→Commencement of flight testing: add engine details from the first flight test
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{{Short description|Family of hybrid rocket engines}} |
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'''RocketMotorTwo''' is a [[Hybrid rocket|hybrid]] [[rocket engine]] being developed for the [[Scaled Composites]] [[SpaceShipTwo]] [[suborbital spaceplane]]. The engine is being designed and built by [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] (SNC),<ref name=Space-2011-06-10>Leonard David. [http://www.space.com/11928-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-test-flights-space-tourism.html "Virgin Galactic Pushes Private Spaceship Envelope in Test Flights"]. Space.com. 10 June 2011.</ref> and was first ignited in flight during a SpaceShipTwo test launch in April 2013.<ref name=EnginesIgnited/> |
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{{Infobox rocket engine |
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|name =RocketMotorTwo |
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|image = |
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|image_size = |
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|caption = |
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|country_of_origin=[[United States]] |
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|date = |
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|first_date = |
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|last_date = |
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|designer =[[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] |
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|manufacturer =[[Virgin Galactic]] |
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|purpose = |
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|associated = |
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|predecessor =[[SpaceShipOne|RocketMotorOne]] |
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|successor = |
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|status =Active |
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|type =hybrid |
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|oxidiser =[[Nitrous oxide]] |
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|fuel =[[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] |
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|description = |
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|combustion_chamber= |
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|nozzle_ratio = |
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|thrust =310kN |
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|thrust_at_altitude= |
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|thrust(Vac) =<!--if throttle range >100%, specify corresponding throttle--> |
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|thrust(SL) = |
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|throttle_range =<!--leave blank if no throttle--> |
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|thrust_to_weight= |
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|chamber_pressure= |
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|specific_impulse={{convert|250|isp|abbr=on}} |
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|specific_impulse_vacuum= |
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|specific_impulse_sea_level= |
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|total_impulse = |
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|burn_time =60 seconds |
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|restarts =<!--leave blank if not restartable--> |
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|gimbal =<!--gimbal range in °, leave blank if none--> |
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|capacity = |
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|dimensions = |
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|length = |
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|diameter = |
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|dry_weight = |
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|used_in =[[SpaceShipTwo]] |
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|references = |
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|notes = |
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}} |
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'''RocketMotorTwo''' ('''RM2''')<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/virgin-galactic39s-spaceshiptwo-has-rocket-motor-test-321470/ |title= Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo has rocket motor test success |author= Rob Coppinger |date= 2009 |publisher= FlightGlobal |work= Flight International }}</ref> is a family of [[Hybrid rocket|hybrid]] [[rocket engine]]s developed for the [[Scaled Composites]] [[SpaceShipTwo]] [[suborbital spaceplane]]. |
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The first-generation engine was developed by [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] (SNC),<ref name=Space-2011-06-10>Leonard David. [http://www.space.com/11928-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-test-flights-space-tourism.html "Virgin Galactic Pushes Private Spaceship Envelope in Test Flights"]. Space.com. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref> from the late 2000s to May 2014. It was first ignited in flight during a SpaceShipTwo test launch in April 2013.<ref name=EnginesIgnited/><ref name=pa20130429sn/> |
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This engine design was subsequently flown in only two additional flight tests during 2013 and January 2014.<ref name=sncpr20141031/> |
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SNC was a subcontractor to Scaled Composites through May 2014 when their involvement in the program ended after [[Virgin Galactic]] elected to replace SNC's version of RocketMotorTwo powered by [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]] rubber fuel, with its own internally developed hybrid motor for SpaceShipTwo.<ref name=sncpr20141031/> |
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The second-generation RocketMotorTwo engine is a variant of the earlier SNC basic design. It experimented with using a [[polyamide]] plastic fuel and [[nitrous oxide]] [[oxidizer]] in 2014,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/05/24/virgin-galactic-hails-rocketmotortwo-milestone/ |title= Virgin Galactic Hails RocketMotorTwo Milestone |author= Doug Messier |date= 24 May 2014 |publisher= ParabolicArc }}</ref> but switched back to using its original [[hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] (HTPB) fuel and liquid [[nitrous oxide]] oxidizer in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://spacenews.com/virgin-galactic-switching-back-to-rubber-fuel-for-spaceshiptwo/ |title= SpaceShipTwo Bounces Back to Rubber Fuel |author= Jeff Foust |date= 14 Oct 2015 |publisher= SpaceNews }}</ref> The second-generation engine is now made in-house by [[Virgin Galactic]] rather than by SNC. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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RocketMotorTwo is a [[Hybrid rocket|hybrid rocket engine]] utilizing solid [[hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] (HTPB) fuel and liquid [[nitrous oxide]] oxidizer – sometimes referred to as an [[Nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]]/[[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]] motor<ref>{{cite web |title=Propulsion Systems: multiple-burn, green and low-cost |url=http://sncspace.com/pdfs/Propulsion%20Systems_FINAL_web.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Sierra Nevada |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323035056/http://www.sncspace.com/pdfs/Propulsion%20Systems_FINAL_web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Safe Hybrid Rocket |work=Overview – Safety |url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/overview/safety/ |year=2013 |publisher=Virgin Galactic |access-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304220709/http://www.virgingalactic.com/overview/safety |archive-date=4 March 2013 }}</ref> – providing {{convert|70000|lbf|kN}} of thrust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s24.q4cdn.com/816362521/files/doc_presentations/Virgin_Galactic_Fall_2019_Investor_Presentation.pdf|title=VG investor Presentation Page 32|publisher=virgingalactic.com|date=29 September 2019|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028220046/https://s24.q4cdn.com/816362521/files/doc_presentations/Virgin_Galactic_Fall_2019_Investor_Presentation.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The design makes use of lessons learned during the development of the [[SpaceShipOne]] hybrid rocket motor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/spaceshiptwo-first-powered-test-flight.html|title=SpaceShipTwo performs first Rocket-Powered Flight|publisher=Spaceflight101.com|date=29 April 2013|access-date=19 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524084310/http://www.spaceflight101.com/spaceshiptwo-first-powered-test-flight.html|archive-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> |
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RocketMotorTwo is a throttleable [[Hybrid rocket|hybrid rocket engine]] fueled with [[hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] (HTBP) and [[nitrous oxide]] – sometimes referred to as an [[Nitrous oxide|N<sub>2</sub>O]]/[[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]] engine<ref> |
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{{cite web |title= Propulsion Systems: multiple-burn, green and low-cost |url=http://sncspace.com/pdfs/Propulsion%20Systems_FINAL_web.pdf |date=<!-- undated pdf --> |publisher=Sierra Nevada |accessdate=2013-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Safe Hybrid Rocket |work=Overview – Safety |url= http://www.virgingalactic.com/overview/safety/ |date=2013 |publisher= virgingalactic.com |accessdate=2013-03-08 }}</ref> – providing {{convert|60000|lbf|kN}} of thrust.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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{{asof|2013|3}}, Sierra Nevada |
{{asof|2013|3}}, Sierra Nevada had performed over 300 hybrid rocket test firings. The company also developed the rocket engine for the first [[Private spaceflight|private]] spacecraft to reach space, [[SpaceShipOne]], which won the [[Ansari X-Prize]] in 2004. Sierra Nevadaisalso developing a similar hybrid engine, the [[Dream Chaser rocket engine]].<ref name=snc_ps20121209>{{cite web |title=Propulsion Systems |url=http://www.sncspace.com/ss_propulsion.php |publisher=Sierra Nevada Corporation |access-date=2012-12-09 |archive-date=2013-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114005823/http://www.sncspace.com/ss_propulsion.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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{{cite web |title=Propulsion Systems |url=http://www.sncspace.com/ss_propulsion.php |publisher=Sierra Nevada Corporation |accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
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==Development history== |
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===Related test program accident=== |
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On 26 July 2007, during the early vehicle subsystem testing phase,<!-- this was not a test of the engine, nor by the engine contractor (Sierra Nevada); it was a test of the vehicle oxidizer flow system and oxidizer tank, by Scaled Composites, the vehicle contractor to Virgin Galactic (the vehicle owner and project funder) --> an explosion occurred during a propellant flow test by Scaled Composites at the [[Mojave Air and Space Port]]. The test included filling the [[oxidizer]] tank with {{convert|4500|kg|abbr=on}} of [[nitrous oxide]], followed by a 15-second cold flow injector test. The test did not ignite the engine and no solid rocket fuel was involved. Three Scaled employees were killed and three injured, two critically and one seriously, by flying [[shrapnel shell|shrapnel]] when the nitrous oxide oxidizer spontaneously ignited and exploded (dissociation into N2 and O components, releasing energy).<ref name=LAtimes-2007-07-27>Abdollah, Tami and Silverstein, Stuart (27 July 2007). [http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/27/local/me-explode27 "Test Site Explosion Kills Three"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12418-unusual-nature-of-the-scaled-composites-explosion Unusual nature of scaled composites explosion]</ref> |
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===First-generation engine=== |
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{{Expand section|date=April 2013}}<!-- presumably, there was some engineering design and development work that occurred on this rocket motor prior to the initiation of tests in June 2005. If so, it ought to be described here. As well, what is the role in this development of [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]? --> |
{{Expand section|date=April 2013}}<!-- presumably, there was some engineering design and development work that occurred on this rocket motor prior to the initiation of tests in June 2005. If so, it ought to be described here. As well, what is the role in this development of [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]? --> |
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===Hot-fire ground tests=== |
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====Hot-fire ground tests==== |
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Scaled Composites performed a series of subscale rocket hot-firings between June 2005 and April 2009, before choosing a full-scale rocket motor design.<ref name=Scaled-RM2-testsummaries/> {{asof|2012|12}}, 21 full-scale hot-fire ground tests have been carried out on RocketMotorTwo.<ref name=nsw20121220> |
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Scaled Composites performed a series of subscale rocket hot-firings between June 2005 and April 2009, before choosing a full-scale rocket motor design.<ref name=Scaled-RM2-testsummaries/> |
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{{cite news |last=Lindsey|first=Clark |title=SpaceShipTwo rocket motor tests in Nov. and Dec. |url=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spaceshiptwo-rocket-motor-tests-in-nov-and-dec.html |accessdate=2012-12-22 |newspaper=NewSpace Watch |date=2012-12-20 }}</ref><ref name=Scaled-RM2-testsummaries>{{cite web|url=http://www.scaled.com/projects/rocketmotortwo_hot-fire_test_summaries |title=RocketMotorTwo Hot-Fire Test Summaries |publisher=Scaled.com |date=Updated 9 August 2012 |accessdate=2012-12-10}}</ref><ref name=June2012Tests>[http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=37626 "Virgin Galactic successfully completes SpaceShipTwo glide flight test and rocket motor firing on same day"]. SpaceRef.com. 28 June 2012.</ref> |
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News reports in early 2009 reported that the hot fire tests had been "completed" and that [[Spacedev]] (later acquired by [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]) had been contracted by Scaled Composites to assist Scaled in developing SS2.<ref name=fg20090122> |
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{{cite news |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/virgin-galactic39s-spaceshiptwo-has-rocket-motor-test-321470/ |title= Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo has rocket motor test success |author= Rob Coppinger |date=2009-01-22 |publisher= FlightGlobal |work= Flight International |access-date=2014-11-02 }}</ref> |
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By December 2011, 21 full-scale hot-fire ground tests had been carried out on RocketMotorTwo.<ref name=Scaled-RM2-testsummaries>{{cite web |url=http://www.scaled.com/projects/rocketmotortwo_hot-fire_test_summaries |title=RocketMotorTwo Hot-Fire Test Summaries |publisher=Scaled.com |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426095422/http://www.scaled.com/projects/rocketmotortwo_hot-fire_test_summaries |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=nsw20121220> |
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{{cite news |last=Lindsey|first=Clark |title=SpaceShipTwo rocket motor tests in Nov. and Dec. |url=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spaceshiptwo-rocket-motor-tests-in-nov-and-dec.html |access-date=22 December 2012 |newspaper=NewSpace Watch |date=20 December 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=June2012Tests>[http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=37626 "Virgin Galactic successfully completes SpaceShipTwo glide flight test and rocket motor firing on same day"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728041832/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=37626 |date=2020-07-28 }}. SpaceRef.com. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</ref> |
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On 20 June 2012, the first hot-fire test under the control of SpaceShipTwo's proprietary Rocket Motor Controller (RMC) was successfully conducted.<ref name=Scaled-RM2-testsummaries/> |
On 20 June 2012, the first hot-fire test under the control of SpaceShipTwo's proprietary Rocket Motor Controller (RMC) was successfully conducted.<ref name=Scaled-RM2-testsummaries/> |
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====Extended delays in flight testing==== |
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===Test program accident=== |
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Despite statements in early 2009 that [[flight test]]ing of RocketMotorTwo was planned for later in 2009,<ref name=fg20090122/> no flight tests took place in 2009, 2010 or 2011, and only glide flight tests—with the engine installed in SS2—occurred in 2012. |
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On 26 July 2007, during the early rocket testing phase, an explosion occurred during a propellant flow test at the [[Mojave Air and Space Port]]. The test included filling the [[oxidizer]] tank with 4,500 kg (10,000 pounds) of [[nitrous oxide]], followed by a 15-second cold flow injector test. Although the tests did not ignite the gas, three employees were killed and three injured, two critically and one seriously, by flying [[shrapnel shell|shrapnel]].<ref name=LAtimes-2007-07-27> Abdollah, Tami and Silverstein, Stuart (2007-07-27). [http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/27/local/me-explode27 "Test Site Explosion Kills Three"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 27 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-27.</ref> |
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In July 2012, [[Virgin Galactic]], the owner of [[VSS Enterprise|VSS ''Enterprise'']] – the first SpaceShipTwo spaceplane built – announced that RocketMotorTwo was fully qualified for powered flight, and that the ground test program was substantially complete.<ref name=telegraph20120711>{{cite news|last=Ruddick|first=Graham|title=Farnborough Airshow: Branson's Virgin Galactic 'spaceship' in UK debut|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/9391867/Farnborough-Airshow-Bransons-Virgin-Galactic-spaceship-in-UK-debut.html|access-date=13 July 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=11 July 2012}}</ref> SpaceShipTwo conducted its first gliding test flight with the engine fully installed in December 2012.<ref name=December2012Testing>{{cite web|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/19/16025374-spaceshiptwo-straps-on-its-engine|title=SpaceShipTwo straps on its engine|publisher=NBC|date=20 December 2012|access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref> Additional ground rocket tests continued into March 2013 as the company prepared for powered test flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/blog/this-isnt-sci-fi|title=This isn't sci-fi|author=Richard Branson|author-link=Richard Branson|publisher=Virgin.com|date=5 March 2013|access-date=5 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307153321/http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/blog/this-isnt-sci-fi|archive-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> |
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===Commencement of flight testing=== |
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In July 2012, [[Virgin Galactic]], the owner of [[VSS Enterprise|VSS ''Enterprise'']] – the first SpaceShipTwo spaceplane built – announced that RocketMotorTwo was fully qualified for powered flight, and that the ground test program was substantially complete.<ref name=telegraph20120711>{{cite news|last=Ruddick|first=Graham|title=Farnborough Airshow: Branson's Virgin Galactic 'spaceship' in UK debut|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/9391867/Farnborough-Airshow-Bransons-Virgin-Galactic-spaceship-in-UK-debut.html|accessdate=2012-07-13|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2012-07-11}}</ref> SpaceShipTwo conducted its first gliding test flight with the engine fully installed in December 2012.<ref name=December2012Testing>{{cite web|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/19/16025374-spaceshiptwo-straps-on-its-engine|title=SpaceShipTwo straps on its engine|publisher=NBC|date=20 December 2012|accessdate=20 December 2012}}</ref> Additional ground rocket tests continued into March 2013 as the company prepared for powered test flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/blog/this-isnt-sci-fi|title=This isn't sci-fi|author=[[Richard Branson]]|publisher=Virgin.com|date=5 March 2013|accessdate=5 March 2013}}</ref> |
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VSS ''Enterprise'' conducted its first powered flight on 29 April 2013,<ref name=EnginesIgnited>{{cite web|url= |
VSS ''Enterprise'' conducted its first powered flight on 29 April 2013,<ref name=EnginesIgnited>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22344398|title=Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic spaceship ignites engine in flight|publisher=BBC|date=29 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> |
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marking the first flight test of RocketMotorTwo. The test was a 16-second burn as planned, and was ignited at an altitude of {{convert|47000|ft}}, shortly after ''Enterprise'' was released from its WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft and the pilots cross-checked data and verified stable control. The RM2 control system opened the main oxidizer valve and fired the igniters inside the fuel case. The burn was completed at an altitude of {{convert|55000|ft}}, by which point ''Enterprise'' was [[supersonic]], achieving {{convert|1.2|Mach|altitude_ft=55,000|sigfig=2}}. SNC stated after the test that "The rocket motor ignition went as planned, with the expected burn duration, [and] good engine performance."<ref name=pa20130429sn> |
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{{cite news |last=Messier|first=Doug |title=SNC: Yeah, We Lit that Candle and it Worked, Baby! |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/04/30/snc-yeah-we-lit-that-candle-and-it-worked-baby/ | |
{{cite news |last=Messier|first=Doug |title=SNC: Yeah, We Lit that Candle and it Worked, Baby! |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/04/30/snc-yeah-we-lit-that-candle-and-it-worked-baby/ |access-date=19 May 2013 |newspaper=Parabolic Arc |date=29 April 2013 }}</ref> |
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====2014 change of engine==== |
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In May 2014, Virgin Galactic announced a change to the hybrid engine to be used in SpaceShipTwo, and took the development effort in-house, terminating the contract with Sierra Nevada and halting all development on the first-generation [[rocket engine]].<ref name=sncpr20141031>{{cite web |title=SNC Statement in Response to Inquiries Regarding 10-31-14 Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo Incident |url=http://www.sncspace.com/press_more_info.php?id=417 |access-date=2014-11-01 |work=SNC Press Release |publisher=Sierra Nevada Corporation |date=2014-10-31 |archive-date=2014-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101025107/http://www.sncspace.com/press_more_info.php?id=417 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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===Second-generation engine=== |
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The engineering and development work of the second-generation engine was done in-house, by Virgin Galactic. The work began on the new formulation for the hybrid engine in 2013, and by May 2014—when SNC's involvement with SS2 propulsion using the first-generation rocket motor was ended—the new engine formulation had already completed full-duration burns of over 60 seconds in ground tests on an engine test stand.<ref name=nbc20140523/> |
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====New fuel formulation==== |
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Rather than use rubber-based [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]] in the solid portion of the hybrid rocket motor—which had experienced serious engine stability issues on firings longer than approximately 20 seconds with the first-generation engine—the Virgin Galactic-developed SS2 hybrid rocket engine would now use [[thermoplastic]] [[polyamide]] (i.e., [[nylon]]) as the solid fuel component of the propellant. The plastic fuel was projected to have better performance (by several unspecified measures) and was expected to allow SpaceShipTwo to make flights to a higher altitude.<ref name=nbc20140523>{{cite news|last=Boyle|first=Alan|title=Virgin Galactic Makes a Switch in SpaceShipTwo's Rocket Motor|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactic-makes-switch-spaceshiptwos-rocket-motor-n113216|access-date=2014-05-24|newspaper=NBC News|date=2014-05-23}}</ref><ref name=nsj20140524>{{cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|title=Virgin Galactic changes fuels as it prepares for its next round of test flights|url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2014/05/24/virgin-galactic-changes-fuels-as-it-prepares-for-its-next-round-of-test-flights/|access-date=2014-05-25|newspaper=NewSpace Journal|date=2014-05-24}}</ref><ref name=aw20140524>{{cite news |title=New Fuel to Boost SpaceShip Two |url=http://m.aviationweek.com/space/new-fuel-boost-spaceship-two |access-date=2014-05-27 |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2014-05-24 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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====Related airframe and subsystem modifications to support the new engine==== |
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The second-generation engine design also required the modification to the SS2 [[airframe]] to fit additional tanks in the wings of SpaceShipTwo—one holding [[methane]] and the other containing [[helium]]—in order to ensure a proper burn of the new engine.<ref name=pa20140630> |
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{{cite news |last1=Messier|first1=Doug |title=WhiteKnightTwo in the Air Over Mojave Today |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/06/30/whiteknighttwo-air-mojave-today/ |access-date=2014-11-02 |work=Parabolic Arc |date=2014-06-30 }}</ref><!-- the purpose of these subsystems is thought to be related to engine startup (methane) and smooth shutdown (helium) of the hybrid engine; still looking for a good secondary source for the rationale. --> |
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====Ground test regime==== |
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Even though Virgin Galactic has run a number of ground tests on the new engine by May 2014, it was stated then that four additional ground tests of the polyamide-fueled engine were anticipated before the SpaceShipTwo flight tests could resume with the new-fuel rocket motor.<ref name=aw20140524/>{{update after|2014|11|2}}<!-- how many ground tests were actually done from May 2014 to October 2014, at the time of the SS2 in-flight vehicle breakup? --> |
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====PF04 flight test malfunction==== |
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On 31 October 2014, the new polyamide engine fuel formulation was used in flight for the first time in the [[2014 Virgin Galactic crash|powered test flight no. 4 (PF04)]] of SpaceShipTwo. At 10:12{{nbsp}}am PDT, [[VSS Enterprise]] suffered a malfunction, and subsequently broke up in mid-flight. The inflight mishap resulted in the death of one test pilot and a "serious shoulder injury"<ref name=dn20141103> |
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{{cite news |last1=Klotz|first1=Irene |title=SpaceShipTwo's Rocket Engine Did Not Cause Fatal Crash |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/spaceshiptwos-rocket-engine-did-not-cause-fatal-crash-141103.htm |access-date=2014-11-03 |work=Discovery News |date=2014-11-03 }}</ref> to the other test pilot, and a total loss of the vehicle.<ref name=PressConference-20141031@5pmEDT>Mojave Air and Space Port press conference on October 31, 2014, at 2:00 p.m. PDT — involving: the Spaceport, Sheriff's Department, County Fire Department, Scaled Composites, Virgin Galactic</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.wibw.com/home/headlines/281187181.html |title= Spaceplane Incident Sparks Investigation |date= 1 November 2014 |author1= Ralph Ellis |author2= Chelsea J. Carter |author3= Jason Hanna |author4= Brad Pechanec |publisher= WIBW 13 News Kansas |access-date= 2 November 2014 |archive-date= 2 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141102101048/http://www.wibw.com/home/headlines/281187181.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> |
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The accident investigation revealed that the "ship’s fuel tanks and its engine were recovered intact, indicating there was no explosion ... no signs of burn-through, no signs of being breached".<ref name=dn20141103/> While the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB), which is leading the investigation, has released only "statements of fact", space journalist Irene Klotz has stated more explicitly that "[i]t wasn’t SpaceShipTwo’s hybrid rocket motor – which was flying ... with a new type of fuel – that caused the fatal crash."<ref name=dn20141103/> |
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The NTSB final report attributed that the cause was 1) pilot error and 2) inadequate cockpit and procedure design that tended to make a certain high-stress situation more consequential for the pilot than it perhaps should have been.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aerospace Accident Report: In-Flight Breakup During Test Flight Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo, N339SS Near Koehn Dry Lake, California October 31, 2014|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR1502.pdf|date=July 28, 2015|access-date=November 20, 2022|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board}}</ref> |
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==Production== |
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The HTPB hybrid rocket motor and its oxidizer valve system were produced in SNC's manufacturing facility in [[Poway, California]] in conjunction with Scaled Composites. In 2013, the Poway facility was reported to be "currently producing motors for both SpaceShipTwo and SNC’s own [[Dream Chaser]] orbital crew vehicle".<ref name=pa20130429sn/> |
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SNC closed the Poway facility in late 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} |
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The polyamide hybrid rocket motor is a modified version of the polybutadiene version, with different oxidizer valve arrangement. Most of the engine remains the same, but for changing the fuel cartridge from rubber to plastic fuel.<ref name=PressConference-20141031@5pmEDT/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [http://www.scaled.com Scaled Composites website] |
* [http://www.scaled.com Scaled Composites website] |
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{{The Spaceship Company}} |
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[[Category:Rocket engines]] |
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{{Scaled Composites}} |
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[[Category:Tier 1b program]] |
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{{Aviation rocket engines}} |
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{{Suborbital rocket engines}} |
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[[Category:SpaceShipTwo]] |
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[[Category:Virgin Galactic]] |
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[[Category:Scaled Composites]] |
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[[Category:The Spaceship Company]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft rocket engines]] |
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[[Category:Rocket engines of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Hybrid-propellant rockets]] |
Country of origin | United States |
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Designer | Sierra Nevada Corporation |
Manufacturer | Virgin Galactic |
Predecessor | RocketMotorOne |
Status | Active |
Hybrid engine | |
Propellant | Nitrous oxide / Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene |
Performance | |
Thrust | 310kN |
Specific impulse | 250 s (2.5 km/s) |
Burn time | 60 seconds |
Used in | |
SpaceShipTwo |
RocketMotorTwo (RM2)[1] is a family of hybrid rocket engines developed for the Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane.
The first-generation engine was developed by Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC),[2] from the late 2000s to May 2014. It was first ignited in flight during a SpaceShipTwo test launch in April 2013.[3][4] This engine design was subsequently flown in only two additional flight tests during 2013 and January 2014.[5] SNC was a subcontractor to Scaled Composites through May 2014 when their involvement in the program ended after Virgin Galactic elected to replace SNC's version of RocketMotorTwo powered by HTPB rubber fuel, with its own internally developed hybrid motor for SpaceShipTwo.[5]
The second-generation RocketMotorTwo engine is a variant of the earlier SNC basic design. It experimented with using a polyamide plastic fuel and nitrous oxide oxidizer in 2014,[6] but switched back to using its original hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) fuel and liquid nitrous oxide oxidizer in 2015.[7] The second-generation engine is now made in-house by Virgin Galactic rather than by SNC.
RocketMotorTwo is a hybrid rocket engine utilizing solid hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) fuel and liquid nitrous oxide oxidizer – sometimes referred to as an N2O/HTPB motor[8][9] – providing 70,000 pounds-force (310 kN) of thrust.[10] The design makes use of lessons learned during the development of the SpaceShipOne hybrid rocket motor.[11]
As of March 2013[update], Sierra Nevada had performed over 300 hybrid rocket test firings. The company also developed the rocket engine for the first private spacecraft to reach space, SpaceShipOne, which won the Ansari X-Prize in 2004. Sierra Nevada is also developing a similar hybrid engine, the Dream Chaser rocket engine.[12]
On 26 July 2007, during the early vehicle subsystem testing phase, an explosion occurred during a propellant flow test by Scaled Composites at the Mojave Air and Space Port. The test included filling the oxidizer tank with 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) of nitrous oxide, followed by a 15-second cold flow injector test. The test did not ignite the engine and no solid rocket fuel was involved. Three Scaled employees were killed and three injured, two critically and one seriously, by flying shrapnel when the nitrous oxide oxidizer spontaneously ignited and exploded (dissociation into N2 and O components, releasing energy).[13][14]
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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)
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Scaled Composites performed a series of subscale rocket hot-firings between June 2005 and April 2009, before choosing a full-scale rocket motor design.[15] News reports in early 2009 reported that the hot fire tests had been "completed" and that Spacedev (later acquired by Sierra Nevada Corporation) had been contracted by Scaled Composites to assist Scaled in developing SS2.[16]
By December 2011, 21 full-scale hot-fire ground tests had been carried out on RocketMotorTwo.[15][17][18] On 20 June 2012, the first hot-fire test under the control of SpaceShipTwo's proprietary Rocket Motor Controller (RMC) was successfully conducted.[15]
Despite statements in early 2009 that flight testing of RocketMotorTwo was planned for later in 2009,[16] no flight tests took place in 2009, 2010 or 2011, and only glide flight tests—with the engine installed in SS2—occurred in 2012.
In July 2012, Virgin Galactic, the owner of VSS Enterprise – the first SpaceShipTwo spaceplane built – announced that RocketMotorTwo was fully qualified for powered flight, and that the ground test program was substantially complete.[19] SpaceShipTwo conducted its first gliding test flight with the engine fully installed in December 2012.[20] Additional ground rocket tests continued into March 2013 as the company prepared for powered test flights.[21]
VSS Enterprise conducted its first powered flight on 29 April 2013,[3] marking the first flight test of RocketMotorTwo. The test was a 16-second burn as planned, and was ignited at an altitude of 47,000 feet (14,000 m), shortly after Enterprise was released from its WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft and the pilots cross-checked data and verified stable control. The RM2 control system opened the main oxidizer valve and fired the igniters inside the fuel case. The burn was completed at an altitude of 55,000 feet (17,000 m), by which point Enterprise was supersonic, achieving Mach 1.2 (1,300 km/h; 790 mph). SNC stated after the test that "The rocket motor ignition went as planned, with the expected burn duration, [and] good engine performance."[4]
In May 2014, Virgin Galactic announced a change to the hybrid engine to be used in SpaceShipTwo, and took the development effort in-house, terminating the contract with Sierra Nevada and halting all development on the first-generation rocket engine.[5]
The engineering and development work of the second-generation engine was done in-house, by Virgin Galactic. The work began on the new formulation for the hybrid engine in 2013, and by May 2014—when SNC's involvement with SS2 propulsion using the first-generation rocket motor was ended—the new engine formulation had already completed full-duration burns of over 60 seconds in ground tests on an engine test stand.[22]
Rather than use rubber-based HTPB in the solid portion of the hybrid rocket motor—which had experienced serious engine stability issues on firings longer than approximately 20 seconds with the first-generation engine—the Virgin Galactic-developed SS2 hybrid rocket engine would now use thermoplastic polyamide (i.e., nylon) as the solid fuel component of the propellant. The plastic fuel was projected to have better performance (by several unspecified measures) and was expected to allow SpaceShipTwo to make flights to a higher altitude.[22][23][24]
The second-generation engine design also required the modification to the SS2 airframe to fit additional tanks in the wings of SpaceShipTwo—one holding methane and the other containing helium—in order to ensure a proper burn of the new engine.[25]
Even though Virgin Galactic has run a number of ground tests on the new engine by May 2014, it was stated then that four additional ground tests of the polyamide-fueled engine were anticipated before the SpaceShipTwo flight tests could resume with the new-fuel rocket motor.[24][needs update]
On 31 October 2014, the new polyamide engine fuel formulation was used in flight for the first time in the powered test flight no. 4 (PF04) of SpaceShipTwo. At 10:12 am PDT, VSS Enterprise suffered a malfunction, and subsequently broke up in mid-flight. The inflight mishap resulted in the death of one test pilot and a "serious shoulder injury"[26] to the other test pilot, and a total loss of the vehicle.[27][28]
The accident investigation revealed that the "ship’s fuel tanks and its engine were recovered intact, indicating there was no explosion ... no signs of burn-through, no signs of being breached".[26] While the US government National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which is leading the investigation, has released only "statements of fact", space journalist Irene Klotz has stated more explicitly that "[i]t wasn’t SpaceShipTwo’s hybrid rocket motor – which was flying ... with a new type of fuel – that caused the fatal crash."[26] The NTSB final report attributed that the cause was 1) pilot error and 2) inadequate cockpit and procedure design that tended to make a certain high-stress situation more consequential for the pilot than it perhaps should have been.[29]
The HTPB hybrid rocket motor and its oxidizer valve system were produced in SNC's manufacturing facility in Poway, California in conjunction with Scaled Composites. In 2013, the Poway facility was reported to be "currently producing motors for both SpaceShipTwo and SNC’s own Dream Chaser orbital crew vehicle".[4] SNC closed the Poway facility in late 2014.[citation needed]
The polyamide hybrid rocket motor is a modified version of the polybutadiene version, with different oxidizer valve arrangement. Most of the engine remains the same, but for changing the fuel cartridge from rubber to plastic fuel.[27]
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