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{{Use British English|date=November 2011}} |
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}} |
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'''Sadhabas''' (or '''Sadhavas''') ({{lang-or|ସାଧବ}} sādhaba) were ancient [[sailor|mariner]]s from the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region, which roughly corresponds to modern [[Odisha]], India. They used ships called [[Boita]]s to travel to distant lands such as [[South-East Asia]] to carry out trade.<ref>{{citation |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf |title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments |author=Sila Tripati |date=2002 |publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Churn">{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&dq=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|pages=84|date=2016|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-86057-61-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Kalinga Maritime history |publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344443146 |author=Uday Dokras |date=October 2020 |access-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/18-25.pdf |title=Maritime Trade and Orissa |author=Kailash Chandra Dash |date=November 2011 |publisher=Orissa Review |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> |
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'''Sadhabas''' (or Sadhavas) were ancient [[mariner]]s from the [[Kalinga (India)|Kalinga]] empire, which roughly corresponds to modern [[Orissa]], India. They used ships called [[Boita]]s to travel to distant lands such as Bali, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, in Indonesia, and to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Persia, China, Greece and Africa to carry out trade and for cultural expansion. |
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[[Kartik Purnima]] |
The early hours of [[Kartik Purnima]] (the full moon dayinOctober and November) was considered an auspicious occasion by the Sadhabas to begin their long voyages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Nihar Ranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA119|title=Economic History of Orissa|page=117|date=1997|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=81-7387-075-6|language=en}}</ref> Coconuts, earthenware, sandalwood, cloth, lime, rice, spices, salt, cloves, pumpkins, silk sarees, betel leaves, betel nuts, elephants, precious and semi-precious stones were the main items of trade.<ref name="traditions" >{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/maritime_traditions_of_orissa.pdf |title=MARITIME TRADITIONS OF ORISSA |page=213 |author=BB Bhatta & PK Pradhan |date=2005 |publisher=ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> Even women went on voyages as well and were knownas'''Sadhabanis''' ({{lang-or|ସାଧବାଣୀ}} sādhabāṇī). Odia navigators were instrumental in spreading [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]]in[[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. In addition, they disseminated knowledge of Indian architecture, epics such as the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], [[Brahmic scripts]] writing system and Sanskrit loan words which are present in many Southeast Asian languages from different language families such as [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]] etc. |
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Maritime trade declined only in the 16th century, with the decline of the [[Gajapati]] |
Maritime trade declined only in the 16th century, with the decline of the [[Gajapati Empire]]. |
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==Etymology== |
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During [[Silk Road]] and [[Maritime Silk Road]] trade era, two distinct types of trade in the subcontinent were controlled by merchant leaders such as ''shreshthis'' and ''sarthavahas''. The shreshthis has their business in the towns and villages and fulfilled the need of the local region while the sarthavahas, also known as caravan leaders, travelled from place to place trading in both indigenous and foreign goods. They controlled both the import and export while also acting as whole-sellers and suppliers to the local shreshthis.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYamQQAACAAJ |title=The imperial Guptas: cultural history, Volume 2 |author=SP. L. Gupta |date=1979 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> |
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In Kalinga, the merchants who carried on overseas trade were known as ''sadhabas''. It is believed that the word had probably developed out of the word sadhu, which means honest men and with its association with byabasaya (business), thus came to be known as ''sādhavaḥ'' which meant honest businessmen (sadhu byabasayi). Other scholars argue that sadhaba originates from the word sarthavahas which was also used for the maritime traders in ancient India.<ref name="Merchants" >{{citation|title=Merchants, Guilds and Trade in Ancient India: An Orissan Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692117 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |page=145 |last=Patra |first=Benudhar |journal = Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=2008 |volume = 89|jstor = 41692117}}</ref> |
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==Merchants== |
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===Description=== |
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The Sadhabas didn't form any particular caste but rather belonged to a class drawn from various castes. No particular community had the distinction of singularly involved in the process of overseas activities although the vaishyas did have significant association. The people responsible for rowing the boats were known as ''kandareas'' or ''majhis'' and were generally from lower castes but at later stage with largescale operations, people from higher castes also joined this activity. The titles of ''Mangaraja'', ''Boitiala'', ''Mahanayaka'' etc. also denotes entry of kshatriyas as helmsmen and captain of ships.<ref name="Merchants" /> |
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===Trade guilds=== |
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The [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] records refer to the following economic trade guilds:<ref>{{citation|title=Merchants, Guilds and Trade in Ancient India: An Orissan Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692117 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |pages=148–150 |last=Patra |first=Benudhar |journal = Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=2008 |volume = 89|jstor = 41692117}}</ref> |
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*goldsmiths |
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*oilmen |
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*milkmen |
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*potters |
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*copper workers |
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*''tambulika'' (cultivators and sellers of [[betel]]) |
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*[[bell metal]] workers |
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*sellers of sugar |
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*''patakara'' (splitters or carpenters) |
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*perfumers |
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*weavers |
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*barbers |
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*craftsmen |
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*washermen |
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*workers in [[conch]] shells |
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*fishermen |
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===Legacy=== |
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The Sadhabas had high esteem in the society and are mentioned significantly in the folklores especially that of Ta'apoi and numerous literary works. Their voyages across the ocean is remembered and celebrated in the festival of [[Boita Bandana]] held on [[Kartik Purnima]] when they used to set sail for trade. The worship of Goddess Mangala as the prime deity of the Sadhabas and their families was important in seeking blessings for good luck, protection of ships, safe return and profitable business due to the fear of shipwrecks and insecurities and fear of unknown duration the long maritime voyages.<ref>{{citation |last=Sahoo|first=Supriya Subhadarsini|chapter-url=https://papers.iafor.org/submission36829/|chapter=Tapoi Katha: A Reconstruction of History through an Odia Folk Travel Narrative|title=ECAH2017 Conference Proceedings |date=2017|publisher=[[The International Academic Forum|IAFOR]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Merchants, Guilds and Trade in Ancient India: An Orissan Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692117 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |pages=146–147 |last=Patra |first=Benudhar |journal = Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=2008 |volume = 89|jstor = 41692117}}</ref> |
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==Post decline in maritime trade== |
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Maritime trade declined post the reign of [[Gajapati Empire]] and with the rising dominance of European naval powers in Asia, although minor contacts continued under the reign of [[Bhoi dynasty]] at Khurda.<ref>{{Cite book|author1-link=Anne Cheng|last1=Cheng |first1=Anne |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES'' |page=19 |publisher=Collège de France |date=2020 |isbn=9782722605367|language=en}}</ref> With the defeat of the Marathas in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=65–66}}</ref> and the resulting annexation of Odisha into the British Empire, ended whatever remained of the maritime trade links. |
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After the decline in maritime trade vis-a-vis the modern era, the descendants of the sadhabas returned to their mainstream professions due to changes in social, geopolitical and maritime world order. The title of Sahu, Sabata, Sahukar are likely to have originated from the word sadhaba and is found across Odia communities as the sadhabas were a group of merchants consisting of different communities from different professions.<ref name="Merchants" /><ref name="traditions" /> |
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==Notable people== |
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*[[Kaundinya I]] – A merchant trader who became the co-founder of the [[Funan]] kingdom(centered in modern [[Cambodia]]) after he married the local [[Nāga]] princess [[Queen Soma|Soma]] around 1st century CE. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Boita Bandana]] |
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* [[Bali Jatra]] |
* [[Bali Jatra]] |
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* [[Boita]] |
* [[Boita]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Greater India]] |
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* [[Maritime history of Odisha]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
* [http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India-Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments] |
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* [http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/maritime_traditions_of_orissa.pdf Maritime Traditions of Orissa] |
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* [http://www.oriyamusic.com/Celebration/Boita/ Boita Bandana] |
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[[Category:Maritime history of India]] |
[[Category:Maritime history of India]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Ancient peoples of India]] |
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[[Category:Cultural history of Odisha]] |
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[[Category:Marine occupations]] |
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Sadhabas (orSadhavas) (Odia: ସାଧବ sādhaba) were ancient mariners from the Kalinga region, which roughly corresponds to modern Odisha, India. They used ships called Boitas to travel to distant lands such as South-East Asia to carry out trade.[1][2][3][4]
The early hours of Kartik Purnima (the full moon day in October and November) was considered an auspicious occasion by the Sadhabas to begin their long voyages.[5] Coconuts, earthenware, sandalwood, cloth, lime, rice, spices, salt, cloves, pumpkins, silk sarees, betel leaves, betel nuts, elephants, precious and semi-precious stones were the main items of trade.[6] Even women went on voyages as well and were known as Sadhabanis (Odia: ସାଧବାଣୀ sādhabāṇī). Odia navigators were instrumental in spreading Buddhism and HinduisminEast and Southeast Asia. In addition, they disseminated knowledge of Indian architecture, epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Brahmic scripts writing system and Sanskrit loan words which are present in many Southeast Asian languages from different language families such as Khmer, Thai, Cham, Balinese etc.
Maritime trade declined only in the 16th century, with the decline of the Gajapati Empire.
During Silk Road and Maritime Silk Road trade era, two distinct types of trade in the subcontinent were controlled by merchant leaders such as shreshthis and sarthavahas. The shreshthis has their business in the towns and villages and fulfilled the need of the local region while the sarthavahas, also known as caravan leaders, travelled from place to place trading in both indigenous and foreign goods. They controlled both the import and export while also acting as whole-sellers and suppliers to the local shreshthis.[7]
In Kalinga, the merchants who carried on overseas trade were known as sadhabas. It is believed that the word had probably developed out of the word sadhu, which means honest men and with its association with byabasaya (business), thus came to be known as sādhavaḥ which meant honest businessmen (sadhu byabasayi). Other scholars argue that sadhaba originates from the word sarthavahas which was also used for the maritime traders in ancient India.[8]
The Sadhabas didn't form any particular caste but rather belonged to a class drawn from various castes. No particular community had the distinction of singularly involved in the process of overseas activities although the vaishyas did have significant association. The people responsible for rowing the boats were known as kandareasormajhis and were generally from lower castes but at later stage with largescale operations, people from higher castes also joined this activity. The titles of Mangaraja, Boitiala, Mahanayaka etc. also denotes entry of kshatriyas as helmsmen and captain of ships.[8]
The Eastern Ganga records refer to the following economic trade guilds:[9]
The Sadhabas had high esteem in the society and are mentioned significantly in the folklores especially that of Ta'apoi and numerous literary works. Their voyages across the ocean is remembered and celebrated in the festival of Boita Bandana held on Kartik Purnima when they used to set sail for trade. The worship of Goddess Mangala as the prime deity of the Sadhabas and their families was important in seeking blessings for good luck, protection of ships, safe return and profitable business due to the fear of shipwrecks and insecurities and fear of unknown duration the long maritime voyages.[10][11]
Maritime trade declined post the reign of Gajapati Empire and with the rising dominance of European naval powers in Asia, although minor contacts continued under the reign of Bhoi dynasty at Khurda.[12] With the defeat of the Marathas in the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1803[13] and the resulting annexation of Odisha into the British Empire, ended whatever remained of the maritime trade links.
After the decline in maritime trade vis-a-vis the modern era, the descendants of the sadhabas returned to their mainstream professions due to changes in social, geopolitical and maritime world order. The title of Sahu, Sabata, Sahukar are likely to have originated from the word sadhaba and is found across Odia communities as the sadhabas were a group of merchants consisting of different communities from different professions.[8][6]
