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{{about|the Romani-Scots based cant of Lowland Scotland’s Gypsy community |the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-based cant|Beurla Reagaird}} |
{{about|the Romani-Scots based cant of Lowland Scotland’s Gypsy community |the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-based cant|Beurla Reagaird}} |
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{{short description|Cant spoken in Scotland}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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| name = Scottish Cant |
| name = Scottish Cant |
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| states = [[United Kingdom]] |
| states = [[United Kingdom]] |
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| region = [[Scotland]] |
| region = [[Scotland]] |
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| speakers = |
| speakers = 460 in Scotland |
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| date = 2011 |
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| date = 1990?<ref>not clear if date applies to population in Scotland</ref> |
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| ref = |
| ref = e25 |
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| familycolor = Indo-European |
| familycolor = Indo-European |
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| fam2 = Mixed language |
| fam2 = Mixed language |
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| fam3 = |
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| fam3 = Primarily a mix of Romani and Scots |
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| fam4 = |
| fam4 = |
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| iso3 = trl |
| iso3 = trl |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Scottish Cant''' (often called '''Scots-Romani or Scotch-Romani''') is a [[cant (language)|cant]] spoken |
'''Scottish Cant''' (often called '''Scots-Romani or Scotch-Romani''') is a [[cant (language)|cant]] spoken by [[Scottish Travellers]] and [[Scottish Romani and Traveller groups|Scottish Lowland Roma]], primarily in the [[Scottish Lowlands]].<ref name = "Queen's">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) [[Queen's University Belfast]] {{ISBN|0-85389-832-4}}</ref> |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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It is uncertain whether Scottish Cant is the result of Scottish Lowland Romani Travellers transitioning from speaking Romani to speaking a mixed language ( |
It is uncertain whether Scottish Cant is the result of Scottish Lowland Romani Travellers transitioning from speaking Romani to speaking a mixed language (like what happened to Romanichal Travellers in England with [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]] and [[Norwegian and Swedish Travellers|Romanisæl Travellers]] in Sweden and Norway with [[Scandoromani]]), or whether it is the result of Romani in Lowland Scotland merging with an indigenous Lowland Traveller group. The large number of Scots-derived words and archaic Scots words within Scottish Cant vocabulary suggests that merging with another group, although it could just be that Lowland Scottish Travellers are fully Romani in their roots and they just picked up these words, similar to how Angloromani has picked up words such as {{lang|rme|ken}} and {{lang|rme|mort}} which are derived from [[English language|English]]. |
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Up to 50% of Scottish Cant originates from Romani-derived lexicon.<ref name="Economy 2002">Wilde 1889, cited in Not just lucky white heather and clothes pegs: putting European Gypsies and Traveller economic niches in context. In: Ethnicity and Economy:Race and class revisited. C. Clark (2002). Strathclyde University.</ref> This is because the Scottish Lowland Travellers come from traditionally itinerant groups of Romani heritage. |
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Lowland Scottish Travellers/Gypsies are not to be confused with indigenous Highland Travellers, |
Lowland Scottish Travellers/Gypsies are not to be confused with indigenous Highland Travellers, an entirely indigenous group of travelling people with their own distinct language. |
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Scottish Cant is considered |
Like Angloromani and Scandoromani, Scottish Cant is considered a [[Para-Romani]] language. |
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The [[Scottish Gaelic]] element in the dialects of Scottish Cant is put anywhere between 0.8% and 20%.<ref name="Queen's" /> |
The [[Scottish Gaelic]] element in the dialects of Scottish Cant is put anywhere between 0.8% and 20%.<ref name="Queen's" /> |
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==Use of archaic Scots== |
==Use of archaic Scots== |
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Scottish Cant uses numerous terms derived from Scots which are no longer current in [[Modern Scots]] as spoken by non-Travellers, such as |
Scottish Cant uses numerous terms derived from Scots which are no longer current in [[Modern Scots]] as spoken by non-Travellers, such as {{lang|trl|mowdit}} "buried", {{lang|trl|mools}} "earth", both from {{lang|und|muild(s)}}, and {{lang|und|gellie}}, from {{lang|und|gailey}} (galley), "a bothy".<ref name = "Queen's"/> |
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==Gaelic influences== |
==Gaelic influences== |
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Loans from Gaelic include words like:<ref name = "Queen's"/> |
Loans from Gaelic include words like:<ref name = "Queen's"/> |
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* |
*{{lang|trl|cluishes}} "ears" (Gaelic {{lang|und|cluasan}}or{{lang|und|cluais}}, a [[dative case|dative]] form of {{lang|und|cluas}} "ear") |
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* |
*{{lang|trl|shain}} "bad" (Gaelic {{lang|und|sean}} "old") |
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==Romani influences== |
==Romani influences== |
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The percentage of Romani lexical vocabulary is said to be up to 50% of the [[lexicon]]; some examples are:<ref name = "Queen's"/> |
The percentage of Romani lexical vocabulary is said to be up to 50% of the [[lexicon]]; some examples are:<ref name = "Queen's"/> |
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* |
*{{lang|trl|gadgie}} "man" (Romani {{lang|und|[[Gadjo (non-Romani)|gadžó]]}} "a non-Romani person") |
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* |
*{{lang|trl|pannie}} "water" (Romani {{lang|und|paní}}) |
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== Recordings == |
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[[Hamish Henderson]] and other folklorists recorded various conversations about the Scottish Cant language, with speakers including [[Lizzie Higgins]] and [[Jeannie Robertson]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/2323?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/40423?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/8075?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/110269?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/10285?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/38046?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/11576?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref> He also recorded [[Belle Stewart]] singing a version of "[[When the Boat Comes In (song)|Dance to Your Daddy]]" in both Cant and [[Scots language|Scots]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobar an Dualchais|url=https://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/track/93462?l=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Tobar an Dualchais|language=en}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Angloromani language]] |
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* [[Beurla Reagaird]] |
* [[Beurla Reagaird]] |
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* [[Shelta]] |
* [[Shelta]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Ireland]] |
[[Category:Languages of Ireland]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Scotland]] |
[[Category:Languages of Scotland]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Anglic languages]] |
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[[Category:Romani in Scotland]] |
[[Category:Romani in Scotland]] |
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[[Category:Mixed languages]] |
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[[Category:Cant languages]] |
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| Scottish Cant | |
|---|---|
| Scots-Romani | |
| Native to | United Kingdom |
| Region | Scotland |
Native speakers | 460 in Scotland (2011)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | trl |
| Glottolog | trav1235 |
Scottish Cant (often called Scots-Romani or Scotch-Romani) is a cant spoken by Scottish Travellers and Scottish Lowland Roma, primarily in the Scottish Lowlands.[2]
It is uncertain whether Scottish Cant is the result of Scottish Lowland Romani Travellers transitioning from speaking Romani to speaking a mixed language (like what happened to Romanichal Travellers in England with Angloromani and Romanisæl Travellers in Sweden and Norway with Scandoromani), or whether it is the result of Romani in Lowland Scotland merging with an indigenous Lowland Traveller group. The large number of Scots-derived words and archaic Scots words within Scottish Cant vocabulary suggests that merging with another group, although it could just be that Lowland Scottish Travellers are fully Romani in their roots and they just picked up these words, similar to how Angloromani has picked up words such as ken and mort which are derived from English.
Up to 50% of Scottish Cant originates from Romani-derived lexicon.[3] This is because the Scottish Lowland Travellers come from traditionally itinerant groups of Romani heritage.
Lowland Scottish Travellers/Gypsies are not to be confused with indigenous Highland Travellers, an entirely indigenous group of travelling people with their own distinct language.
Like Angloromani and Scandoromani, Scottish Cant is considered a Para-Romani language.
The Scottish Gaelic element in the dialects of Scottish Cant is put anywhere between 0.8% and 20%.[2]
Scottish Cant uses numerous terms derived from Scots which are no longer current in Modern Scots as spoken by non-Travellers, such as mowdit "buried", mools "earth", both from muild(s), and gellie, from gailey (galley), "a bothy".[2]
Loans from Gaelic include words like:[2]
The percentage of Romani lexical vocabulary is said to be up to 50% of the lexicon; some examples are:[2]
Hamish Henderson and other folklorists recorded various conversations about the Scottish Cant language, with speakers including Lizzie Higgins and Jeannie Robertson.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] He also recorded Belle Stewart singing a version of "Dance to Your Daddy" in both Cant and Scots.[11]
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