Corrected an error. As nickel is a ferrous metal but erstwhile it was written under non-ferrous section.
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
|
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (Whoop whoop pull up - 19141
|
||
(36 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Metals or alloys which do not contain significant amounts of iron}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} |
||
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}} |
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}} |
||
⚫ |
In [[metallurgy]], |
||
⚫ | In [[metallurgy]], '''non-ferrous metals''' are metals or [[alloy]]s that do not contain [[iron]] ([[allotropes of iron]], [[Ferrite (iron)|ferrite]], and so on) in appreciable amounts. |
||
⚫ |
Generally more costly than [[ferrous]] metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. [[aluminium]]), higher conductivity (e.g. [[copper]]),<ref name=fahlman>{{cite book|last=Fahlman|first=Bradley D.|title=Materials chemistry|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht [u.a.]|isbn=978-94-007-0692-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKcd0IJDWTsC&pg=PA204|edition= |
||
⚫ | Generally more costly than [[ferrous]] metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. [[aluminium]]), higher [[Electrical resistivity and conductivity|conductivity]] (e.g. [[copper]]),<ref name=fahlman>{{cite book |last=Fahlman|first=Bradley D. |title=Materials chemistry |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |location=Dordrecht [u.a.] |isbn=978-94-007-0692-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKcd0IJDWTsC&pg=PA204 |edition=2nd |date=2011-03-18}}</ref> non-[[magnetic]] properties or [[Corrosion#Resistance to corrosion|resistance to corrosion]] (e.g. [[zinc]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Non-Ferrous Metals |work=Engineers Handbook |url=http://www.engineershandbook.com/Materials/nonferrous.htm |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604174356/http://engineershandbook.com/Materials/nonferrous.htm |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and [[steel]] industries. For example, [[bauxite]] is used as [[flux (metallurgy)|flux]] for [[blast furnace]]s, while others such as [[wolframite]], [[pyrolusite]], and [[chromite]] are used in making ferrous alloys.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gupta|first=R. C. |title=Theory and laboratory experiments in ferrous metallurgy |year=2010 |publisher=PHI Learning Private Ltd. |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-203-3924-8 |pages=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NplDxN_10DEC&pg=PA6}}</ref> |
||
⚫ |
Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, [[lead]],[[tin]], [[titanium]] and zinc, and alloys such as [[brass]]. |
||
⚫ | Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, [[lead]], [[tin]], [[titanium]], and zinc, and alloys such as [[brass]]. [[Precious metal]]s such as [[gold]], [[silver]], and [[platinum]] and exotic or rare metals such as [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[tungsten]], [[beryllium]], [[bismuth]], [[cerium]], [[cadmium]], [[niobium]], [[indium]], [[gallium]], [[germanium]], [[lithium]], [[selenium]], [[tantalum]], [[tellurium]], [[vanadium]], and [[zirconium]] are also non-ferrous.<ref name=osha>{{cite web |title=Commonly Recycled Metals and Their Sources |url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3348-metal-scrap-recycling.pdf |publisher=[[lOccupational Safety and Health Administration]] |access-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> They are usually obtained through minerals such as [[sulfide]]s, [[carbonate]]s, and [[silicate]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Courtney A. |editor-last=Young |title=Hydrometallurgy 2008 : proceedings of the sixth international symposium|year=2008|publisher=Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration|location=Littleton, Colo.|isbn=978-0-87335-266-6|pages=416|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1etfSdk55SYC&pg=PA416|edition=1st}}</ref> Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through [[electrolysis]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Chapter 82 – Metal Processing and Metal Working Industry|url=http://ilocis.org/documents/chpt82e.htm|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> |
||
==Recycling and pollution control== |
==Recycling and pollution control== |
||
Due to their extensive use, non-ferrous [[scrap metals]] are usually [[recycle]]d. The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry, as the production of new metals often needs them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Ferrous Metals|url=http://www.bir.org/industry/non-ferrous-metals/|publisher=Bureau of International Recycling| |
Due to their extensive use, non-ferrous [[scrap metals]] are usually [[recycle]]d. The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry, as the production of new metals often needs them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Ferrous Metals|url=http://www.bir.org/industry/non-ferrous-metals/|publisher=Bureau of International Recycling|access-date=26 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021130255/http://www.bir.org/industry/non-ferrous-metals|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some recycling facilities re-smelt and recast non-ferrous materials; the [[dross]] is collected and stored onsite while the metal fumes are filtered and collected.<ref name=EA>{{cite web|title=Department of the Environment Industry Profile: Waste recycling, treatment and disposal sites|url=http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/SCHO0195BJLM-E-E.pdf|publisher=Environment Agency|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425055531/http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/SCHO0195BJLM-E-E.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Non-ferrous scrap metals are sourced from industrial scrap materials, particle emissions and obsolete technology (for example, [[Copper wire and cable|copper cable]]s) scrap.<ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Noyes |title=Pollution Prevention Technology Handbook |publisher=Noyes Publications |date=1993 |isbn= 978-0815513117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__lqGczo9TwC&pg=PA298}}</ref> |
||
==Ancient history== |
==Ancient history== |
||
{{see also|Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy}} |
{{see also|Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy}} |
||
Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native [[crystal]]line yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be found even in weathered outcroppings. Copper was the first metal to be forged; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by [[cold forging]] and could be melted in a [[crucible]]. Gold, silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources, such as wood and stone, owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses.<ref name= "mac">{{cite book| |
Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native [[crystal]]line yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be found even in weathered outcroppings. Copper was the first metal to be forged; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by [[cold forging]] and could be melted in a [[crucible]]. Gold, silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources, such as wood and stone, owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses.<ref name= "mac">{{cite book|editor-last1=McNeil|editor-first1=Ian|title=Encyclopedia of the History of Technology|year=1990|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-203-19211-5|pages=47–66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj96Dpp3-5gC&pg=PA47}}</ref> Due to their rarity, these gold, silver and copper artifacts were treated as luxury items and handled with great care.<ref>{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=R. J.|title=Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume 3; Volume 1965|year=1971|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-02652-0|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTLzBF6VxoIC&pg=PA16}}</ref> The use of copper also heralded the transition from the [[Stone Age]] to the [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]]. The [[Bronze Age]], which succeeded the Copper Age, was again heralded by the invention of [[bronze]], an alloy of copper with the non-ferrous metal [[tin]].<ref name= "mac"/> |
||
== Mechanical and structural use == |
== Mechanical and structural use == |
||
|
Non-ferrous metals are used in residential, |
||
commercial |
commercial and industrial applications. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an [[ingot]], then worked, or wrought, by rolling, [[forging]], extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe. Consequently, properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Non-ferrous Metal Applications |date=16 April 2013 |url=http://www.steelforge.com/literature/ferrousnon-ferrous-materials-textbook/non-ferrous-metals/ |publisher=All Metals & Forge Group |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110126/http://www.steelforge.com/literature/ferrousnon-ferrous-materials-textbook/non-ferrous-metals/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist |
{{reflist}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
||
Inmetallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts.
Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper),[1] non-magnetic properties or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc).[2] Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite, and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.[3]
Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, lead, tin, titanium, and zinc, and alloys such as brass. Precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum and exotic or rare metals such as mercury, tungsten, beryllium, bismuth, cerium, cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium, germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium are also non-ferrous.[4] They are usually obtained through minerals such as sulfides, carbonates, and silicates.[5] Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through electrolysis.[6]
Due to their extensive use, non-ferrous scrap metals are usually recycled. The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry, as the production of new metals often needs them.[7] Some recycling facilities re-smelt and recast non-ferrous materials; the dross is collected and stored onsite while the metal fumes are filtered and collected.[8] Non-ferrous scrap metals are sourced from industrial scrap materials, particle emissions and obsolete technology (for example, copper cables) scrap.[9]
Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy. Gold, silver and copper existed in their native crystalline yet metallic form. These metals, though rare, could be found in quantities sufficient to attract the attention of humans. Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals, they can be found even in weathered outcroppings. Copper was the first metal to be forged; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by cold forging and could be melted in a crucible. Gold, silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources, such as wood and stone, owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses.[10] Due to their rarity, these gold, silver and copper artifacts were treated as luxury items and handled with great care.[11] The use of copper also heralded the transition from the Stone Age to the Copper Age. The Bronze Age, which succeeded the Copper Age, was again heralded by the invention of bronze, an alloy of copper with the non-ferrous metal tin.[10]
Non-ferrous metals are used in residential, commercial and industrial applications. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe. Consequently, properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy.[12]
Authority control databases: National ![]() |
|
---|