<sup>2</sup>]]
µN [[Nuclear magneton|µ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />N</span>]]
µB [[Bohr magneton|µ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />B</span>]]
eV [[Electronvolt|eV]]
meV [[Electronvolt|meV]]
keV [[Electronvolt|keV]]
MeV [[Electronvolt|MeV]]
GeV [[Electronvolt|GeV]]
TeV [[Electronvolt|TeV]]
mol-1 [[Avogadro constant|mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
J.mol-1 [[Joule per mole|J⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
J/mol [[Joule per mole|J/mol]]
kJ.mol-1 [[Joule per mole|kJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
kJ/mol [[Joule per mole|kJ/mol]]
MJ.mol-1 [[Joule per mole|MJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
MJ/mol [[Joule per mole|MJ/mol]]
GJ.mol-1 [[Joule per mole|GJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
GJ/mol [[Joule per mole|GJ/mol]]
TJ.mol-1 [[Joule per mole|TJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup>]]
TJ/mol [[Joule per mole|TJ/mol]]
== Numbers and phrases ==
pp [[Page (paper)|pp]]
ppb [[Parts per billion|ppb]] 1e-9
ppm [[Parts per million|ppm]] 1e-6
billiard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1015|billiard]] 1e15
billion [[1,000,000,000|billion]] 1e9
billionth [[1,000,000,000|billionth]] 1e-9
billionths [[1,000,000,000|billionths]] 1e-9
decilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1063|decilliard]] 1e63
decillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1033|decillion]] 1e33
decillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1033|decillionth]] 1e-33
decillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1033|decillionths]] 1e-33
milliard [[1,000,000,000|milliard]] 1e9
million [[Million|million]] 1e6
millionth [[Million|millionth]] 1e-6
millionths [[Million|millionths]] 1e-6
nonilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1057|nonilliard]] 1e57
nonillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1030|nonillion]] 1e30
nonillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1030|nonillionth]] 1e-30
nonillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1030|nonillionths]] 1e-30
octilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1051|octilliard]] 1e51
octillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1027|octillion]] 1e27
octillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1027|octillionth]] 1e-27
octillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1027|octillionths]] 1e-27
quadrilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1027|quadrilliard]] 1e27
quadrillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1015|quadrillion]] 1e15
quadrillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1015|quadrillionth]] 1e-15
quadrillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1015|quadrillionths]] 1e-15
quintilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1033|quintilliard]] 1e33
quintillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1018|quintillion]] 1e18
quintillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1018|quintillionth]] 1e-18
quintillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1018|quintillionths]] 1e-18
septilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1045|septilliard]] 1e45
septillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1024|septillion]] 1e24
septillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1024|septillionth]] 1e-24
septillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1024|septillionths]] 1e-24
sextilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1039|sextilliard]] 1e39
sextillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1021|sextillion]] 1e21
sextillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1021|sextillionth]] 1e-21
sextillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1021|sextillionths]] 1e-21
trilliard [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1021|trilliard]] 1e21
trillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|trillion]] 1e12
trillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|trillionth]] 1e-12
trillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|trillionths]] 1e-12
== Angles ==
% % Percent ANGLE 0.01
percent % Percent ANGLE 0.01
per cent % Percent ANGLE 0.01
‰ ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
per mil ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
per mill ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
per mille ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
permil ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
permill ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
permille ‰ Per mil ANGLE 1e-3
° ° Degree (angle) ANGLE pi/180
deg ° Degree (angle) ANGLE pi/180
' ′ Minute of arc ANGLE pi/10800
′ ′ Minute of arc ANGLE pi/10800
arcmin ′ Minute of arc ANGLE pi/10800
arcminute ′ Minute of arc ANGLE pi/10800
" ″ Second of arc ANGLE pi/648000
″ ″ Second of arc ANGLE pi/648000
arcsec ″ Second of arc ANGLE pi/648000
arcsecond ″ Second of arc ANGLE pi/648000
mas [[Milliarcsecond|mas]] pi/648000000
]=]
-- If val has "|long scale=on" the following definitions are used
-- (then, if not found here, the normal definitions are used).
-- Unit code [[Link|Symbol]] Flags/Scale
local builtin_units_long_scale = [=[
== Long scale numbers and phrases ==
billion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|billion]] 1e12
billionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|billionth]] 1e-12
billionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|billionths]] 1e-12
decillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1060|decillion]] 1e60
decillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1060|decillionth]] 1e-60
decillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1060|decillionths]] 1e-60
nonillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1054|nonillion]] 1e54
nonillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1054|nonillionth]] 1e-54
nonillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1054|nonillionths]] 1e-54
octillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1048|octillion]] 1e48
octillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1048|octillionth]] 1e-48
octillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1048|octillionths]] 1e-48
quadrillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1024|quadrillion]] 1e24
quadrillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1024|quadrillionth]] 1e-24
quadrillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1024|quadrillionths]] 1e-24
quintillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1030|quintillion]] 1e30
quintillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1030|quintillionth]] 1e-30
quintillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1030|quintillionths]] 1e-30
septillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1042|septillion]] 1e42
septillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1042|septillionth]] 1e-42
septillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1042|septillionths]] 1e-42
sextillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1036|sextillion]] 1e36
sextillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1036|sextillionth]] 1e-36
sextillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1036|sextillionths]] 1e-36
trillion [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1018|trillion]] 1e18
trillionth [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1018|trillionth]] 1e-18
trillionths [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1018|trillionths]] 1e-18
]=]
return { builtin_units = builtin_units, builtin_units_long_scale = builtin_units_long_scale }
