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==Life== |
==Life== |
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Clausius was born in [[Koszalin|Köslin]] (now [[Koszalin]], Poland) in the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] in [[Prussia]]. His father was a [[Protestant]] pastor and school inspector,<ref>Emilio Segrè (2012). ''From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves: Classical Physicists and Their Discoveries''. Courier Dover Publications. p. 228</ref> and Rudolf studied in the school of his father. In 1838, he went to the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in [[Szczecin|Stettin]]. Clausius graduated from the [[University of Berlin]] in 1844 where he had studied mathematics and physics since 1840 with, among others, [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus|Gustav Magnus]], [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] |
Clausius was born in [[Koszalin|Köslin]] (now [[Koszalin]], Poland) in the [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] in [[Prussia]]. His father was a [[Protestant]] pastor and school inspector,<ref>Emilio Segrè (2012). ''From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves: Classical Physicists and Their Discoveries''. Courier Dover Publications. p. 228</ref> and Rudolf studied in the school of his father. In 1838, he went to the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in [[Szczecin|Stettin]]. Clausius graduated from the [[University of Berlin]] in 1844 where he had studied mathematics and physics since 1840 with, among others, [[Heinrich Gustav Magnus|Gustav Magnus]], [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] and [[Jakob Steiner]]. He also studied history with [[Leopold von Ranke]]. During 1848, he got his doctorate from the [[University of Halle]] on optical effects in Earth's atmosphere. In 1850 he became professor of physics at the [[TU Berlin|Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin]] and Privatdozent at the Berlin University. In 1855 he became professor at the [[ETH Zürich]], the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in [[Zürich]], where he stayed until 1867. During that year, he moved to [[University of Würzburg|Würzburg]] and two years later, in 1869 to [[University of Bonn|Bonn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rudolf Clausius, Prof. Dr. |url=https://www.physik.uzh.ch/de/institut/emeriti/RudolfClausius.html |website=physik.uzh.ch |publisher=Universität Zürich |access-date=18 June 2021 |language=de}}</ref> |
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In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the [[Iron Cross]] for his services. |
In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the [[Iron Cross]] for his services. |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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