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{{Short description|Chondrite meteorite}} |
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{{Infobox meteorite |
{{Infobox meteorite |
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|Name = Pultusk |
|Name = Pultusk |
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|Group = [[H chondrite|H5]] |
|Group = [[H chondrite|H5]] |
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|Structural_classification = |
|Structural_classification = |
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|Composition = Olivine and bronzite, kamacite, troilite and chromite also present. |
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⚫ |
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|Shock = |
|Shock = |
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|Weathering = |
|Weathering = |
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|Country = [[Poland]] |
|Country = [[Poland]] |
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|Region = [[Ostrołęka]] |
|Region = [[Ostrołęka]] |
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|Lat_Long = {{coord|52|46|N|21|16|E|display=inline,title}} |
|Lat_Long = {{coord|52|46|N|21|16|E|display=inline,title}} |
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|Observed_fall = Yes |
|Observed_fall = Yes |
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|Fall_date = January 30, 1868 |
|Fall_date = January 30, 1868 |
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|Found_date = |
|Found_date = |
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|TKW = about |
|TKW = about 8860kg (about 9.8 tons) |
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|Strewn_field = Yes |
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|Image2 = Pultusk meteorite strewnfield.png |
|Image2 = Pultusk meteorite strewnfield.png |
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|Image2_caption = Distribution ellipse of Pultusk fall. |
|Image2_caption = Distribution ellipse of Pultusk fall. |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Pultusk''' is an [[H chondrite|H5 ordinary chondrite]] [[meteorite]] |
'''Pultusk''' is an [[H chondrite|H5 ordinary chondrite]] [[meteorite]] which fell on 30 January 1868 in [[Poland]]. The event has been known as the stony meteorite shower with the largest number of pieces yet recorded in history.<ref>Mike D. Reynolds (2010)</ref> Made up of rocky debris, it consists of [[pyroxene]] or [[olivine]] [[chondrules]] deployed in mass [[plagioclase]], there being also [[kamacite]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The fall occurred on January 30, 1868 at 7 pm near the town of [[Pułtusk]], about 60 |
The fall occurred on January 30, 1868, at 7:00 pm near the town of [[Pułtusk]], about {{convert|60|km}} northeast of [[Warsaw]]. Thousands of people witnessed a large fireball followed by detonations and a very large shower of small fragments falling on ice, land and houses within an area of about 127 sq km (appx. 78 sq. miles). The estimated number of fragments was 68780.<ref>J. Samsonowicz (1953)</ref><ref name=Reynolds group=n>This statement has been contradicted by authors and scholars in the field of meteorite studies who estimated the number of fragments to be over 100.000, while other researchers have mentioned a misreading during the analysis of the chemical components and that a more precise number would be something no more than 3.000 stones. → {{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Mike D.|title=Falling Stars: A Guide to Meteors and Meteorites|year=2010|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]|isbn=978-0811736169|pages=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=He2w8WUaugoC&q=Pultusk+meteorite}} → {{cite book|last=Paneth|first=Fritz|title=Chemistry and beyond: a selection|year=1964|publisher=Interscience Publishers|pages=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtruAAAAMAAJ&q=%223%2C000+stones+fell+near+Pultusk+in%22 |oclc=522144}}</ref> |
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The fragments ranged in weight from half a gram to 9.095 |
The fragments ranged in weight from half a gram to {{convert|9.095|kg}} (the largest specimen). The overall estimated mass of the meteorites was {{convert|8,863|kg}}. The vast majority of the fragments were small (few grams), known as ''Pultusk Peas''. The Pultusk meteorite is the largest stony meteorite shower ever recorded.<ref>Heide, Wlotzka (1995)</ref> |
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==Composition and classification== |
==Composition and classification== |
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Pultusk is brecciated and contains two varieties of [[xenolith]]s embedded in a dark brecciated matrix. It is a veined and brecciated [[chondrite]] with abundant |
Pultusk is brecciated and contains two varieties of [[xenolith]]s embedded in a dark brecciated matrix. It is a veined and brecciated [[chondrite]] with abundant xenoliths with various degrees of recrystallisation. Petrologic type 5 xenoliths prevail,<ref>A. Manecki (1972)</ref> so it has been classified as [[H chondrite|H5]]: an ordinary chondrite significantly thermally metamorphosed and with the contours of the [[chondrule]]s frequently difficult to distinguish. The main minerals are [[olivine]] and [[bronzite]]. [[Kamacite]], [[troilite]] and [[chromite]] are also present. |
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===Chemical composition=== |
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{{Clear}} |
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[[File:Pultusk Meteorite Composition Plot.svg|thumb|right|The chemical elements and the respective quantity found in the Pultusk meteorite.]] |
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⚫ | The chemical elements and the respective quantity found in the Pultusk meteorite have been described as SiO<sub>2</sub> 36.44 wt%, TiO<sub>2</sub> 0.18 wt%, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 1.88 wt%, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> 0.37 wt%, FeO 9.48 wt%, MnO 0.25 wt%, MgO 23.75 wt%, CaO 1.82 wt%, Na<sub>2</sub>O 0.83 wt%, K<sub>2</sub>O 0.09 wt%, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> 0.22 wt%, Fe 16.02 wt%, Ni 1.61 wt%, FeS 5.97 wt%, Fe (metallic) 17.62 wt%, Ni (metallic) 9.13 wt%, Fe as iron sulfide 3.80 wt%, S as iron sulfide 2.17 wt%, total content of iron 27.19 wt%.<ref>Diakonov, Kharitonova (1961)</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Glossary of meteoritics]] |
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* [[Sikhote-Alin (meteorite)]] |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Additional information== |
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==Notes== |
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⚫ | |||
== |
===Notes=== |
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* [[Meteorite]] |
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===References=== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Pultusk meteorite}} |
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* [http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/MUZEUM/METEORITE/pultusk_a.htm Museum of the Faculty of Geology of the Warsaw University: '''Pultusk'''] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724221747/http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/MUZEUM/METEORITE/pultusk_a.htm Museum of the Faculty of Geology of the Warsaw University: '''Pultusk'''] |
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* [https://books.google.com/books?id=k3Tu0BcNEaoC&dq=Pultusk+meteorite+largest+fall&pg=PA100 Meteorites: An Introduction], on [[Google Books]] |
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* {{metbull|18901|Pultusk}} |
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{{Meteorites}} |
{{Meteorites}} |
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{{Meteorites by name}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Meteorites found in Poland]] |
[[Category:Meteorites found in Poland]] |
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[[Category:1868 in |
[[Category:1868 in Poland]] |
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[[Category:1860s in science]] |
[[Category:1860s in science]] |
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[[Category:1868 in the Russian Empire]] |
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[[Category:January 1868 events]] |
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[[pl:Meteoryt Pułtusk]] |
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[[ru:Pultusk (метеорит)]] |
Pultusk | |
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![]() | |
Type | Chondrite |
Class | Ordinary chondrite |
Group | H5 |
Composition | Olivine and bronzite, kamacite, troilite and chromite also present. |
Country | Poland |
Region | Ostrołęka |
Coordinates | 52°46′N 21°16′E / 52.767°N 21.267°E / 52.767; 21.267 |
Observed fall | Yes |
Fall date | January 30, 1868 |
TKW | about 8860 kg (about 9.8 tons) |
Strewn field | Yes |
![]() Distribution ellipse of Pultusk fall. | |
![]() |
Pultusk is an H5 ordinary chondrite meteorite which fell on 30 January 1868 in Poland. The event has been known as the stony meteorite shower with the largest number of pieces yet recorded in history.[1] Made up of rocky debris, it consists of pyroxeneorolivine chondrules deployed in mass plagioclase, there being also kamacite.
The fall occurred on January 30, 1868, at 7:00 pm near the town of Pułtusk, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Warsaw. Thousands of people witnessed a large fireball followed by detonations and a very large shower of small fragments falling on ice, land and houses within an area of about 127 sq km (appx. 78 sq. miles). The estimated number of fragments was 68780.[2][n 1]
The fragments ranged in weight from half a gram to 9.095 kilograms (20.05 lb) (the largest specimen). The overall estimated mass of the meteorites was 8,863 kilograms (19,540 lb). The vast majority of the fragments were small (few grams), known as Pultusk Peas. The Pultusk meteorite is the largest stony meteorite shower ever recorded.[3]
Pultusk is brecciated and contains two varieties of xenoliths embedded in a dark brecciated matrix. It is a veined and brecciated chondrite with abundant xenoliths with various degrees of recrystallisation. Petrologic type 5 xenoliths prevail,[4] so it has been classified as H5: an ordinary chondrite significantly thermally metamorphosed and with the contours of the chondrules frequently difficult to distinguish. The main minerals are olivine and bronzite. Kamacite, troilite and chromite are also present.
The chemical elements and the respective quantity found in the Pultusk meteorite have been described as SiO2 36.44 wt%, TiO2 0.18 wt%, Al2O3 1.88 wt%, Cr2O3 0.37 wt%, FeO 9.48 wt%, MnO 0.25 wt%, MgO 23.75 wt%, CaO 1.82 wt%, Na2O 0.83 wt%, K2O 0.09 wt%, P2O5 0.22 wt%, Fe 16.02 wt%, Ni 1.61 wt%, FeS 5.97 wt%, Fe (metallic) 17.62 wt%, Ni (metallic) 9.13 wt%, Fe as iron sulfide 3.80 wt%, S as iron sulfide 2.17 wt%, total content of iron 27.19 wt%.[5]
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