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{{short description|Natural satellites orbiting dwarf planet Haumea}} |
{{short description|Natural satellites orbiting dwarf planet Haumea}} |
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[[File:Haumea-moons-hubble.gif|thumb|Animation of Haumea and its moons, imaged by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] in 2008. |
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⚫ | [[File:Haumea-moons-hubble.gif|thumb|Animation of Haumea and its moons, imaged by [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] in 2008. Hiʻiaka is the brighter object around Haumea (center), and Namaka is the dimmer object below.]] |
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[[File:Haumea ring moons diagram.png|thumb|Scale diagram of Haumea, the ring, and orbits of its two moons]] |
[[File:Haumea ring moons diagram.png|thumb|Scale diagram of Haumea, the ring, and orbits of its two moons]] |
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The [[ |
The [[dwarf planet]] [[Haumea]] has two known [[Natural satellite|moons]], '''[[Hiʻiaka (moon)|Hiʻiaka]]''' and '''[[Namaka (moon)|Namaka]]''', named after [[Hawaiian mythology|Hawaiian]] goddesses. These small moons were discovered in 2005, from observations of Haumea made at the large telescopes of the [[W. M. Keck Observatory]] in Hawaii. |
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Haumea's moons are unusual in a number of ways. They are thought to be part of [[Haumea family|its extended collisional family]], which formed billions of years ago from icy debris after a large impact disrupted Haumea's [[ |
Haumea's moons are unusual in a number of ways. They are thought to be part of [[Haumea family|its extended collisional family]], which formed billions of years ago from icy debris after a large impact disrupted Haumea's [[Volatile (astrogeology)|ice]] [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]]. Hiʻiaka, the larger, outermost moon, has large amounts of pure water ice on its surface, which is rare among [[Kuiper belt]] objects.<ref name="Barkume2006" /> Namaka, about one tenth the mass, has an orbit with surprising dynamics: it is unusually [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] and appears to be greatly influenced by the larger satellite. |
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==History== |
== History == |
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Two small [[natural satellite|satellites]] were discovered around [[Haumea]] (which was at that time still designated 2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) through observations using the [[W.M. Keck Observatory]] by a [[Caltech]] team in 2005. |
Two small [[natural satellite|satellites]] were discovered around [[Haumea]] (which was at that time still designated 2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) through observations using the [[W.M. Keck Observatory]] by a [[Caltech]] team in 2005. |
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The outer and larger of the two satellites was discovered 26 January 2005,<ref> |
The outer and larger of the two satellites was discovered 26 January 2005,<ref>{{cite journal |
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{{cite journal |
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|author=M. E. Brown |
|author=M. E. Brown |
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|author-link=Michael E. Brown |
|author-link=Michael E. Brown |
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|bibcode=2005ApJ...632L..45B |
|bibcode=2005ApJ...632L..45B |
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|doi=10.1086/497641 |
|doi=10.1086/497641 |
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|s2cid=119408563 |
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|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/34486/1/1538-4357_632_1_L45.pdf |
|url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/34486/1/1538-4357_632_1_L45.pdf |
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}}</ref> and formally designated S/2005 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) 1, though nicknamed "[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer|Rudolph]]" by the Caltech team.<ref> |
}}</ref> and formally designated S/2005 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) 1, though nicknamed "[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer|Rudolph]]" by the Caltech team.<ref>{{cite news |
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{{cite news |
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|author=Kenneth Chang |
|author=Kenneth Chang |
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|title=Piecing Together the Clues of an Old Collision, Iceball by Iceball |
|title=Piecing Together the Clues of an Old Collision, Iceball by Iceball |
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|date=2007-03-20 |
|date=2007-03-20 |
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|access-date=2008-10-12 |
|access-date=2008-10-12 |
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}}</ref> The smaller, inner satellite of Haumea was discovered on 30 June 2005, formally termed S/2005 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) 2, and nicknamed "[[Blitzen the Reindeer|Blitzen]]".<ref name="RagozzineDPS08"/> On 7 September 2006, both satellites were numbered and admitted into the official minor planet catalogue as (136108) 2003 EL<sub>61</sub> I and II, respectively. |
}}</ref> The smaller, inner satellite of Haumea was discovered on 30 June 2005, formally termed S/2005 (2003 EL<sub>61</sub>) 2, and nicknamed "[[Blitzen the Reindeer|Blitzen]]".<ref name="RagozzineDPS08" /> On 7 September 2006, both satellites were numbered and admitted into the official minor planet catalogue as (136108) 2003 EL<sub>61</sub> I and II, respectively. |
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The permanent names of these moons were announced, together with that of 2003 EL<sub>61</sub>, by the [[International Astronomical Union]] on 17 September 2008: (136108) Haumea I |
The permanent names of these moons were announced, together with that of 2003 EL<sub>61</sub>, by the [[International Astronomical Union]] on 17 September 2008: (136108) Haumea I Hiʻiaka and (136108) Haumea II Namaka.<ref name="iaunews">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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|title=News Release – IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea |
|title=News Release – IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea |
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|work=International Astronomical Union |
|work=International Astronomical Union |
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|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/ |
|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/ |
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|access-date=2008-09-18 |
|access-date=2008-09-18 |
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}}</ref> Each moon was named after a daughter of [[Haumea (mythology)|Haumea]], the Hawaiian goddess of fertility and childbirth. [[ |
}}</ref> Each moon was named after a daughter of [[Haumea (mythology)|Haumea]], the Hawaiian goddess of fertility and childbirth. [[Hiʻiaka]] is the goddess of [[hula|dance]] and patroness of the [[Big Island of Hawaii]], where the [[Mauna Kea Observatory]] is located.<ref name="usgs">{{cite news |
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{{cite news |
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|publisher=US Geological Survey Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |
|publisher=US Geological Survey Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |
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|title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems |
|title=Dwarf Planets and their Systems |
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|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets |
|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets |
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|access-date=2008-09-17 |
|access-date=2008-09-17 |
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}}</ref> [[Nāmaka]] is the goddess of water and the sea; she cooled her sister [[Pele (deity)|Pele]]'s lava as it flowed into the sea, turning it into new land.<ref name="craig"/> |
}}</ref> [[Nāmaka]] is the goddess of water and the sea; she cooled her sister [[Pele (deity)|Pele]]'s lava as it flowed into the sea, turning it into new land.<ref name="craig" /> |
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In her legend, Haumea's many children came from different parts of her body.<ref name="craig"> |
In her legend, Haumea's many children came from different parts of her body.<ref name="craig">{{cite book |
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{{cite book |
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|author=Robert D. Craig |
|author=Robert D. Craig |
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|title=Handbook of Polynesian Mythology |
|title=Handbook of Polynesian Mythology |
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|page=128 |
|page=128 |
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|isbn=1-57607-894-9 |
|isbn=1-57607-894-9 |
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}}</ref> The dwarf planet [[Haumea]] appears to be almost entirely made of rock, with only a superficial layer of ice; most of the original icy mantle is thought to have been blasted off by the impact that spun Haumea into its current high speed of rotation, where the material formed into the small [[Kuiper belt]] objects in [[Haumea family|Haumea's collisional family]]. There could therefore be additional outer moons, smaller than Namaka, that have not yet been detected. However, [[Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] observations have confirmed that no other moons brighter than 0.25% of the brightness of Haumea exist within the closest tenth of the distance (0.1% of the volume) where they could be held by Haumea's gravitational influence (its [[Hill sphere]]).<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009"> |
}}</ref> The dwarf planet [[Haumea]] appears to be almost entirely made of rock, with only a superficial layer of ice; most of the original icy mantle is thought to have been blasted off by the impact that spun Haumea into its current high speed of rotation, where the material formed into the small [[Kuiper belt]] objects in [[Haumea family|Haumea's collisional family]]. There could therefore be additional outer moons, smaller than Namaka, that have not yet been detected. However, [[Hubble Space Telescope|HST]] observations have confirmed that no other moons brighter than 0.25% of the brightness of Haumea exist within the closest tenth of the distance (0.1% of the volume) where they could be held by Haumea's gravitational influence (its [[Hill sphere]]).<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009">{{cite journal |
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{{cite journal |
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|last=Ragozzine |first=D. |
|last=Ragozzine |first=D. |
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|author2=Brown, M.E. |
|author2=Brown, M.E. |
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}}</ref> This makes it unlikely that any more exist. |
}}</ref> This makes it unlikely that any more exist. |
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==Surface properties== |
== Surface properties == |
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[[File: |
[[File:Haumea Hubble.png|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of Haumea (center), Hiʻiaka (above), and Namaka (below).]] |
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Hiʻiaka is the outer and, at roughly 310 km in diameter, the larger and brighter of the two moons.<ref name="Brown2006-discovery">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1086/501524| last1 = Brown| first1 = M. E.| author-link = Michael E. Brown| last2 = Van Dam| first2 = M. A.| last3 = Bouchez| first3 = A. H.| last4 = Le Mignant| first4 = D.| last5 = Campbell| first5 = R. D.| last6 = Chin| first6 = J. C. Y.| last7 = Conrad| first7 = A.| last8 = Hartman| first8 = S. K.| last9 = Johansson| first9 = E. M.| last10 = Lafon| first10 = R. E.| last11 = Rabinowitz| first11 = D. L. Rabinowitz| last12 = Stomski| first12 = P. J. Jr.| last13 = Summers| first13 = D. M.| last14 = Trujillo| first14 = C. A.| last15 = Wizinowich| first15 = P. L.| year = 2006| title = Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects| journal = The Astrophysical Journal| volume = 639| issue = 1| pages = L43–L46| arxiv = astro-ph/0510029| bibcode = 2006ApJ...639L..43B| s2cid = 2578831| url = http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf| access-date = 19 October 2011| ref = {{sfnRef|Brown Van Dam et al.|2006}} |
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}}</ref> Strong absorption features observed at 1.5, 1.65 and 2 [[micrometre| |
}}</ref> Strong absorption features observed at 1.5, 1.65 and 2 [[micrometre|μm]] in its [[infrared]] spectrum are consistent with nearly pure crystalline water ice covering much of its surface. The unusual spectrum, and its similarity to absorption lines in the spectrum of Haumea, led Brown and colleagues to conclude that it was unlikely that the system of moons was formed by the gravitational capture of passing Kuiper belt objects into orbit around the dwarf planet: instead, the Haumean moons must be fragments of Haumea itself.<ref name="largest">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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|title=The largest Kuiper belt objects |
|title=The largest Kuiper belt objects |
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|author=Michael E. Brown |
|author=Michael E. Brown |
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|work= |
|work=Caltech |
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|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/kbochap.pdf |
|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/kbochap.pdf |
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|access-date=2008-09-19 |
|access-date=2008-09-19 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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The sizes of both moons are calculated with the assumption that they have the same infrared [[albedo]] as Haumea, which is reasonable as their spectra show them to have the same surface composition. Haumea's albedo has been measured by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]]: from ground-based telescopes, the moons are too small and close to Haumea to be seen independently.<ref name="Fraser09"/> Based on this common albedo, the inner moon, Namaka, which is a tenth the mass of |
The sizes of both moons are calculated with the assumption that they have the same infrared [[albedo]] as Haumea, which is reasonable as their spectra show them to have the same surface composition. Haumea's albedo has been measured by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]]: from ground-based telescopes, the moons are too small and close to Haumea to be seen independently.<ref name="Fraser09" /> Based on this common albedo, the inner moon, Namaka, which is a tenth the mass of Hiʻiaka, would be about 170 km in diameter.<ref name="Johnston">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136108.html |
|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/astmoons/am-136108.html |
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|title=(136108) Haumea, Hi'iaka, and Namaka |
|title=(136108) Haumea, Hi'iaka, and Namaka |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) has adequate angular resolution to separate the light from the moons from that of Haumea. Photometry of the Haumea triple system with HST's [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer|NICMOS camera]] has confirmed that the spectral line at 1.6 |
The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST) has adequate angular resolution to separate the light from the moons from that of Haumea. Photometry of the Haumea triple system with HST's [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer|NICMOS camera]] has confirmed that the spectral line at 1.6 μm that indicates the presence of water ice is at least as strong in the moons' spectra as in Haumea's spectrum.<ref name="Fraser09">{{cite journal |
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{{cite journal |
|||
|last=Fraser |first=W.C. |
|last=Fraser |first=W.C. |
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|author2=Brown, M.E. |
|author2=Brown, M.E. |
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The moons of Haumea are too faint to detect with telescopes smaller than about 2 metres in [[aperture]], though Haumea itself has a visual magnitude of 17.5, making it the third-brightest object in the Kuiper belt after [[Pluto]] and [[Makemake]], and easily observable with a large amateur telescope. |
The moons of Haumea are too faint to detect with telescopes smaller than about 2 metres in [[aperture]], though Haumea itself has a visual magnitude of 17.5, making it the third-brightest object in the Kuiper belt after [[Pluto]] and [[Makemake]], and easily observable with a large amateur telescope. |
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==Orbital characteristics== |
== Orbital characteristics == |
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{{multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right |total_width=300 |
{{multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right |total_width=300 |
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|image1=TheKuiperBelt Orbits Haumea moons.svg |caption1=A view of the orbits of |
|image1=TheKuiperBelt Orbits Haumea moons.svg |caption1=A view of the orbits of Hiʻiaka (blue) and Namaka (green) |
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|image2=Haumea mutual events illustration.png |caption2=Illustration of mutual events between Haumea and Namaka during 2009–2011 |
|image2=Haumea mutual events illustration.png |caption2=Illustration of mutual events between Haumea and Namaka during 2009–2011 |
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}} |
}} |
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|
Hiʻiaka orbits Haumea nearly circularly every 49 days.<ref name="Brown2006-discovery" /> Namaka orbits Haumea in 18 days in a moderately elliptical, [[Osculating orbit|non-Keplerian]] orbit, and as of 2008 was inclined 13° with respect to Hiʻiaka, which [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbs]] its orbit.<ref name="RagozzineDPS08" /> Because the impact that created the moons of Haumea is thought to have occurred in the early history of the Solar System,<ref name="BrownBarkume2007">{{cite journal |
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{{cite journal |
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|author=Michael E. Brown |author2= Kristina M. Barkume |author3=Darin Ragozzine |author4=Emily L. Schaller |
|author=Michael E. Brown |author2= Kristina M. Barkume |author3=Darin Ragozzine |author4=Emily L. Schaller |
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|date=2007-01-19 |
|date=2007-01-19 |
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|pmid=17361177 |
|pmid=17361177 |
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|bibcode = 2007Natur.446..294B |
|bibcode = 2007Natur.446..294B |
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|s2cid= 4430027 |url= https://authors.library.caltech.edu/34346/2/nature05619-s1.pdf }}</ref> over the following billions of years it should have been [[tidal acceleration|tidally damped]] into a more circular orbit. Namaka's orbit has likely been disturbed by [[orbital resonance]]s with the more-massive |
|s2cid= 4430027 |url= https://authors.library.caltech.edu/34346/2/nature05619-s1.pdf }}</ref> over the following billions of years it should have been [[tidal acceleration|tidally damped]] into a more circular orbit. Namaka's orbit has likely been disturbed by [[orbital resonance]]s with the more-massive Hiʻiaka due to converging orbits as they moved outward from Haumea due to [[tidal acceleration|tidal dissipation]].<ref name="RagozzineDPS08" /> They may have been caught in and then escaped from orbital resonance several times; they currently are in or at least close to an 8:3 [[orbital resonance|resonance]].<ref name="RagozzineDPS08" /> This resonance strongly perturbs Namaka's orbit, which has a current [[Apsidal precession|precession]] of its [[argument of periapsis]] by about −6.5° per year, a precession period of 55 years.<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> |
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At present, the orbits of the Haumean moons appear almost exactly edge-on from Earth, with Namaka having periodically [[occultation|occulted]] Haumea from 2009 to 2011.<ref name="IAU8949"> |
At present, the orbits of the Haumean moons appear almost exactly edge-on from Earth, with Namaka having periodically [[occultation|occulted]] Haumea from 2009 to 2011.<ref name="IAU8949">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~fabrycky/EL61/ |
|url = http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~fabrycky/EL61/ |
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|title = IAU Circular 8949 |
|title = IAU Circular 8949 |
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|archive-date = 11 January 2009 |
|archive-date = 11 January 2009 |
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|df = dmy-all |
|df = dmy-all |
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}}</ref><ref name="events09"> |
}}</ref><ref name="events09">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/2003EL61/mutual/ |
|url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/2003EL61/mutual/ |
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|title=Mutual events of Haumea and Namaka |
|title=Mutual events of Haumea and Namaka |
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|author=Brown, M. |
|author=Brown, M. |
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|access-date=2009-02-18 |
|access-date=2009-02-18 |
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}}</ref> Observation of such transits would provide precise information on the size and shape of Haumea and its moons, as [[Solar eclipses on Pluto|happened in the late 1980s]] with Pluto and [[Charon (moon)|Charon]].<ref> |
}}</ref> Observation of such transits would provide precise information on the size and shape of Haumea and its moons, as [[Solar eclipses on Pluto|happened in the late 1980s]] with Pluto and [[Charon (moon)|Charon]].<ref>{{cite book |
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{{cite book |
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|author=Lucy-Ann Adams McFadden |author2=Paul Robert Weissman |author3=Torrence V. Johnson |
|author=Lucy-Ann Adams McFadden |author2=Paul Robert Weissman |author3=Torrence V. Johnson |
||
|title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System |
|title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System |
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Line 162: | Line 152: | ||
|isbn=978-0-12-088589-3 |
|isbn=978-0-12-088589-3 |
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|date=2007 |
|date=2007 |
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}}</ref> The tiny change in brightness of the system during these occultations required at least a [[Optical telescope#Astronomical research telescopes|medium]]-[[aperture]] [[List of optical telescopes|professional telescope]] for detection.<ref name="FabryckyDPS08"> |
}}</ref> The tiny change in brightness of the system during these occultations required at least a [[Optical telescope#Astronomical research telescopes|medium]]-[[aperture]] [[List of optical telescopes|professional telescope]] for detection.<ref name="FabryckyDPS08">{{cite journal |author=D. C. Fabrycky |display-authors=4 |author2=M. J. Holman |author3=D. Ragozzine |author4=M. E. Brown |author5=T. A. Lister |author6=D. M. Terndrup |author7=J. Djordjevic |author8=E. F. Young |author9=L. A. Young |author10=R. R. Howell |title=Mutual Events of 2003 EL61 and its Inner Satellite |pages=36.08 |journal=AAS DPS Conference 2008 |bibcode=2008DPS....40.3608F |year=2008 |volume=40 }}</ref> Hiʻiaka last occulted Haumea in 1999, a few years before its discovery, and will not do so again for some 130 years.<ref name="shadows">{{cite web |
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{{cite journal |author=D. C. Fabrycky |display-authors=4 |author2=M. J. Holman |author3=D. Ragozzine |author4=M. E. Brown |author5=T. A. Lister |author6=D. M. Terndrup |author7=J. Djordjevic |author8=E. F. Young |author9=L. A. Young |author10=R. R. Howell |title=Mutual Events of 2003 EL61 and its Inner Satellite |pages=36.08 |journal=AAS DPS Conference 2008 |bibcode=2008DPS....40.3608F |year=2008 |volume=40 }}</ref> Hi{{okina}}iaka last occulted Haumea in 1999, a few years before its discovery, and will not do so again for some 130 years.<ref name="shadows"> |
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{{cite web |
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|title=Moon shadow Monday (fixed) |
|title=Moon shadow Monday (fixed) |
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|author=Mike Brown |
|author=Mike Brown |
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|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/05/moon-shadow-monday-fixed.html |
|url=http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/05/moon-shadow-monday-fixed.html |
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|access-date=2008-09-27 |
|access-date=2008-09-27 |
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}}</ref> However, in a situation unique among [[regular moon|regular |
}}</ref> However, in a situation unique among [[regular moon|regular satellites]], the great [[Apsidal precession|torquing]] of Namaka's orbit by Hiʻiaka preserved the viewing angle of Namaka–Haumea transits for several more years.<ref name="RagozzineDPS08">{{cite web |
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{{cite web |
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|author = D. Ragozzine |
|author = D. Ragozzine |
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|author2 = M. E. Brown |
|author2 = M. E. Brown |
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|archive-date = 18 July 2013 |
|archive-date = 18 July 2013 |
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|df = dmy-all |
|df = dmy-all |
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}}</ref><ref name="FabryckyDPS08"/> |
}}</ref><ref name="FabryckyDPS08" /> |
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⚫ | |||
<center> |
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⚫ | |||
|- style="background:#efefef;" |
|- style="background:#efefef;" |
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! Label <br /> {{refn | group = note | Label refers to the [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]] attributed to each moon in order of their discovery.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite web|title=Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature|publisher=USGS Astrogeology|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets|access-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>}} |
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! Order<br><ref group=note>Order refers to the position with respect to their average distance from Haumea.</ref><br> |
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! colspan=" |
! colspan="2" | Name<br />([[Help:IPA for English|pronunciation]]) |
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! Mean diameter<br>(km) |
! Mean diameter<br />(km) |
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! Mass<br>(×10<sup>18</sup> kg) |
! Mass<br />(×10<sup>18</sup> kg) |
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! Semi-major<br>axis (km) |
! Semi-major<br />axis (km) |
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! Orbital period<br>(days) |
! Orbital period<br />(days) |
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! Eccentricity |
! Eccentricity |
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! Inclination (°){{refn | group = note |Orbital inclinations of Namaka and Hiʻiaka are with respect to Haumea's orbit.<!-- Axial tilt of Haumea equals ≈ 126° to Haumea's orbit and 81.2° or 78.9° to [[ecliptic]]. Usually inclinations of regular satellites are in the plane of primary body rotation. -->}} |
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! Inclination (°) |
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! Discovery date |
! Discovery date |
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|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
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| |
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| colspan="2" | (ring) || ≈ 70 || || {{val|2285|8}}<ref name="Ortiz2017" /> || {{val|0.489438|0.000012}}<ref name="Ortiz2017">{{cite journal|display-authors= 3|last1= Ortiz|first1=J. L.|last2= Santos-Sanz|first2=P.|last3= Sicardy|first3= B.|last4= Benedetti-Rossi|first4= G.|last5= Bérard|first5= D.|last6= Morales|first6= N.|last7= Duffard|first7= R.|last8= Braga-Ribas|first8=F.|last9= Hopp|first9=U.|last10= Ries|first10=C.|last11= Nascimbeni|first11=V.|last12= Marzari|first12=F.|last13= Granata|first13=V.|last14= Pál|first14=A.|last15= Kiss|first15=C.|last16= Pribulla|first16=T.|last17=Komžík|first17=R.|last18= Hornoch|first18=K.|last19=Pravec|first19=P.|last20= Bacci|first20=P.|last21= Maestripieri|first21= M.|last22= Nerli|first22=L.|last23=Mazzei|first23=L.|last24= Bachini|first24=M.|last25=Martinelli|first25= F.|last26=Succi|first26= G.|last27=Ciabattari|first27=F.|last28= Mikuz|first28=H.|last29=Carbognani|first29= A.|last30=Gaehrken|first30=B.|last31= Mottola|first31=S.|last32= Hellmich|first32=S.|last33=Rommel|first33=F. L.|last34=Fernández-Valenzuela|first34=E.|last35= Bagatin|first35=A. Campo|last36=Cikota|first36= S.|last37=Cikota|first37=A.|last38=Lecacheux|first38=J.|last39=Vieira-Martins|first39=R.|last40=Camargo|first40=J. I. B.|last41=Assafin|first41=M.|last42= Colas|first42=F.|last43=Behrend|first43= R.|last44=Desmars|first44=J.|last45=Meza|first45=E.|last46=Alvarez-Candal|first46=A.|last47=Beisker|first47=W.|last48= Gomes-Junior|first48=A. R.|last49= Morgado|first49=B. E.|last50=Roques|first50=F.|last51= Vachier|first51=F.|last52=Berthier|first52= J.|last53=Mueller|first53=T. G.|last54=Madiedo|first54=J. M.|last55=Unsalan|first55=O.|last56= Sonbas|first56=E.|last57=Karaman|first57= N.|last58=Erece|first58=O.|last59=Koseoglu|first59=D. T.|last60=Ozisik|first60=T.|last61= Kalkan|first61=S.|last62= Guney|first62=Y.|last63=Niaei|first63=M. S.|last64=Satir|first64=O.|last65= Yesilyaprak|first65=C.|last66= Puskullu|first66=C.|last67=Kabas|first67= A.|last68=Demircan|first68= O.|last69=Alikakos|first69=J.|last70= Charmandaris|first70=V.|last71=Leto|first71=G.|last72=Ohlert|first72=J.|last73=Christille|first73=J. M.|last74=Szakáts|first74=R.|last75=Farkas|first75=A. Takácsné|last76=Varga-Verebélyi|first76=E.|last77= Marton|first77=G.|last78=Marciniak|first78= A.|last79=Bartczak|first79=P.|last80=Santana-Ros|first80=T.|last81=Butkiewicz-Bąk|first81=M.|last82=Dudziński|first82=G.|last83=Alí-Lagoa|first83=V.|last84= Gazeas|first84=K.|last85= Tzouganatos|first85=L.|last86=Paschalis|first86=N.|last87=Tsamis|first87=V.|last88=Sánchez-Lavega|first88=A.|last89=Pérez-Hoyos|first89=S.|last90= Hueso|first90=R.|last91=Guirado|first91=J. C.|last92=Peris|first92=V.|last93=Iglesias-Marzoa|first93=R.|title=The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation|journal= Nature|volume= 550|issue= 7675|year= 2017|pages= 219–223|doi= 10.1038/nature24051|pmid= 29022593|arxiv= 2006.03113|bibcode=2017Natur.550..219O|hdl= 10045/70230|s2cid= 205260767|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ring-period" group=lower-alpha>Based on a 3:1 resonance with Haumea's rotation period.</ref> || || [approximately same as Haumea's equator] || January 2017 |
||
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
||
| |
| II || '''[[Namaka (moon)|Namaka]]''' || {{IPA|/nɑːˈmɑːkə/}} || ≈ 170? || {{val|1.79|1.48}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> <br />(≈ 0.05% Haumea) || {{val|25657|91}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" />|| {{val|18.2783|0.0076}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /><ref group=note name=kepler>Using [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion#Third law|Kepler's third law]].</ref> || {{val|0.249|0.015}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /><ref <ref group=note name=perturb>As of 2008: Namaka's eccentricity and inclination are [[Kozai mechanism|variable]] due to perturbation.</ref> || {{val|113.013|0.075}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> <br />({{val|13.41|0.08}} from Hiʻiaka)<ref group=note name=perturb />|| June 2005 |
||
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
|- style="text-align:center; background:white;" |
||
| |
| I || '''[[Hiʻiaka (moon)|Hiʻiaka]]''' || {{IPA|/hiːʔiːˈɑːkə/}} || ≈ 310 || {{val|17.9|1.1}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> <br />(≈ 0.5% Haumea) || {{val|49880|198}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> || {{val|49.462|0.083}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /><ref group=note name=kepler /> || {{val|0.0513|0.0078}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> || {{val|126.356|0.064}}<ref name="Ragozzine&Brown2009" /> || January 2005 |
||
|} |
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|}</center> |
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==Notes== |
== Notes == |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist|30em| refs = |
{{Reflist|30em| refs = |
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<ref name="Barkume2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Barkume | first1 = K. M. | last2 = Brown | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Schaller | first3 = E. L. | title = Water Ice on the Satellite of Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL61 | doi = 10.1086/503159 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 640 | issue = 1 | pages = L87–L89 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/rudolph.pdf|arxiv = astro-ph/0601534 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...640L..87B | s2cid = 17831967 }}</ref> |
<ref name="Barkume2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Barkume | first1 = K. M. | last2 = Brown | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Schaller | first3 = E. L. | title = Water Ice on the Satellite of Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL61 | doi = 10.1086/503159 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 640 | issue = 1 | pages = L87–L89 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/rudolph.pdf|arxiv = astro-ph/0601534 |bibcode = 2006ApJ...640L..87B | s2cid = 17831967 }}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327050619/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~darin/haumeasatsanim.gif Animation of the orbits of Haumea's moons] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327050619/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~darin/haumeasatsanim.gif Animation of the orbits of Haumea's moons] |
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* [[International Year of Astronomy |
* [[International Year of Astronomy]] 2009 [http://365daysofastronomy.org/2009/03/31/march-31st/ podcast: Dwarf Planet Haumea (Darin Ragozzine)] |
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* [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/papers/ps/EL61.pdf Brown's publication describing the discovery of |
* [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/papers/ps/EL61.pdf Brown's publication describing the discovery of Hiʻiaka] |
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* [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/rudolph.pdf Paper describing the composition of |
* [http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/rudolph.pdf Paper describing the composition of Hiʻiaka] |
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⚫ | |||
{{Moons of plutoids}} |
{{Moons of plutoids}} |
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{{Haumea}} |
{{Haumea}} |
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{{Solar System moons (compact)}} |
{{Solar System moons (compact)}} |
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{{Solar System}} |
{{Solar System}} |
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⚫ | |||
[[Category:Moons of Haumea| ]] |
[[Category:Moons of Haumea| ]] |
The dwarf planet Haumea has two known moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka, named after Hawaiian goddesses. These small moons were discovered in 2005, from observations of Haumea made at the large telescopes of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
Haumea's moons are unusual in a number of ways. They are thought to be part of its extended collisional family, which formed billions of years ago from icy debris after a large impact disrupted Haumea's ice mantle. Hiʻiaka, the larger, outermost moon, has large amounts of pure water ice on its surface, which is rare among Kuiper belt objects.[1] Namaka, about one tenth the mass, has an orbit with surprising dynamics: it is unusually eccentric and appears to be greatly influenced by the larger satellite.
Two small satellites were discovered around Haumea (which was at that time still designated 2003 EL61) through observations using the W.M. Keck Observatory by a Caltech team in 2005. The outer and larger of the two satellites was discovered 26 January 2005,[2] and formally designated S/2005 (2003 EL61) 1, though nicknamed "Rudolph" by the Caltech team.[3] The smaller, inner satellite of Haumea was discovered on 30 June 2005, formally termed S/2005 (2003 EL61) 2, and nicknamed "Blitzen".[4] On 7 September 2006, both satellites were numbered and admitted into the official minor planet catalogue as (136108) 2003 EL61 I and II, respectively.
The permanent names of these moons were announced, together with that of 2003 EL61, by the International Astronomical Union on 17 September 2008: (136108) Haumea I Hiʻiaka and (136108) Haumea II Namaka.[5] Each moon was named after a daughter of Haumea, the Hawaiian goddess of fertility and childbirth. Hiʻiaka is the goddess of dance and patroness of the Big Island of Hawaii, where the Mauna Kea Observatory is located.[6] Nāmaka is the goddess of water and the sea; she cooled her sister Pele's lava as it flowed into the sea, turning it into new land.[7]
In her legend, Haumea's many children came from different parts of her body.[7] The dwarf planet Haumea appears to be almost entirely made of rock, with only a superficial layer of ice; most of the original icy mantle is thought to have been blasted off by the impact that spun Haumea into its current high speed of rotation, where the material formed into the small Kuiper belt objects in Haumea's collisional family. There could therefore be additional outer moons, smaller than Namaka, that have not yet been detected. However, HST observations have confirmed that no other moons brighter than 0.25% of the brightness of Haumea exist within the closest tenth of the distance (0.1% of the volume) where they could be held by Haumea's gravitational influence (its Hill sphere).[8] This makes it unlikely that any more exist.
Hiʻiaka is the outer and, at roughly 310 km in diameter, the larger and brighter of the two moons.[9] Strong absorption features observed at 1.5, 1.65 and 2 μm in its infrared spectrum are consistent with nearly pure crystalline water ice covering much of its surface. The unusual spectrum, and its similarity to absorption lines in the spectrum of Haumea, led Brown and colleagues to conclude that it was unlikely that the system of moons was formed by the gravitational capture of passing Kuiper belt objects into orbit around the dwarf planet: instead, the Haumean moons must be fragments of Haumea itself.[10]
The sizes of both moons are calculated with the assumption that they have the same infrared albedo as Haumea, which is reasonable as their spectra show them to have the same surface composition. Haumea's albedo has been measured by the Spitzer Space Telescope: from ground-based telescopes, the moons are too small and close to Haumea to be seen independently.[11] Based on this common albedo, the inner moon, Namaka, which is a tenth the mass of Hiʻiaka, would be about 170 km in diameter.[12]
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has adequate angular resolution to separate the light from the moons from that of Haumea. Photometry of the Haumea triple system with HST's NICMOS camera has confirmed that the spectral line at 1.6 μm that indicates the presence of water ice is at least as strong in the moons' spectra as in Haumea's spectrum.[11]
The moons of Haumea are too faint to detect with telescopes smaller than about 2 metres in aperture, though Haumea itself has a visual magnitude of 17.5, making it the third-brightest object in the Kuiper belt after Pluto and Makemake, and easily observable with a large amateur telescope.
Hiʻiaka orbits Haumea nearly circularly every 49 days.[9] Namaka orbits Haumea in 18 days in a moderately elliptical, non-Keplerian orbit, and as of 2008 was inclined 13° with respect to Hiʻiaka, which perturbs its orbit.[4] Because the impact that created the moons of Haumea is thought to have occurred in the early history of the Solar System,[13] over the following billions of years it should have been tidally damped into a more circular orbit. Namaka's orbit has likely been disturbed by orbital resonances with the more-massive Hiʻiaka due to converging orbits as they moved outward from Haumea due to tidal dissipation.[4] They may have been caught in and then escaped from orbital resonance several times; they currently are in or at least close to an 8:3 resonance.[4] This resonance strongly perturbs Namaka's orbit, which has a current precession of its argument of periapsis by about −6.5° per year, a precession period of 55 years.[8]
At present, the orbits of the Haumean moons appear almost exactly edge-on from Earth, with Namaka having periodically occulted Haumea from 2009 to 2011.[14][15] Observation of such transits would provide precise information on the size and shape of Haumea and its moons, as happened in the late 1980s with Pluto and Charon.[16] The tiny change in brightness of the system during these occultations required at least a medium-aperture professional telescope for detection.[17] Hiʻiaka last occulted Haumea in 1999, a few years before its discovery, and will not do so again for some 130 years.[18] However, in a situation unique among regular satellites, the great torquing of Namaka's orbit by Hiʻiaka preserved the viewing angle of Namaka–Haumea transits for several more years.[4][17]
Label [note 1] |
Name (pronunciation) |
Mean diameter (km) |
Mass (×1018 kg) |
Semi-major axis (km) |
Orbital period (days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination (°)[note 2] | Discovery date | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ring) | ≈ 70 | 2285±8[20] | 0.489438±0.000012[20][a] | [approximately same as Haumea's equator] | January 2017 | ||||
II | Namaka | /nɑːˈmɑːkə/ | ≈ 170? | 1.79±1.48[8] (≈ 0.05% Haumea) |
25657±91[8] | 18.2783±0.0076[8][note 3] | 0.249±0.015[8][note 4] | 113.013±0.075[8] (13.41±0.08 from Hiʻiaka)[note 4] |
June 2005 |
I | Hiʻiaka | /hiːʔiːˈɑːkə/ | ≈ 310 | 17.9±1.1[8] (≈ 0.5% Haumea) |
49880±198[8] | 49.462±0.083[8][note 3] | 0.0513±0.0078[8] | 126.356±0.064[8] | January 2005 |
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Moons and rings |
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Collisional family |
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Astronomy |
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Natural satellites of the Solar System
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Planetary satellitesof |
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Dwarf planet satellitesof |
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Minor-planet moons |
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Ranked by size |
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