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m Reverted edits by 2A02:CB80:4142:8311:4D24:7140:9BA6:2822 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)
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{{ocean habitat topics|image=[[File:Oceanic divisions.svg|250px]]|caption=The oceanic zone is the deep, open-ocean water that lies off the continental slopes}} |
{{ocean habitat topics|image=[[File:Oceanic divisions.svg|250px]]|caption=The oceanic zone is the deep, open-ocean water that lies off the continental slopes}} |
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The '''oceanic zone''' is typically defined as the area of the [[ocean]] lying beyond the [[continental shelf]] (e.g. the [[neritic zone]]), but operationally is often referred to as beginning where the water depths drop to below {{convert|200|m|ft}}, seaward from the coast into the [[open ocean]] with its [[pelagic zone]]. |
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It is the |
It is the open sea region beyond the edge of the continental shelf and includes 65% of the ocean's completely open water. The oceanic zone has a wide array of undersea terrain, including [[oceanic trench|trenches]] that are often deeper than [[Mount Everest]] is tall, as well as deep-sea volcanoes and [[oceanic basin|basins]]. While it is often difficult for life to sustain itself in this environment, many species have adapted and thrive in the oceanic zone. |
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The open ocean is vertically divided into four zones: the [[photic zone|sunlight zone]], [[mesopelagic zone|twilight zone]], [[bathypelagic zone|midnight zone]], and [[abyssal zone]]. |
The open ocean is vertically divided into four zones: the [[photic zone|sunlight zone]], [[mesopelagic zone|twilight zone]], [[bathypelagic zone|midnight zone]], and [[abyssal zone]]. |
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There are creatures, however, which thrive around hydrothermal vents, or geysers located on the ocean floor that expel superheated water that is rich in minerals.<ref>The [[University of Delaware]] Marine Graduate School. [http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep6c.htm "Hydrothermal Vents."] Voyage to the Deep. The University of Delaware, 2000. Web. 27 Oct. 2009.</ref> These organisms feed off of chemosynthetic bacteria, which use the superheated water and chemicals from the hydrothermal vents to create energy in place of photosynthesis. The existence of these bacteria allow creatures like squids, hatchet fish, octopuses, tube worms, giant clams, spider crabs and other organisms to survive.<ref name=Knight>Knight, J.D. (1997) [http://www.seasky.org Sea and Sky] 25 Oct. 2009.</ref> |
There are creatures, however, which thrive around hydrothermal vents, or geysers located on the ocean floor that expel superheated water that is rich in minerals.<ref>The [[University of Delaware]] Marine Graduate School. [http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep6c.htm "Hydrothermal Vents."] Voyage to the Deep. The University of Delaware, 2000. Web. 27 Oct. 2009.</ref> These organisms feed off of chemosynthetic bacteria, which use the superheated water and chemicals from the hydrothermal vents to create energy in place of photosynthesis. The existence of these bacteria allow creatures like squids, hatchet fish, octopuses, tube worms, giant clams, spider crabs and other organisms to survive.<ref name=Knight>Knight, J.D. (1997) [http://www.seasky.org Sea and Sky] 25 Oct. 2009.</ref> |
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[[File:World map of bathymetric data - GEBCO 2014.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.6| The oceanic zone is the deep ocean (deep blue) that lies beyond the relative shallows of the continental shelves (light blue)]] |
[[File: World map of bathymetric data - GEBCO 2014.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.6| The oceanic zone is the deep ocean (deep blue) that lies beyond the relative shallows of the continental shelves (light blue)]] |
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Due to the total darkness in the zones past the epipelagic zone, many organisms that survive in the deep oceans do not have eyes, and other organisms make their own light with bioluminescence. Often the light is blue-green in color |
Due to the total darkness in the zones past the epipelagic zone, many organisms that survive in the deep oceans do not have eyes, and other organisms make their own light with bioluminescence. Often the light is blue-green in color because many marine organisms are sensitive to blue light. Two chemicals, luciferin, and luciferase that react with one another to create a soft glow. The process of creating bioluminescence is very similar to what happens when a glow stick is broken. Deep-sea organisms use bioluminescence for everything from luring prey to navigation.<ref name=Knight/> |
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Animals such as fish, whales, and sharks are found in the oceanic zone. |
Animals such as fish, whales, and sharks are found in the oceanic zone. |
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| Marine habitats |
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The oceanic zone is the deep, open-ocean water that lies off the continental slopes
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| Open ocean |
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It is the open sea region beyond the edge of the continental shelf and includes 65% of the ocean's completely open water. The oceanic zone has a wide array of undersea terrain, including trenches that are often deeper than Mount Everest is tall, as well as deep-sea volcanoes and basins. While it is often difficult for life to sustain itself in this environment, many species have adapted and thrive in the oceanic zone.
The open ocean is vertically divided into four zones: the sunlight zone, twilight zone, midnight zone, and abyssal zone.
The Mesopelagic (disphotic) zone, which is where only small amounts of light penetrate, lies below the Epipelagic zone. This zone is often referred to as the "Twilight Zone" due to its scarce amount of light. Temperatures in the Mesopelagic zone range from 5 to 4 °C (41 to 39 °F). The pressure is higher here, it can be up to 10,100 kilopascals (1,460 psi) and increases with depth.[1]
54% of the ocean lies in the Bathypelagic (aphotic) zone into which no light penetrates. This is also called the midnight zone and the deep ocean. Due to the complete lack of sunlight, photosynthesis cannot occur and the only light source is bioluminescence. Water pressure is very intense and the temperatures are near freezing (range 0 to 6 °C (32 to 43 °F)).
Oceanographers have divided the ocean into zones based on how far light reaches. All of the light zones can be found in the oceanic zone. The epipelagic zone is the one closest to the surface and is the best lit. It extends to 100 meters and contains both phytoplankton and zooplankton that can support larger organisms like marine mammals and some types of fish. Past 100 meters, not enough light penetrates the water to support life, and no plant life exists.[1]
There are creatures, however, which thrive around hydrothermal vents, or geysers located on the ocean floor that expel superheated water that is rich in minerals.[2] These organisms feed off of chemosynthetic bacteria, which use the superheated water and chemicals from the hydrothermal vents to create energy in place of photosynthesis. The existence of these bacteria allow creatures like squids, hatchet fish, octopuses, tube worms, giant clams, spider crabs and other organisms to survive.[3]
| External videos | |
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 Our Planet: High Seas– David Attenborough, full episode, Netflix |
Due to the total darkness in the zones past the epipelagic zone, many organisms that survive in the deep oceans do not have eyes, and other organisms make their own light with bioluminescence. Often the light is blue-green in color because many marine organisms are sensitive to blue light. Two chemicals, luciferin, and luciferase that react with one another to create a soft glow. The process of creating bioluminescence is very similar to what happens when a glow stick is broken. Deep-sea organisms use bioluminescence for everything from luring prey to navigation.[3]
Animals such as fish, whales, and sharks are found in the oceanic zone.
