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[[File:Prescovid.tif|thumb|alt=Presidential proclamation 9994, of March 13, 2020 regarding the COVID-19 pandemic|Presidential proclamation 9994, of March 13, 2020 regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, setting forth U.S. policy for "additional measures" to "contain and combat the virus", as published in the ''[[Federal Register]]]] |
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{{short description|Statement issued by a US president on a matter of public policy}} |
{{short description|Statement issued by a US president on a matter of public policy}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Use American English|date=October 2023}} |
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[[File:President Woodrow Wilson's Mother's Day Proclamation of May 9, 1914 (Presidential Proclamation 1268). - NARA - 299965.tif|thumb|Presidential proclamation 1268 of May 9, 1914 regarding Mother's Day]] |
[[File:President Woodrow Wilson's Mother's Day Proclamation of May 9, 1914 (Presidential Proclamation 1268). - NARA - 299965.tif|thumb|Presidential proclamation 1268 of May 9, 1914 regarding Mother's Day]] |
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[[File:Death of John Glenn (2016-30262) - Proclamation 9552.pdf|thumb|The text of presidential proclamation 9552 of December 9, 2016 regarding the lowering of flags |
[[File:Death of John Glenn (2016-30262) - Proclamation 9552.pdf|thumb|The text of presidential proclamation 9552 of December 9, 2016 regarding the lowering of flags because of the death of [[John Glenn]], as published in the ''[[Federal Register]]''.]] |
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| ⚫ | A '''presidential proclamation''' is a statement issued by a [[US president]] on an issue of [[public policy]] and is a type of [[presidential directive]]. |
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==Details== |
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A '''presidential proclamation''' is a statement issued by a [[ |
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A presidential proclamation is an instrument that: |
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* states a condition, |
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* declares a law and requires obedience, |
*states a condition, |
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*declares a law and requires obedience, |
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*recognizes an event, or |
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* |
*triggers the implementation of a law, by recognizing that the circumstances described in the law have been realized.<ref name="cooper1">{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Philip J.|title=By order of the president: the use and abuse of executive direct action|date=2002|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0700611805|page=[https://archive.org/details/byorderofpreside0000coop/page/116 116]|edition=1|url=https://archive.org/details/byorderofpreside0000coop|url-access=registration}}</ref> |
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Proclamations issued by the |
Proclamations issued by the president fall into two broad categories: |
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#"ceremonial" proclamations, that designate special observances or celebrate national holidays, and |
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#"substantive" proclamations, that usually relates to the conduct of foreign affairs and other sworn executive duties. These may be, but are not limited to, matters of international trade, the execution of set export controls, the establishment of tariffs, or the reservation of federal lands for the benefit of the public in some manner.<ref name="OFR101">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/uploads/2011/01/fr_101.pdf|title=Federal Register 101: Presidential Documents|work=Office of the Federal Register|date=2010-04-08|access-date=2017-09-25|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630185644/https://www.federalregister.gov/uploads/2011/01/fr_101.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Unless authorized by [[ |
Unless authorized by the [[US Congress]], a presidential proclamation does not have the force of law. If an [[Act of Congress]] is passed that would take effect upon the happening of a contingent event, and the president later proclaims that the event happened, the proclamation would then have the force of law.<ref name="cooper2">{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Phillip J.|title=By Order of the President: Administration by Executive Order and Proclamation|journal=Administration & Society|date=1 August 1986|volume=18|issue=2|pages=233–262|doi=10.1177/009539978601800205|s2cid=144464120 }}</ref> |
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Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical tool for policy making because they are considered to be largely ceremonial or symbolic |
Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical tool for policy making because they are considered to be largely ceremonial or symbolic.<ref name="cooper2"/> The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers". Their issuances have occasionally led to important political and historical consequences in the development of the United States. George Washington's [[Proclamation of Neutrality]] in 1793 and Abraham Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]] in 1863 were some of America's most famous presidential proclamations in that regard.<ref name="UofHproject">{{cite web|url=http://www.polsci.uh.edu/database/aboutproc.asp|title=Presidential Proclamations Project|work=University of Houston, Department of Political Science|access-date=2010-11-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230638/http://www.polsci.uh.edu/database/aboutproc.asp|archive-date=2010-06-25}}</ref> The legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance.<ref>[http://www.polsci.uh.edu/database/aboutproc.asp Presidential Proclamations Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625230638/http://www.polsci.uh.edu/database/aboutproc.asp |date=2010-06-25}}, University of Houston, Political Science Dept., {{Retrieved|access-date=2009-12-07}}</ref> |
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Other more recent policy-based proclamations have also made a substantial impact on economic and [[domestic policy]], including [[Bill Clinton]]'s declaration of [[federal lands]] for [[National Monument (United States)|national monument]]s and [[George W. Bush]]'s declaration of the areas affected by [[Hurricane Katrina]] as disaster areas. |
Other more recent policy-based proclamations have also made a substantial impact on economic and [[domestic policy]], including [[Bill Clinton]]'s declaration of [[federal lands]] for [[National Monument (United States)|national monument]]s and [[George W. Bush]]'s declaration of the areas affected by [[Hurricane Katrina]] as disaster areas. |
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Proclamations are also used, often contentiously, to grant presidential [[ |
Proclamations are also used, often contentiously, to grant presidential [[pardons]]. Recent notable pardon proclamations are [[Gerald Ford]]'s pardon of former President [[Richard Nixon]] (1974),<ref>{{cite web |last=Ford |first=Gerald |date=1974-09-08 |url=http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775 |title=Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon |work=Pardon images |publisher=University of Maryland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011231200/http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775 |archive-date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> [[Jimmy Carter]]'s pardon of [[Vietnam War]] draft evaders ([[Proclamation 4483]], 1977),<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/carter_proclamation.htm|title = Proclamation 4483|date = 2015-01-12|access-date = November 19, 2010|archive-date = April 4, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404185642/https://www.justice.gov/pardon/proclamation-4483-granting-pardon-violations-selective-service-act|url-status = live}} By the President of the United States of America, ''A Proclamation Granting Pardon for Violations of the Selective Service Act, 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973''. 21 January 1977.</ref> and [[George W. Bush]]'s clemency of [[Scooter Libby]]'s prison sentence (2007).<ref name="Proc8159">[[s:Proclamation 8159|Proclamation 8159]] – ''Grant of Executive Clemency'', 2007-07-02, ''Office of the Federal Register'', Vol. 72, No. 129, {{USFedReg|72|37095}}</ref> |
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Although less significant in terms of [[public policy]], proclamations are also used ceremonially by presidents to honor a group or situation or to call attention to certain issues or events. For instance, |
Although less significant in terms of [[public policy]], proclamations are also used ceremonially by presidents to honor a group or situation or to call attention to certain issues or events. For instance, [[George H. W. Bush]] issued a proclamation to honor veterans of World War II, and [[Ronald Reagan]] called attention to the health of the nation's eyes by proclaiming a Save Your Vision Week and issued Proclamation 5497, which recognized National Theatre Week. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal| |
{{Portal|United States|Politics}} |
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* |
*[[Executive order]] |
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*[[List of national monuments of the United States]] |
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*[[List of observances in the United States by presidential proclamation]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{commons category|United States Presidential proclamations}} |
{{commons category|United States Presidential proclamations}} |
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*[ |
*[https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/ Text of recent Presidential Proclamations] |
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*[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/proclamations.php |
*[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/proclamations.php Text of Presidential Proclamations since 1789] |
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*[http://www.llsdc.org/executive-orders-and-other-presidential-documents Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents: Sources and Explanations], LLSDC.org |
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{{United States federal executive actions}} |
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*[http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trproclamations.html President Theodore Roosevelt - Complete List of Presidential Proclamations] |
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[[Category:Presidency of the United States]] |
[[Category:Presidency of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Proclamations]] |
[[Category:Proclamations]] |
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[[Category:United States presidential directives]] |
[[Category:United States presidential directives]]] |
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Apresidential proclamation is a statement issued by a US president on an issue of public policy and is a type of presidential directive.
A presidential proclamation is an instrument that:
Proclamations issued by the president fall into two broad categories:
Unless authorized by the US Congress, a presidential proclamation does not have the force of law. If an Act of Congress is passed that would take effect upon the happening of a contingent event, and the president later proclaims that the event happened, the proclamation would then have the force of law.[3]
Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical tool for policy making because they are considered to be largely ceremonial or symbolic.[3] The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers". Their issuances have occasionally led to important political and historical consequences in the development of the United States. George Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 and Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 were some of America's most famous presidential proclamations in that regard.[4] The legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance.[5]
Other more recent policy-based proclamations have also made a substantial impact on economic and domestic policy, including Bill Clinton's declaration of federal lands for national monuments and George W. Bush's declaration of the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina as disaster areas.
Proclamations are also used, often contentiously, to grant presidential pardons. Recent notable pardon proclamations are Gerald Ford's pardon of former President Richard Nixon (1974),[6] Jimmy Carter's pardon of Vietnam War draft evaders (Proclamation 4483, 1977),[7] and George W. Bush's clemency of Scooter Libby's prison sentence (2007).[8]
Although less significant in terms of public policy, proclamations are also used ceremonially by presidents to honor a group or situation or to call attention to certain issues or events. For instance, George H. W. Bush issued a proclamation to honor veterans of World War II, and Ronald Reagan called attention to the health of the nation's eyes by proclaiming a Save Your Vision Week and issued Proclamation 5497, which recognized National Theatre Week.
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Executive actions by presidents of the United States
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