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* [[Photocathode]]s may also be built in as a part of an [[electron gun]], using the [[photoelectric effect]] to separate particles from their substrate.<ref>T. J. Kauppila et al. (1987), ''A pulsed electron injector using a metal photocathode irradiated by an excimer laser'', Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference 1987</ref> |
* [[Photocathode]]s may also be built in as a part of an [[electron gun]], using the [[photoelectric effect]] to separate particles from their substrate.<ref>T. J. Kauppila et al. (1987), ''A pulsed electron injector using a metal photocathode irradiated by an excimer laser'', Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference 1987</ref> |
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* [[Neutron]] beams may be created by energetic [[proton beam]]s which impact on a target, e.g. of [[beryllium]] material. (see article [[Particle therapy]]) |
* [[Neutron]] beams may be created by energetic [[proton beam]]s which impact on a target, e.g. of [[beryllium]] material. (see article [[Particle therapy]]) |
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* Bursting a |
* Bursting a petawatt laser onto a [[titanium]] foil to produce a proton beam<!-- and also water, and organic residue on the residual titanium foil as a side effect -->.<ref>[https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/04/petawatt-proton-beams-at-lawrence-livermore.html Petawatt proton beams at Lawrence Livermore]</ref> |
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==Manipulation== |
==Manipulation== |
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===Synchrotron radiation=== |
===Synchrotron radiation=== |
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{{Main|Synchrotron light source|Synchrotron radiation}} |
{{Main|Synchrotron light source|Synchrotron radiation}} |
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[[Electron beam]]s are employed in [[synchrotron light source]]s to produce [[X-ray|X-ray radiation]] with a continuous [[spectrum]] over a wide [[frequency]] band which is called [[synchrotron radiation]]. This X-ray radiation is used at [[beamline]]s of the synchrotron light sources for a variety of [[spectroscopy|spectroscopies]] ([[XAS]], [[XANES]], [[EXAFS]], [[X-ray fluorescence|'' |
[[Electron beam]]s are employed in [[synchrotron light source]]s to produce [[X-ray|X-ray radiation]] with a continuous [[spectrum]] over a wide [[frequency]] band which is called [[synchrotron radiation]]. This X-ray radiation is used at [[beamline]]s of the synchrotron light sources for a variety of [[spectroscopy|spectroscopies]] ([[XAS]], [[XANES]], [[EXAFS]], [[X-ray fluorescence|''μ''-XRF]], [[X-ray crystallography|''μ''-XRD]]) in order to probe and to characterize the structure and the chemical speciation of solids and biological materials. |
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===Particle therapy=== |
===Particle therapy=== |
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===Astrophysics=== |
===Astrophysics=== |
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Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[Anthony Peratt]] |title= The role of particle beams and electrical currents in the plasma universe |journal=Laser and Particle Beams |date=1988 |volume=6 |issue= 3 |pages=471–491 |doi= 10.1017/S0263034600005401 |url=https://plasmacosmology.info/downloads/Peratt_RolePartBeams.pdf |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> Solar Type III radio bursts, the most common impulsive radio signatures from the Sun, are used by scientists as a tool to better understand solar accelerated electron beams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Hamish Andrew Sinclair |last2=Ratcliffe |first2=Heather |title=A review of solar type III radio bursts |journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=July 2014 |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=773–804 |doi=10.1088/1674-4527/14/7/003 |arxiv=1404.6117 |s2cid=118446359 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-4527/14/7/003 |issn=1674-4527}}</ref> |
Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[Anthony Peratt]] |title= The role of particle beams and electrical currents in the plasma universe |journal=Laser and Particle Beams |date=1988 |volume=6 |issue= 3 |pages=471–491 |doi= 10.1017/S0263034600005401 |bibcode= 1988LPB.....6..471P |url=https://plasmacosmology.info/downloads/Peratt_RolePartBeams.pdf |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref> Solar Type III radio bursts, the most common impulsive radio signatures from the Sun, are used by scientists as a tool to better understand solar accelerated electron beams.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=Hamish Andrew Sinclair |last2=Ratcliffe |first2=Heather |title=A review of solar type III radio bursts |journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=July 2014 |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=773–804 |doi=10.1088/1674-4527/14/7/003 |arxiv=1404.6117 |bibcode=2014RAA....14..773R |s2cid=118446359 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-4527/14/7/003 |issn=1674-4527}}</ref> |
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===Military=== |
===Military=== |
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* [[Ion beam]] |
* [[Ion beam]] |
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* [[Polar_jet|Jet]] |
* [[Polar_jet|Jet]] |
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* [[Atomic beam]] |
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* [[Accelerator neutrino]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Particle beam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Aparticle beam is a stream of chargedorneutral particles. In particle accelerators, these particles can move with a velocity close to the speed of light. There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a sufficient extent by devices based on electromagnetism. The manipulation and diagnostics of charged particle beams at high kinetic energies using particle accelerators are main topics of accelerator physics.
Charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and protons may be separated from their common surrounding. This can be accomplished by e.g. thermionic emissionorarc discharge. The following devices are commonly used as sources for particle beams:
Charged beams may be further accelerated by use of high resonant, sometimes also superconducting, microwave cavities. These devices accelerate particles by interaction with an electromagnetic field. Since the wavelength of hollow macroscopic, conducting devices is in the radio frequency (RF) band, the design of such cavities and other RF devices is also a part of accelerator physics.
More recently, plasma acceleration has emerged as a possibility to accelerate particles in a plasma medium, using the electromagnetic energy of pulsed high-power laser systems or the kinetic energy of other charged particles. This technique is under active development, but cannot provide reliable beams of sufficient quality at present.
In all cases, the beam is steered with dipole magnets and focused with quadrupole magnets. With the end goal of reaching the desired position and beam spot size in the experiment.
High-energy particle beams are used for particle physics experiments in large facilities; the most common examples being the Large Hadron Collider and the Tevatron.
Electron beams are employed in synchrotron light sources to produce X-ray radiation with a continuous spectrum over a wide frequency band which is called synchrotron radiation. This X-ray radiation is used at beamlines of the synchrotron light sources for a variety of spectroscopies (XAS, XANES, EXAFS, μ-XRF, μ-XRD) in order to probe and to characterize the structure and the chemical speciation of solids and biological materials.
Energetic particle beams consisting of protons, neutrons, or positive ions (also called particle microbeams) may also be used for cancer treatment in particle therapy.
Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds.[3] Solar Type III radio bursts, the most common impulsive radio signatures from the Sun, are used by scientists as a tool to better understand solar accelerated electron beams.[4]
The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency started work on particle beam weapons in 1958.[5] The general idea of such weaponry is to hit a target object with a stream of accelerated particles with high kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the atoms, or molecules, of the target. The power needed to project a high-powered beam of this kind surpasses the production capabilities of any standard battlefield powerplant,[5] thus such weapons are not anticipated to be produced in the foreseeable future.
