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{{Short description|Extinct genus of mammals}} |
{{Short description|Extinct genus of mammals}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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|fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Burdigalian|Holocene}} |
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|image = Prolagus skeleton SI.jpg |
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|image_caption = A ''Prolagus sardus'' skeleton |
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|image2 = Prolagus3.jpg |
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|image2_caption = Reconstruction of ''[[Prolagus sardus]]'' |
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|parent_authority = |
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|taxon = Prolagus |
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|authority = [[Auguste Pomel|Pomel]], 1853 |
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|type_species = †''[[Prolagus oeningensis]]'' |
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|type_species_authority = [[König (biologist)|König]], 1825 |
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|subdivision_ranks = Species |
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|subdivision = See text |
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|range_map = Pika Prolagus sp. fossil distribution map.png |
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|range_map_caption = <div style="text-align: left;">''Prolagus'' sp. [[fossil]]s distribution map. ''P. oeningensis'' is {{color|red|red}}, ''P. michauxi'' {{color|blue|blue}}, ''P. crusafonti'' {{color|green|green}}, ''P. sorbinii'' {{color|pink|pink}}, ''P. vasconiensis'' {{color|yellow|yellow}}, other ''Prolagus'' species including indet. are '''black'''.<ref name="Ge13">{{cite journal|last1=Ge|first1=Deyan|last2=Wen|first2=Zhixin|last3=Xia|first3=Lin|last4=Zhang|first4=Zhaoqun|last5=Erbajeva|first5=Margarita|last6=Huang|first6=Chengming|last7=Yang|first7=Qisen|date=April 3, 2013|title=Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=4:e59668|pages=e59668 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059668|doi-access=free |pmc=3616043|pmid=23573205|bibcode=2013PLoSO...859668G }}</ref>{{refn|group=n|name=a|The coordinates of few additional fossils not listed in the xls file attached to Ge and all paper<ref name="Ge13"/> were taken from the Paleobiology Database.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=42159|title=The Paleobiology Database. †''Prolagus'' Pomel 1853 (pika)|access-date=2015-03-05}}</ref><ref group=pdb name="Ginsburg69"/><ref group=pdb name="Antunes81"/><ref group=pdb name="Buffetaut84"/><ref group=pdb name="Hoyos81"/><ref group=pdb name="Benito81"/><ref group=pdb name="Heissig89"/><ref group=pdb name="Abbazzi04"/><ref group=pdb name="Ginsburg95"/><ref group=pdb name="Bottcher09"/><ref group=pdb name="PaleoDBProlagus2"/>}}</div> |
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'''''Prolagus''''' is an [[extinct]] genus of [[ |
'''''Prolagus''''' is an [[extinct]] genus of [[Lagomorpha|lagomorph]]. Over 20 species have been named, and the genus was abundant and widespreadin Europe during the [[Neogene]]. However, by the end of the [[Middle Pleistocene]], it was confined to a single species, the [[Sardinian pika]] (''P. sardus''), on the [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], and surrounding islands, where it survived into historical times.<ref name="msw3">{{MSW3 Hoffmann|pages=193-194}}</ref>In North Africa and [[Western Asia]], the genus is known from the [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=M.C.|last2=Bell|first2=S.K.|title=Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=109|isbn=0-231-11013-8}}</ref> The [[scientific name]] may mean "before hares" or "primitive hares" (''pro-'' meaning "before" and ''lagos'' meaning "hare"). Its taxonomy is disputed, with it either being considered a member of the family [[Ochotonidae]], which includes living pikas, or the only member of the family '''Prolagidae'''. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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''Prolagus'' was first named by [[Auguste Pomel]] in 1853. ''Prolagus'' has been considered by most taxonomists to be a member of the pika family [[Ochotonidae]], but distinct from living pikas, which all belong to the genus ''[[Pika|Ochotona]].<ref name=":0" |
''Prolagus'' was first named by [[Auguste Pomel]] in 1853. ''Prolagus'' has been considered by most taxonomists to be a member of the pika family [[Ochotonidae]], but distinct from living pikas, which all belong to the genus ''[[Pika|Ochotona]].<ref name=":0"/>'' Erbaleva in 1988 suggested it represented the only member of the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] family Prolagidae due to its distinct [[dental formula]];<ref>ERBAEVA M. A., 1988: Late Cenozaic pikas: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny. Nauka, Moskva, 224 pp (in Russian).</ref> this proposal was considered invalid by [[Nieves López Martínez]], due to the fact that many mammal families have lineages with distinct dental formulae.<ref name=":0">[[Nieves López Martínez|N. López-Martínez]] [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33108871.pdf Paleobiogeographical history of ''Prolagus'', a European ochotonid (Lagomorpha)] Lynx, 32 (2001), pp. 215-231</ref> However, many authorities such as the [[IUCN Red List]] and [[American Society of Mammalogists]] accept Prolagidae as valid.<ref>Smith, A.T. & Lanier, H.C. 2019. ''Prolagus sardus''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T18338A1737167. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T18338A1737167.en. Downloaded on 12 April 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ASM Mammal Diversity Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.mammaldiversity.org}}</ref> Analysis of a partial [[mitochondrial genome]] of ''Prolagus sardus'' suggests that it is more closely related to ''Ochotona'' than to [[Leporidae]] (which contains rabbits and hares), with an estimated divergence between ''Prolagus'' and ''Ochotona'' about 30 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Utzeri|first1=Valerio Joe|last2=Cilli|first2=Elisabetta|last3=Fontani |first3=Francesco|last4=Zoboli|first4=Daniel|last5=Orsini|first5=Massimiliano|last6=Ribani |first6=Anisa|last7=Latorre|first7=Adriana|last8=Lissovsky|first8=Andrey A.|last9=Pillola|first9=Gian Luigi|last10=Bovo|first10=Samuele|last11=Gruppioni|first11=Giorgio|last12=Luiselli|first12=Donata|last13=Fontanesi|first13=Luca|date=2023-08-21|title=Ancient DNA re-opens the question of the phylogenetic position of the Sardinian pika ''Prolagus sardus'' (Wagner, 1829), an extinct lagomorph|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=13|issue=1|page=13635|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-40746-w|issn=2045-2322|pmc=10442435|pmid=37604894|bibcode=2023NatSR..1313635U}}</ref> |
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{{clade |
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== Description == |
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|label1=[[Glires]] |
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⚫ |
''Prolagus'' is distinguished by a continuously growing dentition, a lack of a lower third molar, a trilobed second lower molar and unusually shaped premolars, with additional cusps in the lower third premolar. In comparison to modern pikas of the genus ''Ochotona,'' they have one less [[Thoracic vertebrae|dorsal vertebra]] in the spinal column. Most species of ''Prolagus'' probably weighed around 500 |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Rodentia]] |
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|label2=[[Lagomorpha]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Leporidae]] (rabbits and hares) |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{extinct}}''[[Prolagus sardus]]'' (Sardinian pika) |
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|2=''[[Ochotona]]'' (living pikas) |
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}}}}}}}} |
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== |
==Description== |
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⚫ | ''Prolagus'' is distinguished by a continuously growing dentition, a lack of a lower third molar, a trilobed second lower molar and unusually shaped premolars, with additional cusps in the lower third premolar. In comparison to modern pikas of the genus ''Ochotona,'' they have one less [[Thoracic vertebrae|dorsal vertebra]] in the spinal column. Most species of ''Prolagus'' probably weighed around {{convert|500|g|lb}}, similar to a living pika.<ref name=":0"/> A specimen with preserved soft-tissue is known from late Miocene aged deposits from [[Andance]] in France, which shows that its overall proportions, shape of the ears and lack of tail are similar to living ''Ochotona.''<ref name=":0"/> |
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⚫ |
Over 20 species of ''Prolagus'' have been named.<ref name=":0" |
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==Species== |
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⚫ | Over 20 species of ''Prolagus'' have been named.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Angelone2004">{{cite web|author=Angelone, C.|year=2004|title=Messinian ''Prolagus'' (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) of Italy|url=http://www.messinianonline.it/MSCCorte1.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209131814/http://www.messinianonline.it/MSCCorte1.php|archive-date=2012-12-09|access-date=2008-01-14|work=Messinian Online}}</ref><ref name=Nowak>{{cite book|author = Nowak, Ronald M.|year=1999|title=Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition, volume II|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=1936}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
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!Species |
!Species |
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!width=50|Author and year |
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!width=200|Temporal range |
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!Location |
!Location |
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!width=400|Notes & description |
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|''[[Prolagus oeningensis|P. oeningensis]]'' |
|''[[Prolagus oeningensis|P. oeningensis]]'' |
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|''[[Prolagus osmolskae|P. osmolskae]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fostowicz-Frelik|first1=Ł|year=2010|title=A new species of Pliocene ''Prolagus'' (Lagomorpha, Ochotonidae) from Poland is the northernmost record of the genus|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=609–612|doi=10.1080/02724631003621789|s2cid=84550663}}</ref>'' |
|''[[Prolagus osmolskae|P. osmolskae]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fostowicz-Frelik|first1=Ł|year=2010|title=A new species of Pliocene ''Prolagus'' (Lagomorpha, Ochotonidae) from Poland is the northernmost record of the genus|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=609–612|doi=10.1080/02724631003621789|bibcode=2010JVPal..30..609F|s2cid=84550663}}</ref>'' |
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|Fostowicz-Frelik, 2010 |
|Fostowicz-Frelik, 2010 |
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|Pliocene |
|Pliocene |
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|''P. pannonicus''<ref name=":1">{{ |
|''P. pannonicus''<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Angelone|first1=Chiara|last2=Čermák|first2=Stanislav|date=December 2015|title=Two new species of Prolagus (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Hungary: taxonomy, biochronology, and palaeobiogeography|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12542-014-0247-z|journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift|volume=89|issue=4|pages=1023–1038|doi=10.1007/s12542-014-0247-z|bibcode=2015PalZ...89.1023A |s2cid=84114380|issn=0031-0220}}</ref> |
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|rowspan=2|Angelone & Čermák, 2015 |
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|rowspan=2|Late Miocene |
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|rowspan=2|Hungary |
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|''P. latiuncinatus<ref name=":1" |
|''P. latiuncinatus<ref name=":1"/>'' |
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|''P. italicus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Angelone|first=Chiara|date=July 2008|title=Prolagus italicus n. sp. (Ochotonidae, Lagomorpha), a new Pliocene species of peninsular Italy|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699508000600|journal=Geobios|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=445–453|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2007.12.001}}</ref> |
|''P. italicus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Angelone|first=Chiara|date=July 2008|title=Prolagus italicus n. sp. (Ochotonidae, Lagomorpha), a new Pliocene species of peninsular Italy|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699508000600|journal=Geobios|language=en|volume=41|issue=4|pages=445–453|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2007.12.001|bibcode=2008Geobi..41..445A }}</ref> |
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|Angelone, 2008 |
|Angelone, 2008 |
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|Pliocene |
|Pliocene |
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|Italy |
|Italy |
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|''P. migrans''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=Sevket|last2=Geraads|first2=Denis|date=2023-02-03|title=Lagomorpha (Mammalia) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene locality of Ahl al Oughlam, Morocco|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12549-022-00569-5|journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|volume=103|issue=3|pages=633–661|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00569-5|bibcode=2023PdPe..103..633S|s2cid=256583662|issn=1867-1594}}</ref> |
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|Sen & Geraads, 2023 |
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|Pliocene-Pleistocene |
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|Morocco |
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==Evolutionary history and ecology== |
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''Prolagus'' likely evolved from the [[Oligocene]]-earliest [[Miocene]] genus ''[[Piezodus]].'' The distribution of ''Prolagus'' between 20-8 million years ago extends from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the west to [[Anatolia]] in the east, extending as far north as central Germany, though it was absent from the Italian Peninsula. Early ''Prolagus'' species are thought to have inhabited [[Subtropics|subtropical]] [[swamp]] and [[wetland]] environments, with a similar ecology to the living [[marsh rabbit]] (''Sylvilagus palustris''). In many European Miocene localities remains of ''Prolagus'' are extraordinarily abundant, and ''Prolagus'' species probably played a key role as prey for many predators. During the late Miocene, ''Prolagus'' dispersed into North Africa due to the connection between Africa and Europe as a result of the [[Messinian salinity crisis]]. The range of ''Prolagus'' shifted southwards and substantially contracted outside of North Africa during the [[Pliocene]], due to climatic cooling and increasing aridity, though the genus reached its highest species richness at 9 species due to habitat fragmentation leading to speciation.<ref name=":0" /> ''Prolagus'' first arrived in Corsica, Sardinia, and other Mediterranean islands at the early-late Pliocene boundary, likely due to an emergent land connection. The earliest remains of ''Prolagus'' on the islands are represented by the species ''P. figaro'', ancestral to ''P. sardus.''<ref>{{ |
''Prolagus'' likely evolved from the [[Oligocene]]-earliest [[Miocene]] genus ''[[Piezodus]].'' The distribution of ''Prolagus'' between 20-8 million years ago extends from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the west to [[Anatolia]] in the east, extending as far north as central Germany, though it was absent from the Italian Peninsula. Early ''Prolagus'' species are thought to have inhabited [[Subtropics|subtropical]] [[swamp]] and [[wetland]] environments, with a similar ecology to the living [[marsh rabbit]] (''Sylvilagus palustris''). In many European Miocene localities remains of ''Prolagus'' are extraordinarily abundant, and ''Prolagus'' species probably played a key role as prey for many predators. During the late Miocene, ''Prolagus'' dispersed into North Africa due to the connection between Africa and Europe as a result of the [[Messinian salinity crisis]]. The range of ''Prolagus'' shifted southwards and substantially contracted outside of North Africa during the [[Pliocene]], due to climatic cooling and increasing aridity, though the genus reached its highest species richness at 9 species due to [[habitat fragmentation]] leading to speciation.<ref name=":0" /> ''Prolagus'' first arrived in Corsica, Sardinia, and other Mediterranean islands at the early-late Pliocene boundary, likely due to an emergent land connection. The earliest remains of ''Prolagus'' on the islands are represented by the species ''P. figaro'', ancestral to ''[[Sardinian pika|P. sardus.]]''<ref>{{cite journal|date=2015-07-01|title=The most ancient lagomorphs of Sardinia: An overview|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016699515000455|journal=Geobios|volume=48|issue=4|pages=287–296|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2015.06.002|issn=0016-6995|last1=Angelone|first1=Chiara|last2=Čermák|first2=Stanislav|last3=Kotsakis|first3=Tassos|bibcode=2015Geobi..48..287A}}</ref> Among the last continental species of ''Prolagus'' is ''P. calpensis'' from the Early-Middle [[Pleistocene]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. By the beginning of the [[Late Pleistocene]], ''Prolagus'' was confined to the single species ''P. sardus'' on Corsica, Sardinia and surrounding islands. While decline of the distribution ''Prolagus'' on the mainland of the continents was primarily driven by climatic change, the cause of the final extinction of the mainland ''Prolagus'' species is unclear, but one factor suggested is increased predation pressure.<ref name=":0"/> The Sardinian pika probably became extinct sometime between 800 BC (the timing of the last reliable radiocarbon date) and the 6th century AD, likely due to introductions of invasive species by humans.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal|last1=Valenzuela|first1=Alejandro|last2=Torres-Roig|first2=Enric|last3=Zoboli|first3=Daniel|last4=Pillola|first4=Gian Luigi|last5=Alcover|first5=Josep Antoni|date=2021-11-29|title=Asynchronous ecological upheavals on the Western Mediterranean islands: New insights on the extinction of their autochthonous small mammals|journal=The Holocene|volume=32|issue=3|pages=137–146|doi=10.1177/09596836211060491|issn=0959-6836|s2cid=244763779}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|group=n}} |
{{Reflist|group=n}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
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<ref name="Ge13">{{cite journal |last1=Ge | first1=Deyan |last2=Wen |first2=Zhixin |last3=Xia |first3=Lin |last4=Zhang |first4=Zhaoqun |last5=Erbajeva |first5=Margarita | last6=Huang |first6=Chengming | last7=Yang|first7=Qisen |date=April 3, 2013 |title=Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=4:e59668 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059668 |quote=[http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.figshare.com/1009822/Table_S1.xls Table_S1.xls] | pages=e59668 | pmid=23573205 | pmc=3616043| bibcode=2013PLoSO...859668G | doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="PaleoDBProlagus">{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=42159 |title=The Paleobiology Database. †''Prolagus'' Pomel 1853 (pika) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=2015-03-05}}</ref> |
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==Additional references of the Paleobiology Database== |
==Additional references of the Paleobiology Database== |
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{{Reflist |
{{Reflist|group=pdb|refs= |
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<ref name="Ginsburg69">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Ginsburg69">{{cite journal|last=Ginsburg|first=L.|year=1969|title=Le plus ancien morse du Monde|journal=Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle|volume=41|issue=4|lang=fr|pages=995–998}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=48069 Pontigne 2 (Miocene of France) (les Buissonneaux)]</ref> |
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<ref name="Antunes81">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Antunes81">{{cite journal|last1=Antunes|first1=M. T.|last2=Mein|first2=P.|year=1981|title=Vertébrés du miocène moyen de amor (Leiria) - importance stratigraphique|journal=Ciências da Terra|volume=6|lang=fr|pages=169–188}}<br>Paleobiology Database: Amor, [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=136322 point 1 ("premiere gisement" of Zbyszewski)]", [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=136334 Amor, points 2 to 5] (Miocene of Portugal)</ref> |
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<ref name="Buffetaut84">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Buffetaut84">{{cite journal|last1=Buffetaut|first1=E.|last2=Crouzel|first2=F.|last3=Juillard|first3=F.|last4=Stigliani|first4=F.|year=1984|title=Le crocodilien longirostre Gavialosuchus dans le Miocene moyen de Polastron (Gers, France)|journal=Geobios|volume=17|issue=1|pages=113–117|doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(84)80009-1|bibcode=1984Geobi..17..113B}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=143472 Polastron (Miocene of France)]</ref> |
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<ref name="Hoyos81">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Hoyos81">{{cite journal|last1=Hoyos|first1=M.|last2=Garcia del Cura|first2=M. A.|last3=Ordonyez Martinez|first3=S.|year=1981|title=Caracteristicas geologicas de yacimiento de los Valles de Fuentiduenya (Segovia)|journal=Estudios Geológicos|volume=37|lang=es|pages=345–351}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=40765 Nivel X-Fisura], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=40766 Nivel X], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=40767 Nivel Y], Los Valles de Fuentiduenya (Segovia) (Miocene of Spain)</ref> |
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<ref name="Benito81">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Benito81">{{cite journal|last1=Sese Benito|first1=C.|last2=Lopez Martinez|first2=N.|year=1981|title=Los micromammiferos (insectivora, rodentia y lagomorpha) de Vallesiense inferior de Los Valles de Fuentidueña (Segovia, España)|journal=Estudios Geológicos|volume=37|lang=es|pages=369–381}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=40765 Nivel X-Fisura], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=40766 Nivel X], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=40767 Nivel Y], Los Valles de Fuentiduenya (Segovia) (Miocene of Spain)</ref> |
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<ref name="Heissig89">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Heissig89">{{cite journal|last=Heissig|first=K.|year=1989|title=Neue Ergebnisse zur Stratigraphie der mittleren Serie der Oberen Süßwassermolasse Bayerns (New results on the stratigraphy of the middle series of upper Freshwater Molasse, Bavaria)|journal=Geologica Bavarica|lang=de|volume=94|pages=239–257}}<br>Paleobiology Database: Ziemetshausen [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=44977 1b], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=45594 1a] (Miocene of Germany)</ref> |
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<ref name="Abbazzi04">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Abbazzi04">{{cite journal|author=L. Abbazzi|author2=C. Angelone|author3=M. Arca|author4=G. Barisone|author5=C. Bedetti|author6=M. Delfino|author7=T. Kotsakis|author8=F. Marcolini|author9=M. R. Palombo|author10=M. Pavia|author11=P. Piras|author12=L. Rook|author13=D. Torre|author14=C. Tuveri|author15=A. M. F. Valli|author16=B. Wilkens|year=2004|title=Plio-Pleistocene fossil vertebrates of Monte Tuttavista (Orosei, Eastern Sardinia, Italy), an overview|journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia|volume=110|issue=3|lang=it|pages=681–706}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51475 Fissure 7, Blocco Strada Quarry (VII bl. St.)],[https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51477 Fissure 7, Mustelide Quarry (VII Mustelide)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51478 Fissure 6, Quarry 3 (VI 3)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51479 Fissure 10, Ghiro Quarry (X Ghiro)] (Pliocene of Italy), [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51480 Fissure 11, Antilope Quarry, (XI antilope)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51552 Fissure 6, Banco 6 Quarry, (VI Banco 6)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51553 Fissure 7, Quarry 2, (VII 2)],[https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51482 Fissure 10, 3 Uccelli Quarry, (X 3 uccelli)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51483 Fissure 11, canide Quarry, (XI canide)],[https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51502 Fissure 9, Prolagus Quarry, (IX Prolagus)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51504 Fissure 11, dic.2001, (XI dic.2001)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51505 Fissure 11, Quarry 3, (XI 3)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51549 Fissure 11, Rondone Quarry, (XI rondone)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51550 Fissure 4, Quarry 5 Prolagus, (IV 5 prol.)], [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=51551 Fissure 4, Quarry 20, (IV 20)] (Pleistocene of Italy)</ref> |
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<ref name="Ginsburg95">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Ginsburg95">{{cite journal|last1=Ginsburg|first1=L.|last2=Bonneau|first2=M.|year=1995|title=La succession des faunes de mammiferes miocenes de Pontigne (Maine-et-Loire, France)|journal=Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle|volume=4|issue=2–4|lang=fr|pages=313–328}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=148396 Pontigne 4 (marine) (Miocene of France) (les Buissoneaux)</ref> |
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<ref name="Bottcher09">{{cite journal |
<ref name="Bottcher09">{{cite journal|last1=Böttcher|first1=R.|last2=Heizmann|first2=E. P. J.|last3=Rasser|first3=M. W |last4=Ziegler|first4=R.|year=2009|title=Biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of a Middle Miocene (Karpathian, MN 5) fauna from the northern margin of the North Alpine Foreland Basin (Oggenhausen 2, SW' Germany)|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen|volume=254 |issue=1/2|pages=237–260|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0011}}<br>Paleobiology Database: [https://paleobiodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=basicCollectionSearch&collection_no=48325 Oggenhausen 2 (Miocene of Germany)]</ref> |
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<ref name="PaleoDBProlagus2">Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include Johannes Mueller, Philip Mannion, Mark Uhen, John Alroy, Alan Turner.</ref> |
<ref name="PaleoDBProlagus2">Additional contributors to utilized records of Paleobiology Database (authorizers supplying these records) include Johannes Mueller, Philip Mannion, Mark Uhen, John Alroy, Alan Turner.</ref> |
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{{Commons category|Prolagus}} |
{{Commons category|Prolagus}} |
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{{Lagomorpha Genera|La.|state=collapsed}} |
{{Lagomorpha Genera|La.|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Taxonbar| |
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q511863|from2=Q6005250}} |
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[[Category:Pikas]] |
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[[Category:Prehistoric lagomorphs]] |
[[Category:Prehistoric lagomorphs]] |
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[[Category:Prehistoric placental genera]] |
[[Category:Prehistoric placental genera]] |
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[[Category:Holocene extinctions]] |
[[Category:Holocene extinctions]] |
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[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1853]] |
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1853]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Auguste Pomel]] |
Prolagus
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AProlagus sardus skeleton | |
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Reconstruction of Prolagus sardus | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Lagomorpha |
Family: | †Prolagidae |
Genus: | †Prolagus Pomel, 1853 |
Type species | |
†Prolagus oeningensis König, 1825 | |
Species | |
See text | |
![]() | |
Prolagus sp. fossils distribution map. P. oeningensisisred, P. michauxi blue, P. crusafonti green, P. sorbinii pink, P. vasconiensis yellow, other Prolagus species including indet. are black.[1][n 1] |
Prolagus is an extinct genus of lagomorph. Over 20 species have been named, and the genus was abundant and widespread in Europe during the Neogene. However, by the end of the Middle Pleistocene, it was confined to a single species, the Sardinian pika (P. sardus), on the Corsica, Sardinia, and surrounding islands, where it survived into historical times.[3] In North Africa and Western Asia, the genus is known from the Miocene and Pliocene.[4] The scientific name may mean "before hares" or "primitive hares" (pro- meaning "before" and lagos meaning "hare"). Its taxonomy is disputed, with it either being considered a member of the family Ochotonidae, which includes living pikas, or the only member of the family Prolagidae.
Prolagus was first named by Auguste Pomel in 1853. Prolagus has been considered by most taxonomists to be a member of the pika family Ochotonidae, but distinct from living pikas, which all belong to the genus Ochotona.[5] Erbaleva in 1988 suggested it represented the only member of the monotypic family Prolagidae due to its distinct dental formula;[6] this proposal was considered invalid by Nieves López Martínez, due to the fact that many mammal families have lineages with distinct dental formulae.[5] However, many authorities such as the IUCN Red List and American Society of Mammalogists accept Prolagidae as valid.[7][8] Analysis of a partial mitochondrial genomeofProlagus sardus suggests that it is more closely related to Ochotona than to Leporidae (which contains rabbits and hares), with an estimated divergence between Prolagus and Ochotona about 30 million years ago.[9]
Glires |
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Prolagus is distinguished by a continuously growing dentition, a lack of a lower third molar, a trilobed second lower molar and unusually shaped premolars, with additional cusps in the lower third premolar. In comparison to modern pikas of the genus Ochotona, they have one less dorsal vertebra in the spinal column. Most species of Prolagus probably weighed around 500 grams (1.1 lb), similar to a living pika.[5] A specimen with preserved soft-tissue is known from late Miocene aged deposits from Andance in France, which shows that its overall proportions, shape of the ears and lack of tail are similar to living Ochotona.[5]
Over 20 species of Prolagus have been named.[5][10][11]
Species | Author and year | Temporal range | Location | Notes & description |
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P. oeningensis | König, 1825 | late-Middle Miocene | Germany | |
P. sardus | Wagner, 1829 | Middle Pleistocene-Holocene | Sardinia, Corsica, and surrounding islands | |
P. calpensis | F. Major, 1905 | Pliocene | Gibraltar | |
P. vasconiensis | Viret, 1930 | Early Miocene | France | |
P. bilobus | Heller, 1936 | Pliocene | Germany | |
P. osmolskae[12] | Fostowicz-Frelik, 2010 | Pliocene | Poland | Has been considered a junior synonym of P. bilobus[13] |
P. crusafonti | Lopez-Martinez, 1975 | Late Miocene | Spain | |
P. michauxi | Lopez-Martinez, 1975 | Pliocene | France | |
P. ibericus | Lopez-Martinez, 1975 | Pliocene | Spain | |
P. figaro | Lopez-Martinez, 1975 | Pliocene | Sardinia and Corsica | |
P. depereti | Lopez-Martinez, 1975 | Pliocene | France | Originally described as a subspecies of P. figaro |
P. schnaitheimensis | Tobien, 1975 | early-Middle Miocene | Germany | |
P. tobieni | Lopez-Martinez, 1977 | late-Middle Miocene | Spain | |
P. major | Lopez-Martinez, 1977 | late-Middle Miocene | Spain | |
P. praevasconiensis | Ringeade, 1978 | Early Miocene | France | |
P. apricenicus | Mazza, 1987 | Late Miocene | Italy | Part of endemic Gargano island fauna |
P. imperialis | ||||
P. sorbini | Massini, 1989 | Latest Miocene | Italy | |
P. aguilari | Lopez-Martinez, 1997 | early Middle Miocene | France | |
P. fortis | Lopez-Martinez et Sese, 1990 | Early Miocene | Spain | |
P. caucasicus | Averianov et Tesakov, 1998 | Pliocene | Russia | |
P. pannonicus[14] | Angelone & Čermák, 2015 | Late Miocene | Hungary | |
P. latiuncinatus[14] | ||||
P. italicus[15] | Angelone, 2008 | Pliocene | Italy | |
P. migrans[16] | Sen & Geraads, 2023 | Pliocene-Pleistocene | Morocco |
Prolagus likely evolved from the Oligocene-earliest Miocene genus Piezodus. The distribution of Prolagus between 20-8 million years ago extends from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to Anatolia in the east, extending as far north as central Germany, though it was absent from the Italian Peninsula. Early Prolagus species are thought to have inhabited subtropical swamp and wetland environments, with a similar ecology to the living marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris). In many European Miocene localities remains of Prolagus are extraordinarily abundant, and Prolagus species probably played a key role as prey for many predators. During the late Miocene, Prolagus dispersed into North Africa due to the connection between Africa and Europe as a result of the Messinian salinity crisis. The range of Prolagus shifted southwards and substantially contracted outside of North Africa during the Pliocene, due to climatic cooling and increasing aridity, though the genus reached its highest species richness at 9 species due to habitat fragmentation leading to speciation.[5] Prolagus first arrived in Corsica, Sardinia, and other Mediterranean islands at the early-late Pliocene boundary, likely due to an emergent land connection. The earliest remains of Prolagus on the islands are represented by the species P. figaro, ancestral to P. sardus.[17] Among the last continental species of ProlagusisP. calpensis from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula. By the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, Prolagus was confined to the single species P. sardus on Corsica, Sardinia and surrounding islands. While decline of the distribution Prolagus on the mainland of the continents was primarily driven by climatic change, the cause of the final extinction of the mainland Prolagus species is unclear, but one factor suggested is increased predation pressure.[5] The Sardinian pika probably became extinct sometime between 800 BC (the timing of the last reliable radiocarbon date) and the 6th century AD, likely due to introductions of invasive species by humans.[18]
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Prolagus |
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Prolagidae |
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