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'''''Palinurus elephas''''' is a commonly caught species of [[spiny lobster]] from the East Atlantic Ocean and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Its [[common name]]s include European spiny lobster,<ref name="Marlin">{{cite web |author1=A. Jackson |author2=C. Marshall |name-list-style=amp |date=January 29, 2007 |title=European spiny lobster, ''Palinurus elephas'': basic information |url=http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Palinuruselephas.htm |publisher=[[Marine Life Information Network]]: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme |access-date=February 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902084849/http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Palinuruselephas.htm |archive-date=September 2, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> crayfish or cray (in Ireland), common spiny lobster,<ref name="MLW">{{cite book |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=142 |chapter=''Palinurus elephas'' |title=FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13. Marine Lobsters of the World |author=Lipke B. Holthuis |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=1991 |isbn=92-5-103027-8 |series=FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125 |authorlink=Lipke Holthuis |pages=119–120 |access-date=2011-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515225942/http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=142 |archive-date=2012-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mediterranean lobster<ref name="Malawi">{{cite web |title=''Palinurus elephas'' (Mediterranean lobster) |url=http://www.malawicichlidhomepage.com/other/palinurus_elephas.htm |work=Malawi Cichlid Homepage |accessdate=June 3, 2011}}</ref> and [[Red lobster (disambiguation)|red lobster]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exploitation models of the red lobster ''Palinurus elephas'' in the Mediterranean fisheries of Spain and Tunisia |url=http://www.faocopemed.org/old_copemed/en/activ/research/lobster.htm |date=May 31, 2005 |accessdate=June 3, 2011 |work=FAO COPEMED |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070856/http://www.faocopemed.org/old_copemed/en/activ/research/lobster.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
'''''Palinurus elephas''''' is a commonly caught species of [[spiny lobster]] from the East Atlantic Ocean and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Its [[common name]]s include European spiny lobster,<ref name="Marlin">{{cite web |author1=A. Jackson |author2=C. Marshall |name-list-style=amp |date=January 29, 2007 |title=European spiny lobster, ''Palinurus elephas'': basic information |url=http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Palinuruselephas.htm |publisher=[[Marine Life Information Network]]: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme |access-date=February 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902084849/http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Palinuruselephas.htm |archive-date=September 2, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> crayfish or cray (in Ireland), crawfish (in England), common spiny lobster,<ref name="MLW">{{cite book |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=142 |chapter=''Palinurus elephas'' |title=FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13. Marine Lobsters of the World |author=Lipke B. Holthuis |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=1991 |isbn=92-5-103027-8 |series=FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125 |authorlink=Lipke Holthuis |pages=119–120 |access-date=2011-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515225942/http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=142 |archive-date=2012-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mediterranean lobster<ref name="Malawi">{{cite web |title=''Palinurus elephas'' (Mediterranean lobster) |url=http://www.malawicichlidhomepage.com/other/palinurus_elephas.htm |work=Malawi Cichlid Homepage |accessdate=June 3, 2011}}</ref> and [[Red lobster (disambiguation)|red lobster]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Exploitation models of the red lobster ''Palinurus elephas'' in the Mediterranean fisheries of Spain and Tunisia |url=http://www.faocopemed.org/old_copemed/en/activ/research/lobster.htm |date=May 31, 2005 |accessdate=June 3, 2011 |work=FAO COPEMED |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070856/http://www.faocopemed.org/old_copemed/en/activ/research/lobster.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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| Palinurus elephas | |
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P. elephas
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| Binomial name | |
| Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) | |
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Palinurus vulgaris Latreille, 1803 | |
Palinurus elephas is a commonly caught species of spiny lobster from the East Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Its common names include European spiny lobster,[1] crayfish or cray (in Ireland), crawfish (in England), common spiny lobster,[2] Mediterranean lobster[3] and red lobster.[4]
Palinurus elephas is a common genus species of spiny lobster, found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from southern NorwaytoMorocco and the Azores,[5] and in the Mediterranean Sea, except its eastern extremes.[2] It lives on rocky exposed coasts below the intertidal zone,[1] mainly at depths of 20 to 70 metres (66 to 230 ft). It is named after the ancient Roman Tyrrhenian sea port of Palinurus (modern day Palinuro, Campania, Italy) where they are found in abundance off its promontory.
P. elephas may reach up to 60 cm (24 in) long,[1] although rarely longer than 40 cm (16 in),[2] and usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in).[6] Few achieve their maximum weight of several kilograms.[5]
The adults are reddish-brown with yellow spots. The carapace is slightly compressed and lacks lateral ridges. It is covered with forward pointing spines, with the supraorbital spines prominent. The antennae are very heavy and spiny. Their flagellum is tapering and is even longer than the body. The first walking leg (pereopod) is provided with subchela (the distal end of a limb developed as a prehensile structure). The fourth segment (merus) of this leg has a characteristic row of spines.[6]
The breeding season is in September and October, with the female brooding the reddish eggs. These eggs hatch about six months later in the spring as flattened, leaf-shaped, planktonic larvae (phyllosoma larvae).[5][6]
It is nocturnal and feeds on small worms, crabs or dead animals, hiding in rock crevices or caves during the day.[3]
It is a much sought-after delicacy and is widely caught for food around the Mediterranean Sea, mostly with lobster pots, and is also caught less intensively off the Atlantic Coasts of Ireland, Portugal, France and England.[2] There are also small fisheries for this species on the west coast of Scotland, employing tangle nets or lobster pots.
Media related to Palinurus elephas at Wikimedia Commons| Palinurus elephas |
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| Astacus elephas |
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