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* [[photocathode]]s may also be built in as a part of an [[electron gun]], using the [[photoelectric effect]] to separate particles from their substrate.<ref>T. J. Kauppila et al. (1987), ''A pulsed electron injector using a metal photocathode irradiated by an excimer laser'', Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference 1987</ref> |
* [[photocathode]]s may also be built in as a part of an [[electron gun]], using the [[photoelectric effect]] to separate particles from their substrate.<ref>T. J. Kauppila et al. (1987), ''A pulsed electron injector using a metal photocathode irradiated by an excimer laser'', Proceedings of Particle Accelerator Conference 1987</ref> |
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* [[Neutron]] beams may be created by energetic [[proton beam]]s which impact on a target, e.g. of [[beryllium]] material. (see article [[Particle therapy]]). |
* [[Neutron]] beams may be created by energetic [[proton beam]]s which impact on a target, e.g. of [[beryllium]] material. (see article [[Particle therapy]]). |
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* Bursting a Petawatt Laser onto a [[Titanium]] foil to produce proton |
* Bursting a Petawatt Laser onto a [[Titanium]] foil to producea proton beam <!-- and also water, and organic residue on the residual titanium foil as a side effect -->. <ref>[https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/04/petawatt-proton-beams-at-lawrence-livermore.html Petawatt proton beams at Lawrence Livermore]</ref> |
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==Acceleration== |
==Acceleration== |
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Aparticle beam is a stream of chargedorneutral particles, in many cases moving at near the speed of light.
There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a sufficient extent by devices based on electromagnetism. The manipulation and diagnostics of charged particle beams at high kinetic energies using particle accelerators are main topics of accelerator physics.
Charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and protons may be separated from their common surrounding. This can be accomplished by e.g. thermionic emissionorarc discharge. The following devices are commonly used as sources for particle beams:
Charged beams may be further accelerated by use of high resonant, sometimes also superconducting, microwave cavities. These devices accelerate particles by interaction with an electromagnetic field. Since the wavelength of hollow macroscopic, conducting devices is in the radio frequency band, the design of such cavities and other RF devices is also a part of accelerator physics.
More recently, plasma acceleration has emerged as a possibility to accelerate particles in a plasma medium, using the electromagnetic energy of pulsed high-power laser systems or the kinetic energy of other charged particles. This technique is under active development, but cannot provide reliable beams of sufficient quality at present.
High-energy particle beams are used for particle physics experiments in large facilities; the most common examples being the Large Hadron Collider and the Tevatron.
Electron beams are employed in synchrotron light sources to produce electromagnetic radiation with a continuous spectrum over a wide frequency band which is called synchrotron radiation. This radiation may be used at beamlines of the synchrotron storage ring for a variety of experiments.
Energetic particle beams consisting of protons, neutrons, or positive ions (also called particle microbeams) may also be used for cancer treatment in particle therapy.
Many phenomena in astrophysics are attributed to particle beams of various kinds. Perhaps of these the most iconic is the solar Type III radio burst, due to a mildly relativistic electron beam.
Though particle beams are perhaps most famously employed as weapon systems in science fiction, the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency started work on particle beam weapons in 1958.[3] The general idea of such weaponry is to hit a target object with a stream of accelerated particles with high kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the molecules of the target. The power needed to project a high-powered beam of this kind surpasses the production capabilities of any standard battlefield powerplant,[3] thus such weapons are not anticipated to be produced in the foreseeable future.
Proton beams such as "Laser-generated proton beams"[4] maybe used as way to generate Hydrogen for the production of Water on planets such as Mars where Hydrogen is scare and Oxygen is relative rich in the Atmosphere in the form of C2O. By analogy, a high energy proton beam is nothing more than a stream of fast baseballs that have been hit really hard, once its caught with a "baseball glove", and kinetic energy has been transferred to the glove, the proton becomes a regular hydrogen ION, ready for binding with Oxygen to produce water.