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Alter: title, pages. Add: issue, volume, bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Beetles of North America | #UCB_Category 95/892
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{{short description|Suborder of beetles}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{automatic taxobox |
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| taxon = Myxophaga |
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| image = Sphaerius.acaroides.Reitter.tafel64.jpg |
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| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Carnian|Recent}} |
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| image_caption = ''[[Sphaerius acaroides]]'' |
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| image = Delevea kurosawai (cropped).jpg |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| image_caption = ''[[Satonius]] kurosawai'' ([[Torridincolidae]]) |
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| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a |
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| image2 = |
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| image2_caption = |
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| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]] |
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| subordo = '''Myxophaga''' |
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| subdivision_ranks = Families |
| subdivision_ranks = Families |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = [[Hydroscaphidae]]<br/> |
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[[Hydroscaphidae]]<br/> |
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[[Lepiceridae]]<br/> |
[[Lepiceridae]]<br/> |
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[[Sphaerius]]idae<br/> |
[[Sphaerius]]idae<br/> |
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[[Torridincolidae]] |
[[Torridincolidae]]<br /> |
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†[[Triamyxidae]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Myxophaga''' is the second |
'''Myxophaga''' is the second-smallest suborder of the [[beetle|Coleoptera]] after [[Archostemata]], consisting of roughly 65 species of small to minute [[beetle]]s in four families. The members of this suborder are [[aquatic insect|aquatic]] and [[semiaquatic]], and feed on [[algae]]. |
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==Description== |
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⚫ | Myxophaga have several diagnostic features: the antennae are more or less distinctly clubbed with usually fewer than nine segments, mesocoxal cavities are open laterally and bordered by a mesepimeron and metanepisternum, the hind wings are rolled apically in the resting positions. Internally, they are characterised by the presence of six [[Malpighian tubule system|malpighian tubules]] and the testes are tube-like and coiled.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Band 4 Part 38: Arthropoda, Hälfte: Insecta, Coleoptera, Beetles|encyclopedia=Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|date=2005|volume=1|isbn=3-11-017130-9|last2=Leschen|first2=R.|last1=Beutel|first1=R.|chapter=Morphology and Systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim)}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Beetles of this suborder are adapted to feed on algae. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking [[Insect mouthparts#Maxilla|galeae]] and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible.<ref>{{harvnb|Beutel|Leschen|2005|page=43}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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There are four extant families in the suborder |
There are four extant families in the suborder Myxophaga divided between two superfamilies,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Myxophaga/8871 |title=Myxophaga |publisher=Tree of Life Web Project |date=2007 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> containing about 65 described species,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mesaros |first=Gabor |title=Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera, Myxophaga): A new beetle family to the fauna of Serbia |url=http://scindeks.ceon.rs/Article.aspx?artid=1820-95211306071M |journal=Bulletin of the Natural History Museum |issue=6 |pages=71–74 |doi=10.5937/bnhmb1306071m|year=2013 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and at least one extinct family.{{efn|† Denotes that the group is extinct}} |
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Superfamily [[Lepiceroidea]] <small>[[H. E. Hinton|Hinton]], 1936</small> |
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*Family [[Lepiceridae]] <small>[[H. E. Hinton|Hinton]], 1936</small> |
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**''[[Lepicerus]]'' <small>[[Victor Motschulsky|Motschulsky]], 1855</small> |
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* '''Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea''' |
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**†''[[Lepiceratus]]'' <small>Jałoszyński et al. 2020<ref name=":1" /></small> |
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Superfamily [[Sphaeriusoidea]] <small>[[Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson|Erichson]], 1845</small> |
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*Family [[Hydroscaphidae]] <small>[[John Lawrence LeConte|LeConte]], 1874</small> |
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** ''[[Hydroscapha]]'' <small>LeConte, 1874</small> |
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*†'''Superfamily [[Rhombocoleoidea]]''' |
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** ''[[Scaphydra]]'' <small>Reichardt, 1973</small> |
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:*†Family [[Rhombocoleidae]] |
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** ''[[Yara (beetle)|Yara]]'' <small>Reichardt & Hinton, 1976</small> |
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*†'''Superfamily [[Schizophoroidea]]''' |
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**''[[Confossa]]'' <small>Short, Joly, García & Maddison, 2015</small> |
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:*†Family Catiniidae |
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*Family [[Sphaeriusidae]] <small>[[Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson|Erichson]], 1845</small> |
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:*†Family [[Schizocoleidae]] |
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**''[[Sphaerius]]'' <small>[[Joseph Waltl|Waltl]], 1838</small> |
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:*†Family [[Schizophoridae]] |
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**''[[Bezesporum]]'' <small>Fikáček et al. 2022<ref name=":2" /></small> |
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**†''[[Burmasporum]]'' <small>Kirejtshuk 2009<ref name=":3" /></small> |
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**†''[[Crowsonaerius]]'' <small>Li & Cai in Li et al. 2023<ref name=":4" /></small> |
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*Family [[Torridincolidae]] <small>[[August Wilhelm Steffan|Steffan]], 1964</small> |
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** ''[[Claudiella]]'' <small>Reichardt & Vanin, 1976</small> |
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** ''[[Delevea]]'' <small>Reichardt, 1976</small> |
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** ''[[Iapir]]'' <small>Py-Daniel, da Fonseca & Barbosa, 1993</small> |
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** ''[[Incoltorrida]]'' <small>Steffan, 1973</small> |
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** ''[[Satonius]]'' <small>[[Sebastian Endrödy-Younga|Endrödy-Younga]], 1997</small> |
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** ''[[Torridincola]]'' <small>Steffan, 1964</small> |
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** ''[[Ytu (beetle)|Ytu]]'' <small>Reichardt, 1973</small> |
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Family †[[Triamyxidae]] <small>Qvarnström et al. 2021</small> |
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*†''[[Triamyxa]]'' <small>Qvarnström et al. 2021<ref name=":5" /></small> |
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Unplaced in family |
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*†''[[Leehermania]]'' <small>Chatzimanolis et al. 2012<ref name=":1" /></small> |
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==Distribution== |
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Living members of Lepiceridae are confined to northern South America and Central America. Members of Sphaeriusidae occur on all continents except Antarctica, while Hydroscaphidae occurs on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Torridincolidae occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sampaio|first1=Brunno H.L.|title=Families Hydroscaphidae and Torridincolidae|date=2018|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128042236000226|work=Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates|pages=519–525|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-804223-6.00022-6|isbn=978-0-12-804223-6|access-date=2021-07-26|last2=Short|first2=Andrew E.Z.}}</ref> |
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Little about the fossil record of Myxophaga is known, with only two fossils being described from [[Cretaceous]] [[amber]]. The first was originally placed in a new family, ''Haplochelidae'',<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |author2=Poinar, G. |date=2006 |title=Haplochelidae, a new family of cretaceous beetles (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) from Burmese amber |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=108 |pages=155–164}}</ref> but latterly moved to the family Lepiceridae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ge, S. Q. |author2=Friedrich, F. |author3=Beutel, R. G. |date=2010 |title=On the systematic position and taxonomic rank of the extinct myxophagan dagger Haplochelus (Coleoptera) |journal=Insect Systematics and Evolution |volume=41 |pages=329–338 |doi=10.1163/187631210X537385 |url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/187631210x537385}}</ref> The second fossil specimen from amber was placed in the Sphaeriusidae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |date=2009 |title=A new genus and species of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera, Myxophaga) from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber |journal=Denisia |volume=26 |pages=99–102 |url=http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/DENISIA_0026_0099-0102.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> No impression fossils of myxophagan beetle were described until 2012, probably because of their small body size and specialized habitat.<ref name='firstskiff'>{{cite journal |author1=Cai, C. |author2=Short, A. E. Z. |author3=Huang, D. |date=2012 |title=The First Skiff Beetle (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae) from Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=116–9 |doi=10.1666/11-050.1}}</ref> This fossil specimen, from the [[Yixian Formation]] in the [[Jehol Biota]], dates from the [[Early Cretaceous]] and shows that the development of ''Myxophaga'' must pre-date this period.<ref name='firstskiff' /> |
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== Fossil record == |
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The fossil record of myxophagan beetles is sparse, likely due to their small size limiting [[preservation potential]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Fikáček |first1=Martin |last2=Beutel |first2=Rolf G. |last3=Cai |first3=Chenyang |last4=Lawrence |first4=John F. |last5=Newton |first5=Alfred F. |last6=Solodovnikov |first6=Alexey |last7=Ślipiński |first7=Adam |last8=Thayer |first8=Margaret K. |last9=Yamamoto |first9=Shûhei |date=January 2020 |title=Reliable placement of beetle fossils via phylogenetic analyses – Triassic Leehermania as a case study (Staphylinidae or Myxophaga?) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12386 |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1111/syen.12386 |bibcode=2020SysEn..45..175F |s2cid=203407211 |issn=0307-6970}}</ref> The currently oldest myxophagan is ''[[Triamyxa]],'' described in 2021 from numerous specimens of found in a [[coprolite]] found in Late Triassic ([[Carnian]]) aged sediments in Poland. It was placed in its own monotypic family Triamyxidae, and was resolved as either the most basal myxophagan or sister to Hydroscaphidae.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Qvarnström |first1=Martin |last2=Fikáček |first2=Martin |last3=Vikberg Wernström |first3=Joel |last4=Huld |first4=Sigrid |last5=Beutel |first5=Rolf G. |last6=Arriaga-Varela |first6=Emmanuel |last7=Ahlberg |first7=Per E. |last8=Niedźwiedzki |first8=Grzegorz |date=June 2021 |title=Exceptionally preserved beetles in a Triassic coprolite of putative dinosauriform origin |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=15 |language=en |pages=3374–3381.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.015 |pmid=34197727 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The next oldest is ''[[Leehermania]]'' from the Late Triassic ([[Norian]]) [[Cow Branch Formation]] of North Carolina, which had previously been interpreted as the oldest known [[rove beetle]] but in 2019 was reinterpreted as an early diverging relative of the family Hydroscaphidae.<ref name=":1" /> A fossil impression assigned to the living genus ''[[Hydroscapha]]'' in Hydroscaphidae is known from the [[Yixian Formation]] in the [[Jehol Biota]], dating from the [[Early Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]).<ref name="firstskiff">{{cite journal |author1=Cai, C. |author2=Short, A. E. Z. |author3=Huang, D. |date=2012 |title=The First Skiff Beetle (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae) from Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=116–9 |doi=10.1666/11-050.1 |bibcode=2012JPal...86..116C |s2cid=140170420}}</ref> Fossils from the early Late Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]]) aged [[Burmese amber]] from Myanmar, have been assigned to the extant genus ''[[Lepicerus]]'' and extinct genus ''[[Lepiceratus]]'' within Lepiceridae,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |author2=Poinar, G. |date=2006 |title=Haplochelidae, a new family of cretaceous beetles (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) from Burmese amber |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=108 |pages=155–164}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ge, S. Q. |author2=Friedrich, F. |author3=Beutel, R. G. |date=2010 |title=On the systematic position and taxonomic rank of the extinct myxophagan dagger Haplochelus (Coleoptera) |url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/187631210x537385 |journal=Insect Systematics and Evolution |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=329–338 |doi=10.1163/187631210X537385}}</ref><ref name=":0">Jałoszyński, Paweł; Luo, Xiao-Zhu; Hammel, Jörg U.; Yamamoto, Shûhei & Beutel, Rolf G. (2020). "The mid-Cretaceous †''Lepiceratus'' gen. nov. and the evolution of the relict beetle family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga)". ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology''. '''18''' (13). {{doi|10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561}}</ref> as well as the extant ''[[Sphaerius]]'' and ''[[Bezesporum]]'' and the extinct ''[[Burmasporum]]'' and ''[[Crowsonaerius]]'', belonging to Sphaerusidae.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |date=2009 |title=A new genus and species of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera, Myxophaga) from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber |url=http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/DENISIA_0026_0099-0102.pdf |journal=Denisia |volume=26 |pages=99–102}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yan-Da |last2=Ślipiński |first2=Adam |last3=Huang |first3=Di-Ying |last4=Cai |first4=Chen-Yang |date=2023-01-11 |title=New fossils of Sphaeriusidae from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber revealed by confocal microscopy (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=10 |pages=901573 |doi=10.3389/feart.2022.901573 |issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrEaS..10.1573L }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Fikáček |first1=Martin |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Shûhei |last3=Matsumoto |first3=Keita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Maddison |first5=David R. |date=2022-12-07 |title=Phylogeny and systematics of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera: Myxophaga): minute living fossils with underestimated past and present-day diversity |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12571 |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=48 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=233–249 |doi=10.1111/syen.12571 |s2cid=254440169 |issn=0307-6970}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
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⚫ | Beetles of this suborder are adapted to feed on algae. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible.<ref>{{harvnb|Beutel|Leschen|2005|page=43}}</ref> |
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{{gallery|Sphaerius minutus (10.3897-zookeys.808.30600) Figures 1–9 (cropped).jpg|Specimen of ''[[Sphaerius]] minutus'' (Sphaeriusidae) in various views|Hydroscapha natans01.jpg|Specimens of ''[[Hydroscapha]] natans'' ([[Hydroscaphidae]])|Lepicerus_inaequalis.jpg|Specimen of ''[[Lepicerus]] inaequalis'' (Lepiceridae)|||||||||width=300|height=180|align=center}} |
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==Distribution== |
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Only two myxophagan genera are found in North America: ''[[Sphaerius]]'' and ''[[Hydroscapha]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*{{cite web |title= |
*{{cite web |title=Myxophaga |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:3717c802-bced-437f-b3da-94087e7ac12c}} |
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*{{Wikispecies-inline|Myxophaga}} |
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Myxophaga}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Myxophaga| ]] |
[[Category:Myxophaga| ]] |
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[[Category:Beetle taxonomy]] |
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[[Category:Insect suborders]] |
[[Category:Insect suborders]] |
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[[Category:Beetles described in 1955]] |
[[Category:Beetles described in 1955]] |
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[[Category:Beetles of North America]] |
[[Category:Beetles of North America]] |
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[[Category:Beetles of Asia]] |
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]] |
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Myxophaga
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Satonius kurosawai (Torridincolidae) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Suborder: | Myxophaga Crowson, 1955 |
Families | |
Hydroscaphidae |
Myxophaga is the second-smallest suborder of the Coleoptera after Archostemata, consisting of roughly 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families. The members of this suborder are aquatic and semiaquatic, and feed on algae.
Myxophaga have several diagnostic features: the antennae are more or less distinctly clubbed with usually fewer than nine segments, mesocoxal cavities are open laterally and bordered by a mesepimeron and metanepisternum, the hind wings are rolled apically in the resting positions. Internally, they are characterised by the presence of six malpighian tubules and the testes are tube-like and coiled.[1]
Beetles of this suborder are adapted to feed on algae. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible.[2]
There are four extant families in the suborder Myxophaga divided between two superfamilies,[3] containing about 65 described species,[4] and at least one extinct family.[a]
Superfamily Lepiceroidea Hinton, 1936
Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea Erichson, 1845
Family †Triamyxidae Qvarnström et al. 2021
Unplaced in family
Living members of Lepiceridae are confined to northern South America and Central America. Members of Sphaeriusidae occur on all continents except Antarctica, while Hydroscaphidae occurs on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Torridincolidae occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America.[10]
The fossil record of myxophagan beetles is sparse, likely due to their small size limiting preservation potential.[5] The currently oldest myxophagan is Triamyxa, described in 2021 from numerous specimens of found in a coprolite found in Late Triassic (Carnian) aged sediments in Poland. It was placed in its own monotypic family Triamyxidae, and was resolved as either the most basal myxophagan or sister to Hydroscaphidae.[9] The next oldest is Leehermania from the Late Triassic (Norian) Cow Branch Formation of North Carolina, which had previously been interpreted as the oldest known rove beetle but in 2019 was reinterpreted as an early diverging relative of the family Hydroscaphidae.[5] A fossil impression assigned to the living genus Hydroscapha in Hydroscaphidae is known from the Yixian Formation in the Jehol Biota, dating from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian).[11] Fossils from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber from Myanmar, have been assigned to the extant genus Lepicerus and extinct genus Lepiceratus within Lepiceridae,[12][13][14] as well as the extant Sphaerius and Bezesporum and the extinct Burmasporum and Crowsonaerius, belonging to Sphaerusidae.[7][8][6]
Myxophaga |
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Authority control databases: National ![]() |
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