Specimen of Sphaerius minutus (Sphaeriusidae) in various views
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| taxon = Myxophaga |
| taxon = Myxophaga |
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| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Carnian|Recent}} |
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Carnian|Recent}} |
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| image = Delevea kurosawai (cropped).jpg |
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| image = Microsporus acaroides Waltl, 1838 (= Microsporus obsidianus Kolenati 1846) (4288324594).jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[ |
| image_caption = ''[[Delevea]] kurosawai'' ([[Torridincolidae]]) |
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| image2 = |
| image2 = |
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| image2_caption = |
| image2_caption = |
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| authority = [[Roy Crowson|Crowson]], 1955 |
| authority = [[Roy Crowson|Crowson]], 1955 |
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| subdivision_ranks = Families |
| subdivision_ranks = Families |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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[[File:Hydroscapha natans01.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Hydroscapha natans]]'']] |
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Living members of Lepiceridae are confined to northern South America and Central America. Members of Sphaeriusidae occur on all continents except Antarctica, while Hydroscaphidae occurs on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Torridincolidae occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sampaio|first=Brunno H.L.|title=Families Hydroscaphidae and Torridincolidae|date=2018|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128042236000226|work=Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates|pages=519–525|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-804223-6.00022-6|isbn=978-0-12-804223-6|access-date=2021-07-26|last2=Short|first2=Andrew E.Z.}}</ref> |
Living members of Lepiceridae are confined to northern South America and Central America. Members of Sphaeriusidae occur on all continents except Antarctica, while Hydroscaphidae occurs on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Torridincolidae occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sampaio|first=Brunno H.L.|title=Families Hydroscaphidae and Torridincolidae|date=2018|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128042236000226|work=Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates|pages=519–525|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-804223-6.00022-6|isbn=978-0-12-804223-6|access-date=2021-07-26|last2=Short|first2=Andrew E.Z.}}</ref> |
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== Fossil record == |
== Fossil record == |
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Little about the fossil record of Myxophaga is known. Fossils from the early Late Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]]) aged [[Burmese amber]] from Myanmar, have been assigned to the extant genus ''[[Lepicerus]]'' and extinct genus ''[[Lepiceratus]]'' within Lepiceridae,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |author2=Poinar, G. |date=2006 |title=Haplochelidae, a new family of cretaceous beetles (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) from Burmese amber |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=108 |pages=155–164}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ge, S. Q. |author2=Friedrich, F. |author3=Beutel, R. G. |date=2010 |title=On the systematic position and taxonomic rank of the extinct myxophagan dagger Haplochelus (Coleoptera) |journal=Insect Systematics and Evolution |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=329–338 |doi=10.1163/187631210X537385 |url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/187631210x537385}}</ref><ref name=":0">Jałoszyński, Paweł; Luo, Xiao-Zhu; Hammel, Jörg U.; Yamamoto, Shûhei & Beutel, Rolf G. (2020). "The mid-Cretaceous †''Lepiceratus'' gen. nov. and the evolution of the relict beetle family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga)". ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology''. '''18''' (13). {{doi|10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561}}</ref> as well as ''[[Burmasporum]]'', which belongs to Sphaerusidae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |date=2009 |title=A new genus and species of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera, Myxophaga) from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber |journal=Denisia |volume=26 |pages=99–102 |url=http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/DENISIA_0026_0099-0102.pdf }}</ref> No impression fossils of myxophagan beetle were described until 2012, probably because of their small body size and specialized habitat.<ref name="firstskiff">{{cite journal |author1=Cai, C. |author2=Short, A. E. Z. |author3=Huang, D. |date=2012 |title=The First Skiff Beetle (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae) from Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=116–9 |doi=10.1666/11-050.1|s2cid=140170420 }}</ref> A fossil specimen, assigned to the living genus ''[[Hydroscapha]]'' in Hydroscaphidae, was described in 2012 from the [[Yixian Formation]] in the [[Jehol Biota]], dating from the [[Early Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]).<ref name="firstskiff" /> In 2019, ''[[Leehermania]]'' from the Late Triassic ([[Norian]]) [[Cow Branch Formation]] of North Carolina, which had previously been interpreted as the oldest known [[rove beetle]] was reinterpreted as an early diverging relative of the family Hydroscaphidae, making it the then oldest known Myxophagan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fikáček|first=Martin|last2=Beutel|first2=Rolf G.|last3=Cai|first3=Chenyang|last4=Lawrence|first4=John F.|last5=Newton|first5=Alfred F.|last6=Solodovnikov|first6=Alexey|last7=Ślipiński|first7=Adam|last8=Thayer|first8=Margaret K.|last9=Yamamoto|first9=Shûhei|date=January 2020|title=Reliable placement of beetle fossils via phylogenetic analyses – Triassic Leehermania as a case study (Staphylinidae or Myxophaga?)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12386|journal=Systematic Entomology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=175–187|doi=10.1111/syen.12386|issn=0307-6970}}</ref> In 2021, numerous specimens of a new myxophagan were described from a [[coprolite]] found in Late Triassic ([[Carnian]]) aged sediments in Poland. The new taxon ''[[Triamyxa]],'' was placed in its own monotypic family Triamyxidae, and was resolved as either the most basal myxophagan or sister to Hydroscaphidae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qvarnström|first=Martin|last2=Fikáček|first2=Martin|last3=Vikberg Wernström|first3=Joel|last4=Huld|first4=Sigrid|last5=Beutel|first5=Rolf G.|last6=Arriaga-Varela|first6=Emmanuel|last7=Ahlberg|first7=Per E.|last8=Niedźwiedzki|first8=Grzegorz|date=June 2021|title=Exceptionally preserved beetles in a Triassic coprolite of putative dinosauriform origin|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982221006746|journal=Current Biology|language=en|pages=S0960982221006746|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.015}}</ref> |
Little about the fossil record of Myxophaga is known. Fossils from the early Late Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]]) aged [[Burmese amber]] from Myanmar, have been assigned to the extant genus ''[[Lepicerus]]'' and extinct genus ''[[Lepiceratus]]'' within Lepiceridae,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |author2=Poinar, G. |date=2006 |title=Haplochelidae, a new family of cretaceous beetles (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) from Burmese amber |journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=108 |pages=155–164}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ge, S. Q. |author2=Friedrich, F. |author3=Beutel, R. G. |date=2010 |title=On the systematic position and taxonomic rank of the extinct myxophagan dagger Haplochelus (Coleoptera) |journal=Insect Systematics and Evolution |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=329–338 |doi=10.1163/187631210X537385 |url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/187631210x537385}}</ref><ref name=":0">Jałoszyński, Paweł; Luo, Xiao-Zhu; Hammel, Jörg U.; Yamamoto, Shûhei & Beutel, Rolf G. (2020). "The mid-Cretaceous †''Lepiceratus'' gen. nov. and the evolution of the relict beetle family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga)". ''Journal of Systematic Palaeontology''. '''18''' (13). {{doi|10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561}}</ref> as well as ''[[Burmasporum]]'', which belongs to Sphaerusidae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kirejtshuk, A. G. |date=2009 |title=A new genus and species of Sphaeriusidae (Coleoptera, Myxophaga) from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber |journal=Denisia |volume=26 |pages=99–102 |url=http://www.zobodat.at/stable/pdf/DENISIA_0026_0099-0102.pdf }}</ref> No impression fossils of myxophagan beetle were described until 2012, probably because of their small body size and specialized habitat.<ref name="firstskiff">{{cite journal |author1=Cai, C. |author2=Short, A. E. Z. |author3=Huang, D. |date=2012 |title=The First Skiff Beetle (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae) from Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=116–9 |doi=10.1666/11-050.1|s2cid=140170420 }}</ref> A fossil specimen, assigned to the living genus ''[[Hydroscapha]]'' in Hydroscaphidae, was described in 2012 from the [[Yixian Formation]] in the [[Jehol Biota]], dating from the [[Early Cretaceous]] ([[Aptian]]).<ref name="firstskiff" /> In 2019, ''[[Leehermania]]'' from the Late Triassic ([[Norian]]) [[Cow Branch Formation]] of North Carolina, which had previously been interpreted as the oldest known [[rove beetle]] was reinterpreted as an early diverging relative of the family Hydroscaphidae, making it the then oldest known Myxophagan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fikáček|first=Martin|last2=Beutel|first2=Rolf G.|last3=Cai|first3=Chenyang|last4=Lawrence|first4=John F.|last5=Newton|first5=Alfred F.|last6=Solodovnikov|first6=Alexey|last7=Ślipiński|first7=Adam|last8=Thayer|first8=Margaret K.|last9=Yamamoto|first9=Shûhei|date=January 2020|title=Reliable placement of beetle fossils via phylogenetic analyses – Triassic Leehermania as a case study (Staphylinidae or Myxophaga?)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syen.12386|journal=Systematic Entomology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=175–187|doi=10.1111/syen.12386|issn=0307-6970}}</ref> In 2021, numerous specimens of a new myxophagan were described from a [[coprolite]] found in Late Triassic ([[Carnian]]) aged sediments in Poland. The new taxon ''[[Triamyxa]],'' was placed in its own monotypic family Triamyxidae, and was resolved as either the most basal myxophagan or sister to Hydroscaphidae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qvarnström|first=Martin|last2=Fikáček|first2=Martin|last3=Vikberg Wernström|first3=Joel|last4=Huld|first4=Sigrid|last5=Beutel|first5=Rolf G.|last6=Arriaga-Varela|first6=Emmanuel|last7=Ahlberg|first7=Per E.|last8=Niedźwiedzki|first8=Grzegorz|date=June 2021|title=Exceptionally preserved beetles in a Triassic coprolite of putative dinosauriform origin|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982221006746|journal=Current Biology|language=en|pages=S0960982221006746|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.015}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
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{{gallery|Sphaerius minutus (10.3897-zookeys.808.30600) Figures 1–9 (cropped).jpg|Specimen of ''[[Sphaerius]] minutus'' (Sphaeriusidae) in various views|Hydroscapha natans01.jpg|Specimens of ''[[Hydroscapha]] natans'' ([[Hydroscaphidae]])|Lepicerus_inaequalis.jpg|Specimen of ''[[Lepicerus]] inaequalis'' (Lepiceridae)|||||||||width=300|height=180|lines=8|align=center}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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| Myxophaga
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| Delevea kurosawai (Torridincolidae) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Myxophaga Crowson, 1955 |
| Families | |
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Hydroscaphidae | |
Myxophaga is the second-smallest suborder of the Coleoptera after Archostemata, consisting of roughly 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families. The members of this suborder are aquatic and semiaquatic, and feed on algae.
Myxophaga have several diagnostic features: the antennae are more or less distinctly clubbed with usually fewer than nine segments, mesocoxal cavities are open laterally and bordered by a mesepimeron and metanepisternum, the hind wings are rolled apically in the resting positions. Internally, they are characterised by the presence of six malpighian tubules and the testes are tube-like and coiled.[1]
Beetles of this suborder are adapted to feed on algae. Their mouthparts are characteristic in lacking galeae and having a mobile tooth on their left mandible.[2]
There are four extant families in the suborder Myxophaga divided between two superfamilies,[3] containing about 65 described species,[4] and at least one extinct family.[a]
Superfamily Lepiceroidea Hinton, 1936
Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea Erichson, 1845
Family †Triamyxidae Qvarnström et al. 2021
Unplaced in family
Living members of Lepiceridae are confined to northern South America and Central America. Members of Sphaeriusidae occur on all continents except Antarctica, while Hydroscaphidae occurs on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Torridincolidae occurs in Africa, Asia, and South America.[5]
Little about the fossil record of Myxophaga is known. Fossils from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber from Myanmar, have been assigned to the extant genus Lepicerus and extinct genus Lepiceratus within Lepiceridae,[6][7][8] as well as Burmasporum, which belongs to Sphaerusidae.[9] No impression fossils of myxophagan beetle were described until 2012, probably because of their small body size and specialized habitat.[10] A fossil specimen, assigned to the living genus Hydroscapha in Hydroscaphidae, was described in 2012 from the Yixian Formation in the Jehol Biota, dating from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian).[10] In 2019, Leehermania from the Late Triassic (Norian) Cow Branch Formation of North Carolina, which had previously been interpreted as the oldest known rove beetle was reinterpreted as an early diverging relative of the family Hydroscaphidae, making it the then oldest known Myxophagan.[11] In 2021, numerous specimens of a new myxophagan were described from a coprolite found in Late Triassic (Carnian) aged sediments in Poland. The new taxon Triamyxa, was placed in its own monotypic family Triamyxidae, and was resolved as either the most basal myxophagan or sister to Hydroscaphidae.[12]
Data related to Myxophaga at Wikispecies| Myxophaga |
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Authority control databases: National  |
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