Image of Panamanian Polleras, a red "pollera de lujo", an older traditional pollera and a blue "pollera de lujo" (lit. Luxury pollera)
Apollera is a Spanish term for a big one-piece skirt used mostly in traditional festivities and folklore throughout Spanish-speaking Latin America. Polleras are made from different materials, such as cotton or wool and tend to have colorful decorations. Most of the decorations are embroidered, flowers and regional animals are among the most common designs found in polleras.
Polleras are a form of Spanish colonial dress enforced sometime between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on indigenous populations in the Andes by hacienda owners or hacendados. Traditional polleras come from peasant dress from southern Spanish regions, like Andalusia. Today, polleras are associated with indigenous and folkloric forms of dress.
Spain
In Spain, it is a skirt worn by women almost a century ago. They are made of woolorcotton and are very colorful. The large gathered skirt is generally white with two or three ruffles which have a floral design or embroidery. The top has several ruffles as well on the shoulders and has inlaid yarn. There is a large pompom matching the yarn in the front and back of the top. The yarn also matches several large ribbons at the waist and the slippers that go with the outfit. The clothing includes a headdress called a tembleque (ortembeleque) which is made of beads attached to a spring so that they tremble when the wearer dances.
In Panama, fully handmade polleras are worn during festivals or celebrations. They are mainly made of cotton and wool. Normally, the dominant color is white, and have colorful flower designs as adornments. Girls and women would generally own two polleras during their life: one before age 16 and one at adulthood.
A single pollera can cost from several hundred to several thousand dollars and take up to a year to create, depending on its complexity. Gold and pearl jewelry such as mosquetas, combs and tembleques that may be worn with a pollera, are generally passed down as heirlooms through generations.
Panamanian polleras are made of an upper and lower section, the latter of which is the skirt of the pollera.
The adornments are embroidery that is sewn entirely by hand in several steps that progressively build the desired effect. Each pollera is custom-made to exactly fit its owner.
There are several kinds of Panamanian polleras, each of which may vary by region, such as:[1]
Pollera de gala (de lujo) or zurzida, the most intricate, complex and expensive
Pollera montuna, which was originally used in events such as rice husk removal, perhaps with jewelry. It is moderately elaborate, with adornments.
Pollera de lujo
Pollera de gala sin labor (lit. Without labor) which is the most simple of all since it is worn without any jewelry, and doesn't have any adornments
Pollera tumba hombre (meaning (capable of) fainting a man), which has narrow vertical alternating colored stripes on the skirt
Pollera congo, symbolic of the large population of African descent in Panama, with a skirt and upper part made from strategically arranged fabric scraps sewn together, ocassionally worn with a crown
Pollera de basquiña, with a relatively small skirt and a plain upper part, made from cloth and buttons considered to be luxurious such as gold buttons
Bolivia and Peru
In Bolivia and Peru the word pollera denotes a pleated skirt very much associated with the urban mestizo and the rural indigenous classes where women usually wear this garment (nowadays also instead of the woven indigenous dresses). The urban pollera typical of the Bolivian altiplano should be made of 8 meters of cloth and it is worn with 4-5 embroidered underskirts.
The skirt worn under the top pollera is called the fuste, under the fuste (in the third skirt) is typically made from wool. There are still quite a lot of women around who wear this skirt which originates from the Spanish rural dresses and for the Carnaval de Oruro or Virgen de la Candelaría festival in Peru, and other festivities. During traditional festivities women who don't usually wear it, put it on for the dancing.