Contents

Papua conflict

Papua conflict
Part of Terrorism in Indonesia and West New Guinea dispute
Papua (province)   West Papua (province)   Papua New Guinea
Date 1 October 1962 – present (61 years, 9 months and 6 days) Location Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, and West Papua, Indonesia (New Guinea) Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Indonesia  Papua  West Papua Central Papua Highland Papua South Papua Supported by:  Papua New Guinea[1][2]  Fiji[3]  Australia[4][5][6]  Soviet Union (1962–1964)  United Kingdom  United States	Free Papua Supported by:  Vanuatu[7][8]  Solomon Islands[9]  Tonga[10] Libya (c.1987–2011)[11]
Commanders and leaders
Megawati Sukarnoputri (2002-2004) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004-2014) Joko Widodo (2014-present) Lukas Enembe (2013-present) Dominggus Mandacan (2017-present) Paulus Waterpauw [id] Listyo Sigit Prabowo Mathius D. Fakhiri [id] Daniel Tahi Monang Silitonga [id] Andika Perkasa Herman Asaribab  † Muhammad Saleh Mustafa [id] Gabriel Lema [id]	Permenas Ferry Awom  Markus Wonggor Kaisiepo † Herman Womsiwor † Jacob Prai Mathias Wenda Thom Wainggai † John Ondawame † Seth Rumkorem † Terianus Aronggear (POW) ML Prawar † Viktor Kaisiepo † John Otto Ondawame Kelly Kwalik † Tadeus Yogi † Bernardus Mawen † Henky Wamang † Jack Milian Kemong Goliath Tabuni Terianus Satto Benny Wenda Jacob Rumbiak Herman Wainggai Lekagak Telenggen Joni Botak Egianus Kogoya Sabinus Waker Militer Murib Penny Murib Lamek Taplo
Units involved
Indonesian National Armed Forces Kodam XVII/Cenderawasih Kodam XVIII/Kasuari Indonesian National Police Barisan Merah Putih[12][13] Pro-Indonesia civilians[14][15]	Autonomous units affiliated with West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) or West Papua Revolutionary Army (TRWP)[16][17][18] Volunteers from Papua New Guinea[19]
Strength
30,000[citation needed]	1,129 (est. in 2008)[18] 131 weapons (est. in 2008)[18]
Casualties and losses
at least 72 soldier and 38 police killed (2010–2022)[20]	at least 38 killed (2010–2022)[21]
Estimates vary between 100,000[22] to 500,000 deaths[23]

The Papua conflict is an ongoing conflictinWestern New Guinea between Indonesia and the Free Papua Movement (Indonesian: Organisasi Papua Merdeka, OPM). Subsequent to the withdrawal of the Dutch administration from the Netherlands New Guinea in 1962^[24] and implementation of Indonesian administration in 1963,^[25] the Free Papua Movement has conducted a low-intensity guerrilla war against Indonesia through the targeting of its military, police,^[26] and civilian populations.^[27]

Papuan separatists have conducted protests and ceremonies, raising their flag for independence or calling for federation with Papua New Guinea,^[26] and accuse the Indonesian government of indiscriminate violence and of suppressing their freedom of expression. Indonesia has been accused of conducting a genocidal campaign^[28] against the indigenous inhabitants. In a 2007 book, author De R. G. Crocombe wrote that it has been estimated that between 100,000 and 300,000 Papuans had been killed by Indonesian security forces,^[22] and many women raped or subjected to other sexual violence.^[29] Reseach on violence toward Papuan women^{[Note 1]} by the Papuan Women's Working Group together with the Asia Justice Rights (AJAR) found 64 out of 170 (or 4 out of 10) Papuan women surveyed in 2013, 2017,^[30] and the most recent study from 2019, found 65 out of 249 Papuan women experienced some form of state violence.^{[Note 2][31][32]} According to previous study and former political prisoner Ambrosius Mulait, most violence against Papuan women happened because of domestic violence by husbands and Papuan cultural views toward wives considering they have been 'paid'.^[33]

Indonesian governance style has been compared to that of a police state, suppressing freedom of political association and political expression,^[34] although others have noted conflicts in Papua are instead caused by the near or total absence of state in some area.^[35] Women's rights activists, such as Fien Jarangga, support movement towards independence.^[36]

The Indonesian authorities continue to restrict foreign access to the region due to what they officially claim to be "safety and security concerns".^[37] Some organizations have called for a peacekeeping mission in the area.^[38][39]

Historical background

Overview

In December 1949, at the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, the Netherlands agreed to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over the territories of the former Dutch East Indies, with the exception of Western New Guinea, which the Dutch continued to hold as Netherlands New Guinea. The nationalist Indonesian government argued that it was the successor state to the whole of the Dutch East Indies and wanted to end the Dutch colonial presence in the archipelago. The Netherlands argued that the Papuans were ethnically different^[40] and that the Netherlands would continue to administer the territory until it was capable of self-determination.^[41] From 1950 onwards, the Dutch and the Western powers agreed that the Papuans should be given an independent state, but due to global considerations, mainly the Kennedy administration's concern to keep Indonesia on their side of the Cold War, the United States pressured the Dutch to sacrifice Papua's independence and transfer the territory to Indonesia.^[42]

In 1962, the Dutch agreed to relinquish the territory to temporary United Nations administration, signing the New York Agreement, which included a provision that a plebiscite would be held before 1969. The Indonesian military organised this vote, called the Act of Free Choice in 1969 to determine the population's views on the territory's future; the result was in favor of integration into Indonesia. In violation of the Agreement between Indonesia and the Netherlands, the vote was a show of hands in the presence of the Indonesian military, and only involved 1025 hand picked people who were forced at gunpoint to vote for integration, much less than 1% of those who should have been eligible to vote. The legitimacy of the vote is hence disputed by independence activists who protest the military occupation of Papua by Indonesia.^[43] Indonesia is regularly accused of human rights abuses. They include attacks on OPM-sympathetic civilians and jailing people who raise West Papua's national Morning Star flag for treason.^[44]

Through the transmigration program, which since 1969 includes migration to Papua, about half of inhabitants of Indonesian Papua are migrants.^[45] Interracial marriages are increasing and the offspring of trans-migrants have come to see themselves as "Papuan" over their parents' ethnic group.^[46] As of 2010, 13,500 Papuan refugees live in exile in the neighbouring Papua New Guinea (PNG),^[45] and occasionally, the fighting spills over the border. As a result, the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF) has set up patrols along PNG's western border to prevent infiltration by the OPM. Additionally, the PNG government has been expelling resident "border crossers" and making a pledge of no anti-Indonesian activity a condition for migrants' stay in PNG. Since the late 1970s, the OPM have made retaliatory "threats against PNG business projects and politicians for the PNGDF's operations against the OPM".^[47] The PNGDF has performed joint border patrols with Indonesia since the 1980s, although the PNGDF's operations against the OPM are "parallel".^[48]

Origins

Prior to the arrival of the Dutch, two Indonesian principalities known as the Sultanate of Tidore and the Sultanate of Ternate claimed dominion over Western New Guinea.^[49] In 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of Tidore's sovereignty over New Guinea. It thus became notionally Dutch as the Dutch held power over Tidore. A century later, in 1793, Britain attempted a failed settlement near Manokwari. After almost 30 years, in 1824 Britain and the Netherlands agreed to divide the land; rendering the eastern half of the island as being under British control and the western half would become part of the Dutch East Indies.

In 1828, the Dutch established a settlement in Lobo (near Kaimana) which also failed. Almost 30 years later, the Germans established the first missionary settlement on an island near Manokwari. While in 1828 the Dutch claimed the south coast west of the 141st meridian and the north coast west of Humboldt Bay in 1848, Dutch activity in New Guinea was minimal until 1898 when the Dutch established an administrative center, which was subsequently followed by missionaries and traders. Under Dutch rule, commercial links were developed between West New Guinea and Eastern Indonesia. In 1883, New Guinea was divided between the Netherlands, Britain, and Germany; with Australia occupying the German territory in 1914. In 1901, the Netherlands formally purchased West New Guinea from the Sultanate of Tidore, incorporating it into the Dutch East Indies.^[50] During World War II, the territory was occupied by Japan but was later recaptured by the Allies, who restored Dutch rule.^[51]

The unification of Western New Guinea with Papua New Guinea was official Australian government policy for a short period of time in the 1960s, before Indonesia's annexation of the region.^[52] Generally, proposals regarding federation with Papua New Guinea are a minority view in the freedom movement. Arguments for federation generally focus around shared cultural identity between the two halves of the island.^[53]

Four years after the 17 August 1945 proclamation of Indonesian independence, the Indonesian National Revolution ended with the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in late 1949 at which the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia, the successor state to the Dutch East Indies. However, the Dutch refused to include Netherlands New Guinea in the new Indonesian Republic and decided to assist and prepare it for independence as a separate country. It was agreed that the present status quo of the territory would be maintained and then negotiated bilaterally one year after the date of the transfer of sovereignty. This transfer formally occurred on 27 December 1949.. ^[54][55]

A year later, both Indonesia and the Netherlands were still unable to resolve their differences, which led Indonesian President Sukarno to accuse the Dutch of reneging on their promises to negotiate the handover of the territory. The Dutch were persistent in their argument that the territory did not belong to Indonesia because the Melanesian Papuans were ethnically and geographically different from Indonesians, and that the territory had always been administrated separately. On top of that, some Papuans did not participate in the Indonesian Revolution, and that educated Papuans at the time were split between those supporting Indonesian integration, those supporting Dutch colonial rules, and those supporting Papuan independence.^[56][57]

While at face-value, the Dutch seemed to have the Papuans’ interest at heart, political scientist Arend Lijphart disagreed. He argued that other underlying Dutch motives to prevent West New Guinea from joining Indonesia included the territory's lucrative economic resources, its strategic importance as a Dutch naval base, and its potential role for creating a Eurasian homeland, housing the Eurasians who had become displaced by the Indonesian National Revolution. The Dutch also wanted to maintain a regional presence and to secure their economic interests in Indonesia.^[58]

On the other hand, Indonesia regarded West New Guinea as an intrinsic part of the country on the basis that Indonesia was the successor state to the Dutch East Indies. Papuans participated in the momentous 1928 Youth Pledge, which is the first proclamation of an "Indonesian identity" which symbolically was attended by numerous ethnic youth groups from all over Indonesia.^[59] Indonesian irredentist sentiments were also inflamed by the fact that several Indonesian political prisoners (mainly leftist and communist from the failed 1926 uprising) had been interned at a remote prison camp north of Merauke called Boven-Digoel in 1935 prior to World War II. They made contact with many Papuan civil servants which formed Indonesian revolution groups in Papua.^[60][61] Some support also came from native kingdoms mainly around Bomberai Peninsula which had extensive relationship with Sultanate of Tidore, these efforts was led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan, King of Sekar.^[62] These sentiments were also reflected in the popular Indonesian revolutionary slogan "Indonesia Merdeka- dari Sabang sampai Merauke" "Indonesia Free—from SabangtoMerauke.^[63] The slogan indicates the stretch of Indonesian territory from the most western part in Sumatra, Sabang, and the most eastern part in Merauke, a small city in West New Guinea. Sukarno also contended that the continuing Dutch presence in West New Guinea was an obstacle to the process of nation-building in Indonesia and that it would also encourage secessionist movements.^[64]

Bilateral negotiations (1950–1953)

The Netherlands and Indonesia tried to resolve the West New Guinea dispute through several rounds of bilateral negotiations between 1950 and 1953. These negotiations ended up to become unsuccessful and led the two governments to harden their stance and position. On 15 February 1952, the Dutch Parliament voted to incorporate New Guinea into the realm of the Netherlands and shortly after, the Netherlands refused further discussion on the question of sovereignty and considered the issue to be closed.^[65] In response, President Sukarno adopted a more forceful stance towards the Dutch. Initially, he unsuccessfully tried to force the Indonesian government to abrogate the Round Table agreements and to adopt economic sanctions but was rebuffed by the Natsir Cabinet. Undeterred by this setback, Sukarno made recovering the territory a top priority of his presidency and sought to harness popular support from the Indonesian public for this goal throughout many of his speeches between 1951 and 1952.^[66]

By 1953, the dispute had become the central issue in Indonesian domestic politics. All political parties across the political spectrum, particularly the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), supported Sukarno's efforts to integrate the territory into Indonesia. According to historians Audrey and George McTurnan Kahin, the PKI's pro-integration stance helped the party to rebuild its political base and to further its credentials as a nationalist Communist Party that supported Sukarno.^[65]

United Nations (1954–1957)

In 1954, Indonesia decided to take the dispute to the United Nations and succeeded in having it placed on the agenda for the upcoming ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). In response, the Dutch Ambassador to the United Nations, Herman van Roijen, warned that the Netherlands would ignore any recommendations which might be made by the UN regarding the dispute.^[67] During the Bandung Conference in April 1955, Indonesia succeeded in securing a resolution supporting its claim to West New Guinea from African and Asian countries. In addition,^[68] Indonesia was also supported by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.^[67]

In terms of international support, the Netherlands was supported by the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and several Western European and Latin American countries. However, these countries were unwilling to commit to providing military support in the event of a conflict with Indonesia.^[69] The Eisenhower administration were open to non-violent territorial changes but rejected the use of any military means to resolve the dispute. Until 1961, the United States pursued a policy of strict neutrality and abstained on every vote on the dispute.^[70] According to the historian Nicholas Tarling, the United Kingdom took the position that it was "strategically undesirable" for control of the territory to pass to Indonesia because it created a precedent for encouraging territorial changes based on political prestige and geographical proximity.^[71]

The Australian Menzies government welcomed the Dutch presence in the region as an "essential link" in its national defense since it also administrated a trust territory in the eastern half of New Guinea. Unlike the Labor Party which had supported the Indonesian nationalists, the Prime Minister Robert Menzies viewed Indonesia as a potential threat to its national security and distrusted the Indonesian leadership for supporting Japan during World War II.^[72] In addition, New Zealand and South Africa also opposed Indonesia's claim to the territory. New Zealand accepted the Dutch argument that the Papuans were culturally different from the Indonesians and thus supported maintaining Dutch sovereignty over the territory until the Papuans were ready for self-rule. By contrast, newly independent India, another Commonwealth member supported Indonesia's position.^[73]

Between 1954 and 1957, Indonesia and their Afro-Asian allies made three attempts to get the United Nations to intervene. All these three resolutions, however, failed to gain a two–thirds majority in the UNGA. On 30 November 1954, the Indian representative Krishna Menon initiated a resolution calling for Indonesia and the Netherlands to resume negotiations and to report to the 10th UNGA Session. This resolution was sponsored by eight countries (Argentina, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, India, Syria, and Yugoslavia) but failed to secure a two-thirds majority (34-23-3).^[74] In response to growing tensions between Jakarta and the Hague, Indonesia unilaterally dissolved the Netherlands-Indonesian Union on 13 February 1956, and also rescinded compensation claims to the Dutch. Undeterred by this setback, Indonesia resubmitted the dispute to the UNGA agenda in November 1965.^[75]

On 23 February 1957, a 13 country–sponsored resolution (Bolivia, Burma, Ceylon, Costa Rica, Ecuador, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, and Yugoslavia) calling for the United Nations to appoint a "good offices commission" for West New Guinea was submitted to the UNGA. Despite receiving a plural majority (40-25-13), this second resolution failed to gain a two-thirds majority. Undeterred, the Afro-Asian caucus in the United Nations lobbied for the dispute to be included on the UNGA agenda. On 4 October 1957, Indonesia's Foreign Minister Subandrio warned that Indonesia would embark on "another cause" if the United Nations failed to bring about a solution to the dispute that favoured Indonesia. That month, the PKI and affiliated trade unions lobbied for retaliatory economic measures against the Dutch. On 26 November 1957, a third Indonesian resolution on the West New Guinea dispute was put to the vote but failed to gain a two-thirds majority (41-29-11).

West Papua's national identity

Following the recent defeat at the UN, Indonesia embarked on a national campaign targeting Dutch interests in Indonesia;^[76] leading to the withdrawal of the Dutch flag carrier KLM's landing rights, mass demonstrations, and the seizure of the Dutch shipping line Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM), Dutch-owned banks, and other estates. By January 1958, 10,000 Dutch nationals had left Indonesia, many returning to the Netherlands. This spontaneous nationalisation had adverse repercussions on Indonesia's economy, disrupting communications and affecting the production of exports. President Sukarno also abandoned efforts to raise the dispute at the 1958 UNGA, claiming that reason and persuasion had failed.^[77] Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomatic representatives in Jakarta, Indonesia formally severed relations with the Netherlands in August 1960.^[78]

In response to Indonesian aggression, the Netherlands stepped up its efforts to prepare the Papuans for self-determination in 1959. These efforts culminated in the establishment of a hospital in Hollandia (modern–day Jayapura), a shipyard in Manokwari, agricultural research sites, plantations, and a military force known as the Papuan Volunteer Corps. By 1960, a legislative New Guinea Council had been established with a mixture of legislative, advisory and policy functions had been established. Half of its members were to be elected and elections for this council were held the following year.^[79] Most importantly, the Dutch also sought to create a sense of West Papuan national identity and these efforts led to the creation of a national flag (the Morning Star flag), a national anthem, and a coat of arms. The Dutch had planned to transfer independence to West New Guinea in 1970.^[80]

Preparation of independence

By 1960, other countries in the Asia-Pacific had taken notice of the dispute and began proposing initiatives to end it. During a visit to the Netherlands, the New Zealand Prime Minister Walter Nash suggested the idea of a united New Guinea state, consisting of both Dutch and Australian territories. This idea received little support from both Indonesia and other Western governments. Later that year, the Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed a three-step initiative, which involved West New Guinea coming under United Nations trusteeship. The joint administrators would be three non-aligned nations Ceylon, India, and Malaya, which supported Indonesia's position. This solution involved the two belligerents, Indonesia and the Netherlands, re-establishing bilateral relations and the return of Dutch assets and investments to their owners. However, this initiative was scuttled in April 1961 due to opposition from Indonesia's Foreign Minister Subandrio, who publicly attacked Tunku's proposal.^[81]

By 1961, the Netherlands was struggling to find adequate international support for its policy to prepare West New Guinea for independent status under Dutch guidance. While the Netherlands' traditional Western allies—the United States, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand—were sympathetic to Dutch policy, they were unwilling to provide any military support in the event of conflict with Indonesia.^[82] On 26 September 1961, the Dutch Foreign Minister Joseph Luns offered to hand over the territory to a United Nations trusteeship. This proposal was firmly rejected by his Indonesian counterpart Subandrio, who likened the dispute to Katanga's attempted secession from the Republic of Congo during the Congo Crisis. By October 1961, Britain was open to transferring West New Guinea to Indonesia while the United States floated the idea of a jointly-administered trusteeship over the territory.^[83]

Call for resumption of Dutch–Indonesian talks

On 23 November 1961, the Indian delegation at the United Nations presented a draft resolution calling for the resumption of Dutch–Indonesian talks on terms which favoured Indonesia. Two days later, several Francophone countries in Africa tabled a rival resolution which favoured an independent West New Guinea. Indonesia favoured India's resolution while the Dutch, Britain, Australia, and New Zealand supported the Francophone African one. On 27 November 1961, both the Francophone African (52-41-9) and Indian (41-40-21) resolutions were put to the vote, but neither succeeded in gaining a two–thirds majority at the UNGA. The failure of this final round of diplomacy in the UN convinced Indonesia to prepare for a military invasion.^[84]

New York Agreement, UN administration and Act of Free Choice

By 1961, the United States had become concerned about the Indonesian military's purchase of Soviet weapons and equipment for a planned invasion of West New Guinea. The Kennedy administration feared an Indonesian drift towards Communism and wanted to court Sukarno away from the Soviet bloc and Communist China. The United States also wanted to repair relations with Jakarta, which had deteriorated due to the Eisenhower administration's covert support for regional uprisings in Sumatra and Sulawesi. These factors convinced the Kennedy administration to intervene diplomatically to bring about a peaceful solution to the dispute, which favored Indonesia.^[85]

Throughout 1962, US diplomat Ellsworth Bunker facilitated top–secret high–level negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands. This produced a peace settlement known as the New York Agreement on 15 August 1962. As a face-saving measure, the Dutch would hand over West New Guinea to a provisional United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) on 1 October 1962, which then ceded the territory to Indonesia on 1 May 1963; formally ending the dispute. As part of the agreement, it was stipulated that a popular plebiscite would be held in 1969 to determine whether the Papuans would choose to remain in Indonesia or seek self-determination.^[86] Implementation of Indonesian governance was followed by sporadic fighting between Indonesian and pro-Papuan forces until 1969.

Following the Act of Free Choice plebiscite in 1969, Western New Guinea was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. Instead of a referendum of the 816,000 Papuans, only 1,022 Papuan tribal representatives were allowed to vote, and they were coerced into voting in favour of integration. While several international observers including journalists and diplomats criticised the referendum as being rigged, the U.S. and Australia support Indonesia's efforts to secure acceptance in the United Nations for the pro-integration vote. That same year, 84 member states voted in favour for the United Nations to accept the result, with 30 others abstaining.^[87] A number of Papuans refused to accept the territory's integration into Indonesia, which anti-independence supporters and foreign observers attributed to the Netherlands' efforts to promote a West Papuan national identity among right-leaning Papuans and suppressed left-leaning Papuans pro-Indonesian sympathies.^[88] These formed the separatist Organisasi Papua Merdeka (Free Papua Movement) and have waged an insurgency against the Indonesian authorities, which continues to this day.^[89][90]

Brief outline of major events post-referendum

This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (August 2019)

New Order (1965–1998)

• July 1965: Raids against Indonesian soldiers and barracks in Manokwari known as Arfai incident, resulting in reprisal and suppression campaigns (Sadar Operation).^[91]
• July–August 1969: Act of Free Choice (Indonesian: Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat, abbreviated as PEPERA) determines Western New Guinea as sovereign territory of Indonesia.^[92]
• June 1971: Henk de Mari reported that 55 men from two villages in North Biak were forced to dig their own graves before being shot. Published in Dutch daily De Telegraaf Oct 1974.
• Unknown: 500 Papuan corpses were found in jungle Lereh District, south west of Sentani Airport, Jayapura region.
• 1974: In North Biak, 45 Papuans were killed.
• 1975: In Biak, at least 41 peoples from Arwam and Rumbin villages were killed.
• 1976: A major operation was launched by the Indonesian Army against OPM bases in Jayapura Regency. Over 400 Indonesian soldiers and 1,600 Papuans (fighters and civilians) were reportedly killed.
• 1977: Aerial bombing of Akimuga (McMoRan Exploration Co. mine area).
• 1977–78: Aerial bombing of Baliem Valley.
• Apr 1978: Six unidentifiable bodies were discovered in the Dosai district of Jayapura.
• May 1978: Five OPM leaders surrendered to save the village they were caught in. They were beaten to death with red hot^{[citation needed]} iron bars and their bodies thrown into a pit latrine. The 125 villagers were then machine gunned as suspected OPM sympathisers.
• June 1978: 14 corpses found shot, West of Sentani Airport, Jayapura region.
• Unknown: North Biak, 12 people were shot after receiving permission to leave camp to collect sago for a village feast.
• 1981: 10 Papuans were killed, and 58 disappeared without trace in Paniai Region.
• Jun–Aug 1981: Operasi Sapu Bersih (Clean Sweep Operation); population of Ampas-Waris and Batte-Arso villages were bayoneted and left for dead.
• July 1984: Naval, air, and ground troop assault of Nagasawa/Ormo Kecil village; 200 were killed.
• Unknown: Naval shelling of Taronta, Takar, and Masi-Masi coastal villages; the survivors fled towards Jayapura; under Dutch rule in 1950 each village had a population of 1500 to 2000.
• 1986–87: 34 were killed in Paniai/Wissel Lake District.
• 8 January 1996: OPM militants led by Kelly Kwalik held 26 members of the Lorentz Expedition hostage in Mapenduma [id].^[26][93][94] This triggered the Mapenduma hostage crisis (two hostages died) and the 1996 Timika shooting incident on 15 April (14–16 died).^[93][94]
• 15 May 1996: Mapenduma hostage crisis ends with the raid on OPM base in Geselama, Mimika, by Kopassus.^[95][96][97]

• 6 July 1998: Papuan civilians demonstrating for the independence of West Papua on the Biak Island was killed in a coordinated attack by the Indonesian military and police. Large numbers of demonstrators were detained, many unarmed civilians were tortured and killed, and their bodies dumped at sea in the massacre.^[98]

Post-Suharto

1999–2010

• 6 October 2000: As police raided a flag-raising ceremony in Wamena, two non-Papuans were killed in unclear circumstances. A riot began and moved to a neighbourhood of migrants from outside of Papua, burning and looting shops. Seven Papuans were shot and twenty-four non-Papuans killed.^[99]
• 11 November 2001: Two weeks after rejecting the autonomy law as soon as it had passed, the chairman of the Papua Presidium Council, Theys Eluay, was found murdered in his car outside Jayapura after he had been kidnapped.^[100]
• 31 August 2002: Gunmen attacked a group of American school teachers and local employees on a sightseeing trip. Three teachers were killed, two Americans and one Indonesian; and seven Americans and an Indonesian girl were wounded, including the six-year-old daughter of two of the teachers. Indonesian officials placed responsibility on the OPM; a spokesman for the group denied involvement.^{[101][102][103]}
• 4 April 2003 – 2003 Wamena incident: Following a raid on an Indonesian military armory which killed 2 soldiers, around 7,000 civilians were forcefully relocated and around 50 died.^[104]
• 5 November 2003: OPM faction leader Yustinus Murib was killed along with 9 other OPM members near Yalengga in a raid by 60 TNI personnel.^[105][106] SBS Dateline aired a story the day he died featuring him pleading for international intervention from a video tape received days before.^[107]
• 1 December 2003: A group of 500 people hoisted the separatist flag, several other actions took place, 42 people were arrested.
• 15 January 2004: Journalist Mark Worth found dead in hotel in Sentani two days after the ABC announced his documentary, Land of the Morning Star, would premier on Australian screens in February 2004^[108]
• 15 October 2004: Papuan rebels killed six civilians in an attack in Puncak Jaya.^[109]
• 13 February 2006: Formal establishment of Barisan Merah Putih which is a coalescing of earlier formed native pro-Indonesia groups. These includes Indonesian Irian Youth Movement (GAPII), Red and White Movement (GMP), Council for the Determination of the Liberation of West Irian (Council for the Determination PEPERA/ DMP), People's Three Command (Trikora), West Irian Veteran Organization, and West Irian Diplomatic Veteran Group in the United Nations.^[110]
• 16 March 2006: Three policemen and an airman were killed and 24 other people injured during a clash with Papuan students who had been demanding closure of Freeport's Grasberg mine in Papua.^[111]
• 9 August 2008: In Wamena, one man, Opinus Tabuni (a distant relative of Buchtar Tabuni), was killed when Indonesian security forces opened fire in response to the raising of the banned Morning Star flag by activists at a large rally organised by DAP (Dewan Adat Papua – Papuan Customary Council) marking the UN-declared International Day of the World's Indigenous People.^[112]
• 4 December 2008: Four Papuans were wounded by gunfire from the police at a demonstration for the independence of West Papua.^[113]
• 29 January 2009: At least five Papuans were wounded by shots fired by police during a demonstration.^[113]
• 14 March 2009: One Indonesian Army soldier was killed during an attack against a security post in Tingginambut. The OPM was blamed.^[114]
• 8 April 2009: Several bombs exploded against a bridge and a refinery on the island of Biak. One person was killed.^[113]
• 11–12 April 2009: Fighting between the army and the Papuan resistance left eleven dead, including six members of the security forces. At the same time, a bomb was defused beside a police station in Biak.^[113]
• 15 April 2009: An attack against a convoy of police in Tingginambut killed one and wounded six. The OPM was blamed.^[113]
• 11 July 2009: An employee of Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.’s Indonesian unit was shot dead in an attack outside the company's mine in Papua.^[115]
• July 2009: OPM members hoisted the flag of West Papua in the village of Jugum. Afterwards more than thirty houses were burned by the Indonesian army.^[116]
• 16 December 2009: Free Papua Movement (OPM) leader Kelly Kwalik was shot by Indonesian police during a raid in Timika and died in Timika Hospital.^[117]

2010–2019

• 24 January 2010: Rebels ambushed a convoy of mining company PT Freeport McMoRan employees. Nine peoples were injured; OPM denied responsibility.^[118]
• 1 March 2010: The Australian West Papua Association in Sydney said that the situation in West Papua was deteriorating. Since the previous July there had been fourteen incidents of shootings around the Grasberg mine, Freeport's copper and gold mine. The attacks had killed at least three and injured thirteen.^[119]
• 23 March 2010: Rebels attacked an Indonesian military convoy, injuring some of the soldiers.^[120]
• May 2010 : The OPM were suspected of killing three workers at a construction site. In retaliation the Indonesian military raided a village leaving at least two dead and a woman raped, while houses in three villages were burned by the military.^[121]
• 17 May 2010: The army attacked a base of OPM killing one suspected militant.^[121]
• 21 May 2010: Militants attacked members of the Indonesian army near Yambi, 75 km from Mulia. No casualties were reported.^[121]
• 15 June 2010: An officer of the Indonesian elite police was shot dead during a patrol. Eight firearms were also stolen by the rebels.^[122]
• July 2010: Twelve houses and two churches were destroyed and a woman was raped during an Indonesian army operation to capture Goliath Tabuni.^[123]
• 23 June 2011: A police officer from Jayapura was shot by alleged members of the Free Papua Movement.^[124]
• 6 July 2011: Three soldiers were shot during a clash with unknown attackers in Kalome village, Tingginambut district.^[125]
• 20 July 2011: An Indonesian soldier was killed in an ambush against a military security squad in Puncak Jaya district in Papua.^[125]
• 31 July 2011: Rebels attacked a car in Papua with guns, axes and knives killing one soldier and three civilians and also wounding seven; OPM denied responsibility.^[126][127]
• 1 August 2011: The National Police said that members of the Free Papua Movement killed four civilians near Tanjakan Gunung Merah, Paniai.^[128]
• 2 August 2011: A soldier guarding a military post in Tingginambut was shot dead. In the town of Mulia two shootings targeted the police and military, injuring one soldier.^[129]
• 3 August 2011: Separatists shot at an army helicopter as it evacuated the body of a soldier they had allegedly killed.^[129]
• 22 October 2011: Al Jazeera published footage of an independence gathering that was attacked by Indonesian security forces. At least five people were killed.^[130][131]
• 2 December 2011: An officer from Jayapura Police office was found dead next to a river after he was allegedly slain by a group wielding arrows and daggers. OPM was blamed.^[132]
• 5 December 2011: Two policemen were killed in Puncak Jaya during an exchange of gunfire with suspected members of the Free Papua Movement.^[133]
• 12 December 2011: Police attacked the headquarters of a local cell of the OPM. The police seized firearms, ammunition, knives, combat gear, documents, and Morning Star flags, and killed 14 militants.^[134]
• In 2012, West Papuan National Committee's (KNPB) Chairman Mako Tabuni died in hospital after sustaining a shooting injury during an arrest attempt by the Jayapura police department.^[135]
• 22 February 2013: A military helicopter was damaged by ground fire while attempting to remove the bodies of soldiers killed fighting the OPM earlier. At least three members of the crew were injured. Eight Indonesian soldiers were killed in fighting around the same time.^[136]
• 26 December 2013: Gerald Little (an Australian) was sentenced to seven months in prison in Australia for attempting to fight with the OPM. Little was arrested in December 2012 at Brisbane airport by police. Little who had no military training, combat experience or espionage training at the time travelled to Ukraine in August 2012 for a five-day training course run by a private military contractor,^[137] the International Bodyguard Association (IBA). The Judge described Little as delusional. Little had been in email communication with the OPM.^[138][139]
• 7 April 2014: A border post between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia was damaged and the border crossing temporally closed after a shoot out between the Indonesian Military and "armed civilians". Papua New Guinea local media reported that OPM fighters may have fired from the New Guinea side of the border and were dressed in blue berets to resemble United Nations personnel. No casualties were reported.^[140]
• 18 September 2014: In a fire fight between Indonesian Security forces and around thirty OPM members at an airfield in the Lanny jaya district, an OPM member was killed and several people wounded. The group of OPM fighters were suspected to be responsible for shooting dead two policemen in July.^[141]
• 13 October 2014: An individual carrying equipment and a large amount of ammunition was apprehended at Sentani airport. The illegal items were found during a routine X-ray after which the suspect attempted escape but was apprehended 200m from the airport. Items seized included 112 5.56-calibre bullets, 20 .56-calibre bullet casings, 13 9-calibre bullets and a single 7.6-calibre cartridge. The police also seized one weapon and a Nokia mobile phone. Earlier, the Papua Police managed to confiscate dozens of home-made weapons and rounds of ammunition during a raid on the OPM's local headquarters. A policeman involved said; "As many as 20 rounds of Mauser ammunition, five home-made weapons, one motorcycle and striped uniforms were confiscated during the raid,".^[142]
• 8 December 2014: in the Bloody Paniai case, four youths were killed and 10 to 21 others were injured during an incident in the Paniai district. Government officials said a few hundred protesters attacked local military and police posts, while rights activists accused the military of shooting at unarmed people after several smaller incidents earlier in the day.^[143]
• 24 March 2015: General Goliath Tabuni and 23 of his followers surrendered to the Indonesian army in Tingginambut, Puncak Jaya.^[144]
• 9 September 2015: Four woodcutters were attacked by armed militants near the border with Papua New Guinea. One of them was killed. Another one was injured while the remaining two were taken hostage and brought to Papua New Guinea. OPM claimed the attack, and stated that they demand prisoner exchange with their two comrades who were arrested. The Indonesian government appealed for help to the Papua New Guinean government. The two hostages was released on 18 September 2015, after the militants were arrested by the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.^{[145][146][147]}
• 26 January 2016: Ten militants surrendered to the Indonesian Army in Puncak Jaya. They used to be the followers of Goliath Tabuni, who surrendered in 2015. The government is planning to give them amnesty.^[148]
• May 2016: Mass demonstrations in support of the United Liberation Movement for West Papua and its efforts to join the Melanesian Spearhead Group began in early May and continued throughout the month. Indonesian police responded by arresting thousands of demonstrators.^[149]
• 24 March 2017: 154 guerrilla fighters in Papua province have surrendered to the Indonesian government in a ceremony in Puncak district, the Indonesian army said in a statement.
• 28 March 2017: A West Papuan man who was suspected by authorities as an armed separatist leader was shot dead by the Indonesian police.^[150]
• 22 October 2017: A National Police Mobile Brigade officer was shot and killed in Mimika near the Freeport Grasberg mine with an TPNPB unit taking responsibility who were being pursued after they shot at Freeport mine vehicles on 24 September.^{[151][152][153][154]} Police suspected that the TPNPB used Steyr assault rifles.^[151] On 21 October, the TPNPB had declared an area near the mine as a battlefield including the villages of Banti and Kimbeli.^[155]
• November 2017 – Mimika blockade:
  • 9 November 2017: The military claimed that migrant workers from Indonesia's Sulawesi island in Banti and Kimbeli villages were being held hostage by the TPNPB which was disputed by an Indonesian government minister who said they had been "isolated" by the fighting.^[153] The TPNPB denied there were non-native hostages.^[155][156] The TPNPB earlier stated if the military or police take reprisals against innocent Papuans then reciprocal will be done to immigrants residing in PT Freeport area.^[157][154]
  • 15 November 2017: A National Police Mobile Brigade officer was shot and killed in Mimika with an TPNPB unit taking responsibility.^[158][152] Two TPNPB were injured in gunfire on 17 November.^[152] Freeport temporarily shut the main supply route to its Grasberg mine complex.^[156] A civilian employee of a catering service provider within Freeport died in suspicious circumstances whilst travelling to his village.^[159]
  • 17 November 2017: Indonesian police and military evacuated more than 340 Sulawesi migrants from the villages of Banti and Kimbeli.^[160][161] The police stated there was an exchange of gunfire with the TPNPB.^[160] Freeport began evacuating mine workers families from the mining town of Tembagapura.^[162] Shots had been fired on a Freeport vehicle and two large mining trucks set on fire.^[162]
• 12–15 July 2018: A series of gunfights were reported between the wing of the Free West Papua Movement and Indonesian security forces. No casualties were reported.^[163][164]
• 3–17 October 2018: OPM rebel group under Egianus Kogoya leadership had taken 15 migrant teachers and medical workers as hostage for 14 days. One of hostages is reported alternately raped by OPM rebel group.^[165] This caused many migrant teachers and medical workers were averse to be returned at Nduga, Papua.^[166]
• 2 December 2018: At least 19 workers constructing a bridge at Trans Papua projects were killed by an armed group linked to the West Papua Liberation Organization.^[167] One Indonesian soldier is also killed on a separate incident.^[168] This event is also known as Nduga massacre.
• 28 January 2019: A Kostrad soldier guarding an airport in Nduga was killed and another was injured following a firefight.^[169]
• 7 March 2019: 25 TNI soldiers guarding construction of the Trans-Papua road engaged in a firefight with West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) personnel. TNI spokesmen claimed that 3 soldiers were killed while 7 Liberation Army personnel were killed.^[170]
• 2 May 2019: a Polish far-right nationalist Jakub Skrzypski was sentenced to five years in prison for intent to, and preparation to, commit treason. Skrzypski had meetings with the KNPB, which the prosecution argued was a banned organisation, and replied to a mobile phone text message on sourcing weapons from a KNPB member.^{[171][172][173]} He is the first foreigner to be convicted of treason in Indonesia.^[173] Three of the four police charges were dropped during his trial.^[171] He denied he committed treason claiming he was a tourist and it was a show trial.^[173]
• 10 July 2019: A human rights group advocating for West Papuans in Indonesia says there were more than 23 extrajudicial killings by the military there last year.^[174]
• 12 August 2019: An undercover National Police Criminal Investigation officer was abducted in Usir in Puncak Jaya Regency and later shot dead that day nearby allegedly by a unit led by Lekagak Telenggen after dialogue with the National Police.^[175][176]
• 16 August 2019: A TNI Toyota Hilux travelling on the Trans-Papua HighwayinJayawijaya Regency was ambushed allegedly by a unit led by Egianus Kogoya injuring two soldiers with one later dying in hospital the following day.^[177][178]
• 2019 Papua protests:
  • 19–21 August 2019: Violent protests in Papua's large cities with several demonstrations over three days, which numbered from in the hundreds to the thousands, following a racist incident on Saturday 17 August with Papuan students in a dormitory in the Indonesian province of East JavaatSurabaya involving the TNI and Police.^{[179][180][181]} 10 government buildings in Manokwari and 15 government buildings in Sorong were destroyed.^[182] Indonesia throttled the internet to prevent access to social media in protest areas and from 21 August blocked the internet in Papua.^[181][180] The Morning Star flag was flown in several protests along with protesters crying "Free Papua".^{[181][183][180]} Indonesia sent 1200 Police and 300 TNI reinforcements to Papua.^[184]
  • 22 August 2019: Protest in Jakarta where demonstrators flew the banned Morning Star flag in front of the Presidential palace singing songs with lyrics demanding Papuan independence.^{[181][185][186]}
  • 23 August 2019: Indonesian National Police and Municipal Police were involved in a gun fight at WamenainJayawijaya Regency allegedly by a unit led by Egianus Kogoya which suffered a fatality with a National Police officer and Municipal Police officer both shot in the leg.^[187][188]
  • 30 August 2019: Protesters in the eastern region set buildings on fire in the provincial capital of Jayapura. The police fired tear gas to disperse thousands of demonstrators.^[189]
  • 24 September 2019: Student protests of alleged racism incident happened in Wamena followed by riots when Kelion Tahuni, a student was shot. Bodies were later found under burned buildings as rioters burn some of the buildings, mostly belonging to non-Papuan migrants according to the Indonesian police. Indonesian police said the death toll had risen to 33 with 8 victims were Papuans and that rebel sympathizers had burned buildings and set fire to vehicles. Some of the Indonesian police's version of these events has subsequently been questioned in an investigative article by two Jakarta Post journalists in which the Papuan victims likely to be higher. Based on testimony of the residents of Hom-hom, they did not recognize the arsonist, which wore high school clothes, and suspect they are not Papuan from Wamena and look too old. The police later confirmed probably they were Papuan armed groups who infiltrated the student protests. The inciting incidents of a teacher remarking a racist comment toward one of the students was later confirmed to be false, by deputy principal of the school. Students from other school receiving the news through messages of the incident. Lukas Enembe, Papuan governor, confirmed one incident where a Papuan student was doused by gasoline and burned for not participating in the riots, the victim was confirmed to be from SMP 1 state junior high school, and remarked the riots were engineered. Another story emerged from SMA 1 state high school from three native Papuans teachers, of student rioters from other school invading the school and inciting the students to riots and throwing stones and hurting some students. The papuan victims of the incident likely to be as high as 17 with 11 people verified dead (3 people were in the Papuan customary list but not on the police list), the police did not confirm if they shot toward the crowd and possibly hitting Kelion Tabuni, but he was later confirmed to be one of the victims. There were many native Wamena Papuans protecting migrants from the rioters and arsonists, as confirmed by regional La Pago customary council chief Dominikus Surabut, who expressed sorry for not being able to help everyone.^[190] The protest spread to other cities, and police said hundreds of university students were being questioned about a protest in Jayapura in which a soldier and three civilians were killed.^[191][192] However much of the unrest was in the city of Wamena.^[193]
• 17 December 2019: Two soldiers were killed in a shootout with members of West Papua National Liberation Army in Sugapa district. The soldiers were deployed to the region as part of a joint military and police security task force.^[194]

2020-present

• 9 October 2020: A joint civilian and security forces investigative team tasked by the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of Indonesia, was investigating the death of a local priest who was killed on 19 September when they came under fire from hostile militias in Intan Jaya Regency. One of the civilian investigator was injured in the arm along with two other army personnel.^[195]
• November 2020: UN human rights office said they were concerned with the escalating violence in Papua & West Papua province. As per the report by OHCHR, military, security forces and nationalist militias are involved in the violence, extrajudicial killings and torture of the protesters and human rights defenders. Spokesperson for the Office of the High Commissioner said Indonesian authorities should pursue thorough, independent and impartial investigations into all acts of violence, in particular killings, and ensure all perpetrators were held to account, regardless of their affiliation.^[196]
• 8 January 2021: Papuan Separatist Group (TPNPB/OPM) admitted that they shot a civilian helicopter and burned a aircraft on Wednesday (6/1). Both aircraft were piloted by foreigners and carried civilian passengers.^[197]
• 10 January 2021: Pvt. 2nd Class Agus Kurniawan that served in TNI AD 400th Infantry Battalion was shot and killed after Papuan Separatist Group (OPM/TPNPB) attacked his post in Titigi, Intan Jaya, West Papua.^[198]
• 12 January 2021: Papuan Separatist Group (TPNPB/OPM) burned two BTS. Their justification: "We don't accept Indonesian Government facilities in Papua, we don't need communication network"^[199]
• 22 January 2021: 2 KIA from the Papuan Separatist Group (OPM/TPNPB) attack: Pvt 1st Class Roy Vebrianto killed in Titigi and Pvt 1st Class Dedi Hamdani killed when chasing Titigi attackers. Both served in TNI AD 400th Inf Batt.^[199]
• 30 January 2021: Local pastors confirmed that Papuan Separatist Group (TPNPB/OPM) captured and executed one civilian named Boni Bagau in Agapa Village, Sugapa District, Papua. They accused Bagau for being 'a spy' for government forces.^[14]
• 8 February 2021: A 32-year-old civilian named Ramli RN was shot in the face in front of his wife by the Papuan Separatist Group (OPM/TPNPB). TPNPB's Sabinus Waker Group has claimed responsibility for the attack as they accused Ramli of being TNI/Polri spy.^[200]
• 10 February 2021: a brief gun battle broke out between the TNI and OPM forces in Unggul Bridge, Puncak Regency, West Papua. No injuries reported.^[201]
• 12 February 2021: One Army TNI AD soldier, Chief Pvt. Hendra Sipayung, was shot in the head after TPNPB/OPM conduct a hit n run attack using motorcycles in Sugapa District. Sipayung survived and was evacuated to Jayapura for advanced treatment.^[202]
• 9 February 2021: One civilian (ojek/taxi bike driver) named Rusman Heidar was stabbed and killed by TPNPB/OPM in Ilaga District, West Papua. TPNPB/OPM has claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that the civilian was government spy.^[203]
• 15 February 2021: Pvt. 2nd Class Ginanjar from TNIAD 400th IB was shot and killed after Papuan Separatist Group (OPM/TPNPB) attacked his post in Mamba Village, Sugapa District.^[204]
• 13 April 2021: The West Papua National Liberation Army has claimed responsibility for shooting dead 2 teacher in Beoga district. The groups was likely lead by Sabinus Waker and Lekagag Telenggen, the first shooting happened on 8 April afternoon, killing Octavianus Rayo, 3 rooms of SMAN 1 Beoga was burned. On 11 April a further 9 rooms were burned. Yonathan Randen, another teacher, was shot later when trying to retrieve the previous victim body. Both bodies were held for ransom, and was released after the local Puncak district paid.^[205] Both teachers were shot because they were suspected to be from the military. Indonesian government sometimes used military personnels as teachers in Indonesia to mitigate teacher shortage,^[206] both victims are later confirmed to be civilians, though Oktavianus Rayo was commonly seen carrying a hangun when working as a seller.^[207][208]
• 16 April 2021: Ali Mom (16), a local Papuan high school student, was shot and his head was slashed by TPNPB in Ilaga. This was confirmed by Lekagak Telenggen, he accused the boy as intel for Indonesian military.^[15]
• 17 April 2021: There was an arson attack on the house of Dambet village chief as well as education facilities, which includes an elementary school building in Dambet Village, Beoga, Puncak Regency. The house also functioned as village shops and kiosks for villagers.^[209] The village head from Dambet tribe, Benner Tinal, conducted a stone burning ceremony, to celebrate that there was no casualty in the arson attack. It was attended by Iqbal Al Qudusy, the local head from Operation Nemangkawi. The perpetrators was strongly suspected to be from TPNPB, as Dambet Village is only 3 km from the previous attack in Beoga district.^[210] Klemen Tinal, Papua deputy governor strongly condemn the recent attacks, and requested security personnel to restore law and order in Beoga Sub-district, Puncak District, to enable the local administration to restart its public services.^[211]
• 25 April 2021: The local papuan BIN head (Kabinda), Brigadier General I Gusti Putu Danny Karya Nugraha Karya, was shot dead when inspecting Dambet village in the aftermath of recent arson attack.^[212]
• 2 September 2021: 30 rebels had ambushed soldiers while they were asleep at the Indonesian military post. The post is located in Kisor Village, South Aifat District, Maybrat Regency. Four soldiers—2nd Sergeant Amrosius, Chief Private Dirham, First Private Zul Ansari, and First Lieutenant Dirman—died in the attack, while two others sustained serious injuries. After the incident, several local residents had fled their homes fearing for their safety. According to the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM)-Papua Office head, Frits B. Ramandey, preliminary findings indicated that the suspects had launched a well-planned and organized attack. He also thanked Maybrat district head Bernard Sagrim for reassuring local residents following the incident persuading them to return. Besides Komnas HAM, the West Papua police also investigated the case. Eight days after the attack, the West Papua police arrested two suspects identified by their initials as MY (20) and MS (18) and launched a manhunt for 17 others. According to the police, the attack had been thoroughly planned and organized by members of the West Papua National Committee (KNPB) operating in the Kisor neighborhood of Maybrat Regency, led by Silas Ki. Six men accused of launching an attack on a military post in Maybrat Regency will be tried at the Makassar District Court.^[213][214]
• 13 September 2021: A group of TPNPB soldiers led by Lamek Taplo attacked villages in Kiriwok, Pegunungan Bintang Regency, causing injuries to security personnel and killing nurse Gabriela Meilani (22). A number of public buildings in Kiriwok such as the district office, market, teacher's houses, school, bank, doctor's houses, health worker's barracks and clinic was also set on fire, TPNPB later claimed the responsibility.^[215][216] From testimonies of the survivors and healthcare workers, they were harassed, stabbed, beaten and tortured. The nurses were stripped down bare naked by force using machetes, tortured, sexually abused until unconscious and then thrown off a 500 meter deep canyon. Nurses Kristina and Gabriela were found naked at a depth 500 meters deep, Kristina survived and rescued however Gabriela succumbed to her wounds and died. 9 healthcare workers survived and were evacuated to Jayapura. 31 civilians including the healthcare workers survived by seeking shelter in a military post.^{[217][218][219]}
• 5 December 2021:TPNPB Ngalum Kupel under Lamek Taplo burned down SMAN 1 Oksibil in district Serambakom, Pegunungan Bintang. Around 235 students were unable to go to school as a result. The same group was trying to burn SMKN 1 Oksibil although managed to be stopped by security forces. A video implicating the group was uploaded online.^[220][221]
• 4 March 2022: Papuan militants (OPM/TPNPB) claimed responsibility of attack on Telkomsel tower in Beoga District, Puncak Regency, killing eight people.^[222][223] Sebby Sambom claimed all eight victims were member of TNI and Polri.^[224] However this was denied by TNI and Polri, and confirmed by local Komnas HAM head, Frits Ramandey, that all eight victims and one survivor were workers for PT. Palapa Timur Telematika (PTT). Perpetrator of this attack are members of TPNPB under Aibon Kogeya.^[225] One survivor of the attack is Nelson Sarira, while the other eight killed victims are Bona Simanullang, Billy Garibaldi, Renaltagasye Tentua, Jamaludin, Eko Septiansyah, Syahril Nurdiansyah, Ibo, and Bebi Tabuni,^[226] the son of Dani tribal head from Gome, Ilaga District, Abeloni Tabuni, which was confirmed by Abelom Kogoya, general tribal leader of Puncak Regency, both condemned the attack.^[227]
• 16 July 2022: KKB/TPNPB under Egianus Kogoya attacked Nonggolait village, Kenyam District, Nduga Regency, Highland Papua. The attackers opened fire on a grocer, and then shot seven traders riding on a freight truck. Four bystanders were also shot, including indigenous priest of Nonggolait from Kenyam. In total 10 civilians were killed 7 of them instantly while 3 others died later in a clinic and 2 others critically injured. The head of the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) Representative for Papua Region, Frits Ramandey, said the KKB action against residents in Nonggolait Village was an inhumane act and had happened many times. This group is considered so cruel because it attacks residents who are completely helpless. Human rights activist and also the Executive Director of the Papuan Justice and Human Integrity Foundation, Theo Hesegem, condemned the KKB action that attacked 12 civilians in Nduga. He also argued that KKB's actions were beyond reason because it attacked residents who did not have any firearms.^[228][229]
• 19 July 2022: TPNPB/OPM under Bocor Sobolim beheaded a illegal gold miner^[230] in Kawe Village, Awinbon District, Bintang Mountains Regency, and bring the head to their HQ where they make a video recording threatening everyone else that they will kill more.^[231]
• 22 August 2022: The mutilated bodies of 4 Papuan civilians from Nduga Regency were found close to Timika.^[232][233] Their bodies had been put in sacks and thrown into the river.^[234] According to the TNI, the victims of the mutilation were TPNPB/OPM sympathizers with one victim with the initials LN confirmed to be part of the Egianus Kogoya arms and ammunition supply network.^[235] However, the victims' families and the Regent of Nduga denied and said that the victims were civilians.^[236] On 8 October, all perpetrators of the murder consisting of 6 soldiers (2 did not commit murder but received stolen money) and 4 civilians had been captured by authorities. According to authorities the victims were lured by the perpetrators to purchase Ak-47 and FN from the perpetrators with value of up to 250 million rupiah, but were instead murdered and the money stolen.^[237][238]

States that support self-determination

The following states have denounced the Act of Free Choice and/or support Papuan self-determination:

•  Vanuatu – Vanuatu passed the Wantok Blong Yumi Bill in 2010^[7] and expressed their support for Papuan self-determination in 2017 at the UNGA.^[8]
•  Solomon Islands – The Solomon Islands expressed their support for Papuan self-determination in 2017 at the UNGA.^[8]
•  Tonga – Tongan Prime Minister ʻAkilisi Pōhiva urged the world to take action on the human rights situation in Indonesia's West Papua region.^[239][240]
•  Tuvalu – Former Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga supported Papuan self-determination at the United Nations General Assembly in 2017 and signed a joint statement with other Pacific island nations in May 2017.^[241][242]
•  Nauru – In 2017, Nauru signed a joint declaration supporting Papuan self-determination.^[242]
•  Palau – In 2017, Palau signed a joint declaration supporting Papuan self-determination.^[242]
•  Marshall Islands – In 2017, the Marshall Islands signed a joint declaration supporting Papuan self-determination.^[242]

Leaders and groups that support self-determination

• Jeremy Corbyn^[243]
• Australian Greens including Senator Richard Di Natale^[244] and former leader Scott Ludlam.^[245] Despite this, the Australian government officially remained neutral and recognises Indonesia's sovereignty over the region.^[246][247]
• John Kufuor^[248]
• Geert Wilders
• ʻAkilisi Pōhiva
• Carles Puigdemont
• Manasseh Sogavare^[249]
• Abdoulaye Wade, former Senegal President, expressed support for Papuan self determination in 2010.^[250]
• Democratic Labour Party^[251]
• International Parliamentarians for West Papua
• Socialist Party of Malaysia^[252]

See also

• Forgotten Bird of Paradise documentary
• United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP)
• Separatism
• Bougainville conflict, a similar conflict in Papua New Guinea which led to a referendum in 2019

Notes

References

Further reading

• Kerry Boyd Collison, "Rockefeller and the Demise of Ibu Pertiwi" ISBN 9781921030987
• Bobby Anderson, "Papua's Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery", East-West Center, Policy Studies 73, 978-0-86638-264-9 (print); 978-0-86638-265-6 (electronic)
• Richard Chauvel, Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, The Papua conflict: Jakarta's perceptions and policies, 2004, ISBN 1-932728-08-2, ISBN 978-1-932728-08-8
• Esther Heidbüchel, The West Papua conflict in Indonesia: actors, issues and approaches, 2007, ISBN 3-937983-10-4, ISBN 978-3-937983-10-3
• J. Budi Hernawan, Papua land of peace: addressing conflict building peace in West Papua, 2005
• King, Blair (2006). Peace in Papua: widening a window of opportunity. ISBN 978-0-87609-357-3.
• Osborne, Robin (1985). Indonesia's secret war : the guerilla struggle in Irian Jaya. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0-86861519-6.