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{{For|the song by [[Terminaator]]|Romula (song)}} |
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{{merge|Romula (castra)|discuss=Talk:Romula#Merger proposal|date=July 2015}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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{{Infobox ancient site |
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|name = Romula |
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|native_name = |
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|alternate_name = |
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|image = |
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|alt = |
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|caption = |
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|map_type = Romania |
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|map_alt = |
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|map_size = 250 |
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|location = [[Romania]] |
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|region = [[Olt County]] |
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|coordinates = {{coord|44.166667|24.4|display=inline}} |
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|type = |
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|part_of = |
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|length = |
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|width = |
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|area = |
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|height = |
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|builder = |
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|material = |
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|built = |
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|abandoned = |
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|epochs = |
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|cultures = |
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|dependency_of = |
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|occupants = |
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|event = |
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|excavations = |
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|archaeologists = |
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|condition = |
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|ownership = |
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|management = |
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|public_access = |
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|website = |
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|notes = |
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}} |
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'''Romula''' or '''Malva''' was an ancient city in [[Roman Dacia]], later the village of Reşca, [[Dobrosloveni]] Commune, [[Olt County]], [[Romania]]. It was the capital of [[Dacia Malvensis]], one of the three subdivisions of the province of Dacia. |
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{{for|the song by [[Terminaator]]|Romula (song)}} |
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{{Expand Romanian|Romula|date=February 2011}} |
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== History == |
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{{Infobox dava |
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{{Infobox castrum |
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| name = Romula |
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| name = Romula (castra) |
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| image = |
| image = |
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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| alt_names = |
| alt_names = |
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| known_as = |
| known_as = Castra of Reșca |
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| built_during_reign_of = |
| built_during_reign_of = [[Trajan]]<ref name="AR_IRvol2"/> |
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| founded = |
| founded = 2nd century AD |
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| abandoned = |
| abandoned = c. 6th-7th century |
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| attested_by = |
| attested_by = [[Tabula Peutingeriana]] |
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| previous_fortification = |
| previous_fortification = |
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| tribe = |
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| |
| type = |
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| robust_struct_material = Stone |
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| nearby_water = |
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| robust_struct_built_during_reign_of = |
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| robust_struct_built = |
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| robust_struct_abandoned= |
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| robust_struct_dim1 = 216 |
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| robust_struct_dim2 = 183 |
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| robust_struct_area = 3,9<ref name="AR_IRvol2">Academia Română: Istoria Românilor, Vol. 2, Daco-romani, romanici, alogeni, 2nd. Ed., București 2010, {{ISBN|978-973-45-0610-1}}</ref>| robust_struct_shape = |
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| robust_struct_thickness= |
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| robust_struct_technique= |
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| robust_struct_towers = |
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| weak_struct_material = Wood and earth |
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| coordinates_display = title |
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| weak_struct_built_during_reign_of = Trajan<ref name="AR_IRvol2"/> |
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| latitude = |
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| |
| weak_struct_built = |
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| |
| weak_struct_abandoned = |
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| weak_struct_dim1 = 100 |
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| weak_struct_dim2 = 100 |
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| weak_struct_area = 1<ref name="AR_IRvol2"/> |
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| weak_struct_shape = |
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| weak_struct_towers = |
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| commanders = |
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| legions = |
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*[[Legio VII Claudia|VII Claudia]] |
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*[[Legio XXII Primigenia|XXII Primigenia]] |
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| cohorts = [[Cohors I Flavia Commagenorum|I Flavia Commagenorum]]<ref>[http://www.irregular.ro/articol%20petru%20ureche.pdf Tactica, strategie si specific de lupta la cohortele equitate din Dacia Romana, Petru Ureche]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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| alae = |
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| numeri = |
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| events = |
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| province = [[Dacia]] |
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| capital_of = [[Dacia Malvensis]] |
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| admin_unit_1 = [[Dacia Inferior]] |
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| admin_unit_2 = Dacia Malvensis |
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| limes = |
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| links = |
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*[[Acidava (castra)|Acidava]] |
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*[[Castra Nova, Dacia|Castra Nova]] |
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*[[Pelendava (castra)|Pelendava]] |
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*[[Sucidava (castra)|Sucidava]] |
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*[[Castra of Crâmpoia|(Crâmpoia)]] |
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*[[Castra of Slăveni|(Slăveni)]] |
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|coordinates = �{{coord|44|10|N|24|24|E}} |
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| altitude = |
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| map = |
| map = |
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| place_name = |
| place_name = |
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| location_town = [[Reşca]] |
| location_town = [[Reşca]] |
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| location_county = [[Olt County]] |
| location_county = [[Olt County|Olt]] |
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| location_state = |
| location_state = |
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| location_country = |
| location_country = {{ROU}} |
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| iso_region = |
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| ref:RO:LMI = |
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| ref:RO:RAN = |
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| |
| condition = Ruined |
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| condition = |
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| controlled_by = |
| controlled_by = |
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| excavations = 1900<ref name="cimec">{{cite web|title=Manuscrisele lui Pamfil Polonic|url=http://www.cimec.ro/Arheologie/Arhiva-Digitala/4Pamfil%20Polonic/M.htm|publisher=cimec.ro|access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> |
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| excavations = |
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| archaeologists = |
| archaeologists = [[Pamfil Polonic]]<ref name="cimec"/> |
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| exhibitions = |
| exhibitions = |
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| website = |
| website = |
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| Line 45: | Line 120: | ||
}} |
}} |
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The Roman city of Romula lay on an earlier [[Dacians|Dacian]] city called '''Malva'''. It received the title of [[municipium]] during the rule of [[Hadrian]] (117–138) and the title of [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] during that of [[Septimius Severus]] (193–211). |
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'''Romula''' or '''Malva''' was an ancient city in [[Roman Dacia]], later the village of Reşca, [[Dobrosloveni]] Commune, [[Olt County]], [[Romania]]. It was the capital of [[Dacia Malvensis]], one of the three subdivisions of the province of Dacia. |
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The Roman city of Romula lay on an earlier [[Dacia]]n settlement called '''Malva'''. It received the title of [[municipium]] during the rule of [[Hadrian]] (117-138) and the title of [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] during that of [[Septimius Severus]] (193-211). |
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The city had two belts of fortifications and two [[castrum|castra]], in which were temporarily located units of the [[Legio VII Claudia|Legiones VII ''Claudia'']] and [[Legio XXII Primigenia|XXII ''Primigenia'']] and permanent a unit (''[[numerus]]'') of [[Syria]]n [[Archery|archers]]. |
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== Ancient sources == |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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=== Ptolemy's Geographia === |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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=== Tabula Peutingeriana === |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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== Etimology == |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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== History == |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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=== Dacian town === |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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=== Roman times === |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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<!-- If applicable |
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=== Byzantine times === |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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--> |
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== Archaeology == |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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The city had two belts of fortifications and two [[castrum|castra]], part of the [[Limes Alutanus]] frontier system and where soldiers of the [[Legio VII Claudia|Legiones VII ''Claudia'']] and [[Legio XXII Primigenia|XXII ''Primigenia'']] were temporarily stationed, alongside a permanent unit (''[[Numerus (Roman military unit)|numerus]]'') of [[Syria]]n [[Archery|archers]]. |
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<!-- If applicable |
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== Tourism == |
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{{Empty section|date=February 2011}} |
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--> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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| Line 90: | Line 129: | ||
* [[Dacia]] |
* [[Dacia]] |
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* [[Roman Dacia]] |
* [[Roman Dacia]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Ancient === |
=== Ancient === |
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{{ |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|Tabula Peutingeriana}} |
|ref = {{sfnRef|Tabula Peutingeriana}} |
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| Line 103: | Line 140: | ||
|title = Tabula Peutingeriana |
|title = Tabula Peutingeriana |
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|url = http://www.tabula-peutingeriana.de/tp/tpx.html |
|url = http://www.tabula-peutingeriana.de/tp/tpx.html |
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| |
|orig-date = c. 0-399 CE |
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|language = |
|language = la |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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| Line 110: | Line 147: | ||
|last = Ptolemy |
|last = Ptolemy |
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|first = Claudius |
|first = Claudius |
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|author-link = Ptolemy |
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|title = Geographia |
|title = Geographia |
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|publisher = Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii |
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|trans_title = Geography |
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|trans-title=Geography |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4ksBAAAAMAAJ |
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|url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4ksBAAAAMAAJ |
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|year = c. 140 |
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|language = grc |
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}} |
}} |
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* |
* |
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{{ |
{{Refend}} |
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=== Modern === |
=== Modern === |
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{{ |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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| |
|last = Olteanu |
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| |
|first = Sorin |
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|title = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section |
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|first = Sorin |
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|url = http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm |
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|title = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum - Toponyms Section |
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|language = ro, en |
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|url = http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm |
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|work = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum |
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|language = Romanian, partially in English |
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|access-date = 3 January 2010 |
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|work = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm |
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|accessdate = 3 January 2010 |
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|archive-date = 16 July 2011 |
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|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vSjj8iYr |
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|url-status = dead}} |
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|archivedate= 3 January 2010 |
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}} |
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* ''Dicţionar de istorie veche a României'' ("Dictionary of ancient Romanian history") (1976) Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, pp. 510 |
* ''Dicţionar de istorie veche a României'' ("Dictionary of ancient Romanian history") (1976) Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, pp. 510 |
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*{{cite thesis|last=Buqinca|first=Arianit|year=2021|title=Recherche sur les Dardaniens : VIe- Ier siècles av. J.- C. |
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|publisher=Université de Lyon|url=http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE2007}} |
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* |
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{{ |
{{Refend}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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{{ |
{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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|last = Olteanu |
|last = Olteanu |
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|first = Sorin |
|first = Sorin |
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|title = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum |
|title = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section |
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|url = http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm |
|url = http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm |
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|language = |
|language = ro, en |
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|work = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum |
|work = Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum |
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| |
|access-date = 3 January 2010 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103139/http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm |
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|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5vSjj8iYr |
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|archive-date = 16 July 2011 |
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|archivedate= 3 January 2010 |
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|url-status = dead}} |
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}} |
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* Tătulea, Corneliu Mărgărit. ''Romula-Malva. Monografie''. |
* Tătulea, Corneliu Mărgărit. ''Romula-Malva. Monografie''. București, Ed. Museion, 1994, 176 p. |
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* |
* |
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{{ |
{{Refend}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=1274893&t=k&om=1 Roman castra from Romania – Google Maps] / [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/1274893/Main/1274893 Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121205025930/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/1274893/Main/1274893 |date=5 December 2012 }} |
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{{commons|Dacia and Dacians}} |
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{{commons category|Malva}} |
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{{commons category|Romula}} |
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* |
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* |
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{{coord missing|Romania}} |
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{{Dacian cities}} |
{{Dacian cities}} |
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{{Dacia topics}} |
{{Dacia topics}} |
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{{Limes Dacicus}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Dacian towns]] |
[[Category:Dacian towns]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Romania]] |
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[[Category:Ruins in Romania]] |
[[Category:Ruins in Romania]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Coloniae (Roman)]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Limes Alutanus]] |
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[[Category:History of Eastern Romance people]] |
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  Shown within Romania | |
| Location | Romania |
|---|---|
| Region | Olt County |
| Coordinates | 44°10′00″N 24°24′00″E / 44.166667°N 24.4°E / 44.166667; 24.4 |
RomulaorMalva was an ancient city in Roman Dacia, later the village of Reşca, Dobrosloveni Commune, Olt County, Romania. It was the capital of Dacia Malvensis, one of the three subdivisions of the province of Dacia.
| Romula (castra) | |
|---|---|
| Known also as | Castra of Reșca |
| Founded during the reign of | Trajan[1] |
| Founded | 2nd century AD |
| Abandoned | c. 6th-7th century |
| Attested by | Tabula Peutingeriana |
| Place in the Roman world | |
| Province | Dacia |
| Capital of | Dacia Malvensis |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Malvensis |
| Administrative unit | Dacia Inferior |
| Directly connected to | |
| Structure | |
| — Stone structure — | |
| Size and area | 216 m × 183 m (3,9[1] ha) |
| — Wood and earth structure — | |
| Built during the reign of | Trajan[1] |
| Size and area | 100 m × 100 m (1[1] ha) |
| Stationed military units | |
| — Legions — | |
| — Cohorts — | |
| I Flavia Commagenorum[2] | |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | �44°10′N 24°24′E / 44.167°N 24.400°E / 44.167; 24.400 |
| Town | Reşca |
| County | Olt |
| Country |  Romania |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Excavation dates | 1900[3] |
| Archaeologists | Pamfil Polonic[3] |
The Roman city of Romula lay on an earlier Dacian city called Malva. It received the title of municipium during the rule of Hadrian (117–138) and the title of colonia during that of Septimius Severus (193–211).
The city had two belts of fortifications and two castra, part of the Limes Alutanus frontier system and where soldiers of the Legiones VII Claudia and XXII Primigenia were temporarily stationed, alongside a permanent unit (numerus) of Syrian archers.
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Limes Dacicus
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| Alutanus |
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| Transalutanus |
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| Porolissensis |
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| Eastern frontier |
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