m Convert refs to LDR format following talk-page consensus
|
added Category:Grey cattle using HotCat
|
||
(76 intermediate revisions by 37 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Breed of cattle}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} |
||
{{use list-defined references|date=July 2013}} |
{{use list-defined references|date=July 2013}} |
||
{{Use British English|date= |
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}} |
||
{{Infobox cattle breed |
{{Infobox cattle breed |
||
| name = Piedmontese |
| name = Piedmontese |
||
| image = Race piemontaise.JPG |
| image = Race piemontaise.JPG |
||
| image_alt = |
| image_alt = A white cow with a bell on her neck |
||
| image_caption = A Piedmontese cow on Alpine pasture near [[Castelmagno]] |
| image_caption = A Piedmontese cow on Alpine pasture near [[Castelmagno]] |
||
| status = |
| status = |
||
| altname = Piemontese |
| altname = Piemontese |
||
| country = Italy: [[Piemonte]] region |
| country = Italy: [[Piemonte]] region |
||
⚫ | |||
| standard = [http://www.anaborapi.it/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44:standard-of-the-breed&catid=5:the-piemontese-breed&Itemid=7 ANABORAPI] (Italy) |
|||
| use = {{unbulleted list|Formerly triple-purpose, draught, meat and milk |now raised primarily for meat}} |
|||
| nickname = |
| nickname = |
||
| maleweight = |
| maleweight = 700–850 kg<ref name=bigi/> |
||
| femaleweight = |
| femaleweight = 520–550kg<ref name=bigi/> |
||
| maleheight = 130–135 cm<ref name=bigi/> |
|||
⚫ |
| coat = |
||
| femaleheight = 131–132 cm<ref name=bigi/> |
|||
⚫ | |||
| skincolor = |
|||
| use = Dual-purpose, milk and beef |
|||
⚫ | | coat = white or wheaten with grey shading; black skin and switch |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| subspecies = |
| subspecies = |
||
| note = |
| note = |
||
}} |
}} |
||
[[image:Piemonteser Bulle.jpg| |
[[image:Piemonteser Bulle.jpg|thumbnail|A Piedmontese bull]] |
||
The '''Piedmontese''' ({{lang-it|'''razza bovina Piemontese'''}}) is a [[breed]] of |
The '''Piedmontese''' ({{lang-it|'''Piemontese'''|italic=no}} or {{lang|it|'''razza bovina Piemontese'''}}) is a [[breed]] of domestic cattle that originated in the region of [[Piedmont]], in north-west Italy. The calves are born [[fawn (colour)|fawn coloured]], and turn grey-white as they mature. Piedmontese cattle carry a unique gene mutation identified as an inactive [[myostatin]] [[allele]] that causes [[hypertrophic]] muscle growth, or [[double muscling]]. [[Purebred]] Piedmontese cattle are [[homozygous]], meaning they have two identical alleles present for this unique gene. They have garnered attention from breeders of beef cattle in other parts of the world, including North and South America. A small group of select Piedmontese bulls and cows were imported into Canada in the late 1970s, and into the United States in the early 1980s, and were used as the foundation breeding stock to develop a new breed of beef cattle known as [[North American Piedmontese cattle]]. |
||
==History== |
|||
The breed developed through [[natural selection]] followed by the normal processes of [[domestication]] and, particularly from the late nineteenth century when the characteristic postpartum hypertrophic muscle growth ([[double muscled|‘double muscling’]]) first appeared, through [[selective breeding]]. The first [[Breed registry|herd-book]] was opened in 1877. |
|||
Until the late nineteenth century there were numerous local types of Piedmontese cattle, including the Canavese, the Della Langa, the Demonte, the Ordinario di Pianura and the Scelta di Pianura. They were triple-purpose cattle, raised principally for [[draught animal|draught power]], but valued also for meat and milk. A [[Breed registry|herd-book]] was opened in 1877,<ref name="Breed">{{cite web | url=http://www.piemontais.ca/english_pages/thebreed.html | title=The Breed | publisher=Canadian Piedmontese Association | accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref> [[selective breeding]] towards a dual-purpose type began, and the Piedmontese became relatively uniform in character. The postpartum hypertrophic muscle growth characteristic, known as "''groppa di cavallo''" or "horse rump", first appeared in 1886 in the [[comune]] of [[Guarene d'Alba]]. It was not in accordance with the then breed standard, and only later attracted the interest of breeders and scientists.<ref name=bigi/> |
|||
⚫ |
|
||
At the beginning of the twentieth century there were about 680,000 Piedmontese cattle in Italy; by 1985 this had fallen to about 600,000.<ref name=bigi/> In 1957 the number registered in the herd-book was 851; by the end of 2011 it had risen to 267,243.<ref name=aia/> In 2008 the total number in Italy was estimated at 300,000, of which 230,000 were registered.<ref name=bigi/> |
|||
The herd in Piedmont numbers some 273,000 head of cattle. |
|||
==Use== |
|||
==Piedmontese beef== |
|||
⚫ |
Piedmontese beef is meat from cattle having |
||
⚫ | In Italy, the Piedmontese is a dual-purpose breed: the cattle are raised for their [[milk]], which is used in the production of several traditional cheeses of the region, including [[Castelmagno (cheese)|Castelmagno]], [[Bra (cheese)|Bra]], [[Raschera]], and [[Toma Piemontese]];<ref name="anaborapi"/><ref name="Oklahoma"/> and are also raised for meat, as [[beef]] from Piedmontese cattle is seen as a premium product.<ref name="Oklahoma">{{cite web |author=Department of Animal Science, [[Oklahoma State University]] |title=Piedmontese |work=Breeds of Livestock |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/piedmontese/index.htm |publisher=Oklahoma State University Board of Regents |date=1994{{ndash}}2005 |accessdate=24 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617215606/http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/piedmontese/index.htm |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
In the [[United States]] Piedmontese beef is regulated by the [[USDA]], which requires that organisations involved in the sale of Piedmontese beef meet labelling and nutritional verification requirements.<ref name="napa"/> |
|||
==Muscular hypertrophy== |
|||
<blockquote><p> |
|||
⚫ | <!-- NOT what the source says In the [[United States]], Piedmontese beef is regulated by the [[USDA]], which requires that organisations involved in the sale of Piedmontese beef meet labelling and nutritional verification requirements. -->Piedmontese beef is meat from cattle having oneortwo copies of the ''inactive'' [[myostatin]] gene. This attribute provides a higher lean-to-fat ratio, as well as less [[Marbled meat|marbling]] with less connective tissue than meat from cattle having the "active" version of the gene.<ref name="wheeler"/> The active-myostatin gene acts as a "governor" on muscle growth; myostatin is a protein that instructs muscles to stop growing. In effect, when inactive, as it is with Piedmontese cattle, it no longer prevents muscle development which is what allows for the hypertrophic condition sometimes referred to as "double muscling".<ref name="napa"/> |
||
Steaks from Piedmontese crosses contain less marbling and chemical fat (''3.8 percent'') than those from other breeds (''eg., 4.1 percent for Charolais and Gelbvieh crosses; 5.6 percent for Hereford-Angus crosses'') we have evaluated. Since fat contains about 225 Calories per ounce and lean contains about 31.5 Calories per ounce, beef from Piedmontese crosses … has relatively low caloric content. Caloric content of beef increases about 2.2 Calories per one percent change in chemical fat or about 3.3 Calories per degree of marbling. As fat content of beef increases, percentage of protein and water decreases. Thus, protein content is slightly greater in low fat beef with a low fat content.{{cite this quote|date=January 2011}}</p> |
|||
<p>—Dr. Larry Cundiff, Research Leader, USDA MARC Germplasm Evaluation</blockquote> |
|||
Animal breeds developed as [[homozygous]] for myostatin deficiency may have reproduction problems due to their unusually heavy and bulky offspring, and require a more expensive diet and special care, including veterinary supervision. These factors may make it uneconomic to raise them. Piedmontese beef has a place in the specialist market because of its unusual properties, but may be at a disadvantage in the bulk market.<ref name=smet/> |
|||
This low fat beef is also lower in calories, higher in protein and contains a higher percentage of Omega-3 fatty acids. The fullblood population is considered homozygous for this in-active myostatin gene.The beef from Piedmontese and Piedmontese-cross cattle is consistent for these qualities of leanness and tenderness because it is a genetic influence rather than an environmental effect. |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
Line 45: | Line 48: | ||
== References == |
== References == |
||
{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
||
<ref name=aia>[http://www.aia.it/CMSContent/RelazionePresidente2011_sito.pdf Quadro economico e relazione attività 2011] (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Allevatori. p. 98. Accessed May 2014.</ref> |
|||
<ref name=anaborapi>[http://www.anaborapi.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45:razza-bovina-piemontese&catid=5:piemontese-presenta&Itemid=7 La Razza bovina Piemontese] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Piemontese (ANABORAPI). Accessed July 2013.</ref> |
<ref name=anaborapi>[http://www.anaborapi.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45:razza-bovina-piemontese&catid=5:piemontese-presenta&Itemid=7 La Razza bovina Piemontese] (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini di Razza Piemontese (ANABORAPI). Accessed July 2013.</ref> |
||
<ref name=bigi>Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008). ''Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia'' (in Italian). Milan: Edagricole. {{ISBN|9788850652594}}. p. 54–55.</ref> |
|||
<ref name=napa>[http://www.piedmontese.org/Beef%20Attributes.html Piedmontese, the Myostatin Breed: Beef Attributes]. The North American Piedmontese Cattle Association (NAPA). Accessed July 2013.</ref> |
<ref name=napa>[http://www.piedmontese.org/Beef%20Attributes.html Piedmontese, the Myostatin Breed: Beef Attributes]. The North American Piedmontese Cattle Association (NAPA). Accessed July 2013.</ref> |
||
<ref name=wheeler>T.L. Wheeler, S.D. Shackelford, E. Casas, L.V. Cundiff and M. Koohmaraie (December 2001). [http://www.animal-science.org/content/79/12/3069.full.pdf The effects of Piedmontese inheritance and myostatin genotype on the palatability of longissimus thoracis, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris]. ''Journal of Animal Science'' '''79''' (12): 3069–74. PMID |
<ref name=smet>Stefaan De Smet (2004). Double-muscled animals. ''Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences''. Eds. W.K. Jensen, C. Devine & M. Dikeman. Oxford: Elsevier. {{doi|10.1016/B0-12-464970-X/00260-9}}. p. 396–402.</ref> |
||
|
|||
<ref name=wheeler>T.L. Wheeler, S.D. Shackelford, E. Casas, L.V. Cundiff and M. Koohmaraie (December 2001). [http://www.animal-science.org/content/79/12/3069.full.pdf The effects of Piedmontese inheritance and myostatin genotype on the palatability of longissimus thoracis, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris]. ''Journal of Animal Science'' '''79''' (12): 3069–74. {{PMID|11811461}}.</ref> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
⚫ | |||
== External links == |
|||
⚫ | |||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/piedmontese/index.htm | publisher = [[Oklahoma State University College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources]] | title = Breeds of Livestock - Piedmontese Cattle | accessdate = 2 December 2006 }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.piemontese.org.uk/ | title = British Piemontese Cattle Society | format = | work = | accessdate = }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://pauscattle.org/index.html | title = Piedmontese Association of the United States | work = | accessdate = }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.irishpiemontesesociety.com/ | title = Irish Piemontese Society - Home | format = | work = | accessdate = }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.piemondo.it/prodotti-tipici/260-bovina-piemontese.html | author = Piera Genta (ed.) | publisher = Torino Magazine / Piemondo | title = La Razza Bovina Piemontese | accessdate = 2 December 2006 | language = Italian }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.agraria.org/razzebovinecarne/piemontese.htm | title = Razze bovine: Piemontese | work = | accessdate = | language = Italian }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.prodottitipici.com/prodotto/6273/bovino-piemontese.htm | title = Bovino piemontese - | work = | accessdate = | publisher = prodottitipici.com | language = Italian }} |
|||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.regione.piemonte.it/agri/biodiversita/razzabovina/index.htm | title = Sito Ufficiale della Regione Piemonte - Agricoltura - Biodiversità e tutela del germoplasma - Germoplasma animale - Schede delle razze autoctone censite | work = | accessdate = | language = Italian }} |
|||
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6h60AQsulqg&feature=related Video The Piedmontese and the "Double Muscle" Gene] |
|||
{{Cattle breeds of Italy}} |
{{Cattle breeds of Italy}} |
||
{{Beef}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Italy]] |
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Italy]] |
||
[[Category:Piedmont]] |
[[Category:Piedmont]] |
||
[[Category:Beef]] |
[[Category:Beef cattle breeds]] |
||
⚫ | |||
{{cattle-stub}} |
A Piedmontese cow on Alpine pasture near Castelmagno
| |
Other names | Piemontese |
---|---|
Country of origin | Italy: Piemonte region |
Distribution | world-wide |
Standard | ANABORAPI (Italy) |
Use |
|
Traits | |
Weight |
Female:
520–550 kg[1] |
Height |
Female:
131–132 cm[1] |
Coat | white or wheaten with grey shading; black skin and switch |
Horn status | horned |
|
The Piedmontese (Italian: Piemonteseorrazza bovina Piemontese) is a breed of domestic cattle that originated in the region of Piedmont, in north-west Italy. The calves are born fawn coloured, and turn grey-white as they mature. Piedmontese cattle carry a unique gene mutation identified as an inactive myostatin allele that causes hypertrophic muscle growth, or double muscling. Purebred Piedmontese cattle are homozygous, meaning they have two identical alleles present for this unique gene. They have garnered attention from breeders of beef cattle in other parts of the world, including North and South America. A small group of select Piedmontese bulls and cows were imported into Canada in the late 1970s, and into the United States in the early 1980s, and were used as the foundation breeding stock to develop a new breed of beef cattle known as North American Piedmontese cattle.
Until the late nineteenth century there were numerous local types of Piedmontese cattle, including the Canavese, the Della Langa, the Demonte, the Ordinario di Pianura and the Scelta di Pianura. They were triple-purpose cattle, raised principally for draught power, but valued also for meat and milk. A herd-book was opened in 1877,[2] selective breeding towards a dual-purpose type began, and the Piedmontese became relatively uniform in character. The postpartum hypertrophic muscle growth characteristic, known as "groppa di cavallo" or "horse rump", first appeared in 1886 in the comuneofGuarene d'Alba. It was not in accordance with the then breed standard, and only later attracted the interest of breeders and scientists.[1]
At the beginning of the twentieth century there were about 680,000 Piedmontese cattle in Italy; by 1985 this had fallen to about 600,000.[1] In 1957 the number registered in the herd-book was 851; by the end of 2011 it had risen to 267,243.[3] In 2008 the total number in Italy was estimated at 300,000, of which 230,000 were registered.[1]
In Italy, the Piedmontese is a dual-purpose breed: the cattle are raised for their milk, which is used in the production of several traditional cheeses of the region, including Castelmagno, Bra, Raschera, and Toma Piemontese;[4][5] and are also raised for meat, as beef from Piedmontese cattle is seen as a premium product.[5]
Piedmontese beef is meat from cattle having one or two copies of the inactive myostatin gene. This attribute provides a higher lean-to-fat ratio, as well as less marbling with less connective tissue than meat from cattle having the "active" version of the gene.[6] The active-myostatin gene acts as a "governor" on muscle growth; myostatin is a protein that instructs muscles to stop growing. In effect, when inactive, as it is with Piedmontese cattle, it no longer prevents muscle development which is what allows for the hypertrophic condition sometimes referred to as "double muscling".[7]
Animal breeds developed as homozygous for myostatin deficiency may have reproduction problems due to their unusually heavy and bulky offspring, and require a more expensive diet and special care, including veterinary supervision. These factors may make it uneconomic to raise them. Piedmontese beef has a place in the specialist market because of its unusual properties, but may be at a disadvantage in the bulk market.[8]
Media related to Piedmontese cattle at Wikimedia Commons
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
| |||||
|