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{{short description|Political movement after the break up of former Yugoslavia}} |
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[[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the former state of [[Serbia and Montenegro]], also previously known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003.]] |
[[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the former state of [[Serbia and Montenegro]], also previously known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003.]] |
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[[Image:Proposed flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003).svg|thumb|right|2003 proposed flag for Serbia and Montenegro. It was designed as a mix of the colour shades of the red-navy blue-white tricolour flag of Serbia and the |
[[Image:Proposed flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003).svg|thumb|right|2003 proposed flag for Serbia and Montenegro. It was designed as a mix of the colour shades of the red-navy blue-white tricolour flag of Serbia and the 1994–2004 red-light blue-white tricolour flag of Montenegro. The proposal was scrapped after 2004 when Montenegro adopted its current flag that no longer had the tricolour.]] |
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[[File:Flag of Montenegro (1993-2004).svg|thumb|right|Former flag of Montenegro, used officially between 1994 and 2004.]] |
[[File:Flag of Montenegro (1993-2004).svg|thumb|right|Former flag of Montenegro, used officially between 1994 and 2004.]] |
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'''Serbian–Montenegrin unionism''' ({{Lang-sr|Српско-црногорски унионизам|Srpsko-crnogorski unionizam}}) is a political |
'''Serbian–Montenegrin unionism''' ({{Lang-sr|Српско-црногорски унионизам|Srpsko-crnogorski unionizam}}) is a political movement which arose after the break up of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|former Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Morrison|2009|pp=218}} It advocates [[Montenegro]] being in a [[political union]] with [[Serbia]].{{sfn|Morrison|2009|pp=218}} The [[Serbia-Montenegro relations|relationship]] between [[Serbs]] and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|ethnic Montenegrins]] is generally identified as being the most amicable of all the peoples of the former Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Roberts|2007|pp=37}} According toa 2011 national census, 178,110 Montenegrin citizens ethnically identify as Serb, with more than 4,000 identifying as "Serbian-Montenegrin" or "Montenegrin-Serbian".<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Office of Montenegro|url=https://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/PODACI%20OPSTINE/tabela%20O17.xls}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Brotherhood between the states of Montenegro and Serbia is long-standing. In [[Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)|19th century]], Montenegro and Serbia were officially [[Treaty of San Stefano|recognized]] as independent by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The two entities since shared all essential experiences; they fought as part of the [[Balkan League]] when it came to ending the Ottoman presence in [[Rumelia]] during the [[First Balkan War]], and they fought alongside each other against [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Germany]] during [[World War I]]. Plans for unification, having predated the independence of the countries{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}, were finally partially implemented after the war. The [[Podgorica Assembly]] (November 1918) concluded the decision to merge the [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] with the [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]], followed by the [[creation of Yugoslavia]]. The Montenegrin monarchy was thereby removed, and opposition to the annexation culminated in the [[Christmas Uprising]] (1919) in which a part the Montenegrin population demonstrated against the Serbian takeover. |
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When Yugoslavia was reformed after [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], Montenegro became a republic alongside a Serbian entity reduced in size. When in 1991 and 1992, the remaining outstanding Yugoslav republics voted for independence, Montenegro chose to continue a federation with Serbia as [[FR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ("Serbia and Montenegro" after 2003). After 1996, Montenegro – led by rebel and former pro-unionist [[Milo Đukanović]] – reversed its direction and began taking measures to distance itself internally from Serbia and discontinue its role within the federation. This sentiment, which grew popular among the Montenegrin nation, led to the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|2006 independence referendum]] which ended in a |
When Yugoslavia was reformed after [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], Montenegro became a republic alongside a Serbian entity reduced in size. When in 1991 and 1992, the remaining outstanding Yugoslav republics voted for independence, Montenegro chose to continue a federation with Serbia as [[FR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ("Serbia and Montenegro" after 2003). After 1996, Montenegro – led by rebel and former pro-unionist [[Milo Đukanović]] – reversed its direction and began taking measures to distance itself internally from Serbia and discontinue its role within the federation. This sentiment, which grew popular among the Montenegrin nation, led to the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|2006 independence referendum]] which ended in a majority vote for independence (55.5% of the vote, with the threshold for approval of independence setat a supermajority of 55%). |
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==Political parties in Montenegro that support unionism== |
==Political parties in Montenegro that support unionism== |
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'''Parliamentary parties:''' |
'''Parliamentary parties:''' |
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*[[New Serb Democracy]] (national conservative, 9 MPs) |
*[[New Serb Democracy]] (national conservative, 9 MPs) |
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*[[Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)|Democratic People's Party]] (populist, |
*[[Democratic People's Party (Montenegro)|Democratic People's Party]] (populist, 4 MPs) |
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*[[True Montenegro]] (factions, right-wing populist, 1 MP) |
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*[[United Montenegro]] (factions, conservative, 1 MP) |
*[[United Montenegro]] (factions, conservative, 1 MP) |
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*[[Workers' Party (Montenegro)|Workers' Party]] (factions, syncretic, 1 MP) |
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'''Non-parliamentary:''' |
'''Non-parliamentary:''' |
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*[[Free Montenegro (party)|Free Montenegro]] (right-wing populist) |
*[[Free Montenegro (party)|Free Montenegro]] (right-wing populist) |
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{{col-2}} |
{{col-2}} |
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'''Formerly:''' |
'''Formerly:''' |
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*[[Democratic Party of Socialists]] ( |
*[[Democratic Party of Socialists]] (1990–1997) |
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*[[Socialist People's Party of Montenegro|Socialist People's Party]] ( |
*[[Socialist People's Party of Montenegro|Socialist People's Party]] (1997–2006) |
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'''Defunct:''' |
'''Defunct:''' |
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*[[People's Party (Montenegro)|People's Party]] ( |
*[[People's Party (Montenegro)|People's Party]] (1990–1998, 2001–2017) |
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*[[Party of Serb Radicals]] ( |
*[[Party of Serb Radicals]] (1991–2020) |
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*[[Serb People's Party (Montenegro)|Serb People's Party]] ( |
*[[Serb People's Party (Montenegro)|Serb People's Party]] (1998–2009) |
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*[[Yugoslav Left|Yugoslav United Left in Montenegro]] ( |
*[[Yugoslav Left|Yugoslav United Left in Montenegro]] (1994–2001) |
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*[[People's Socialist Party of Montenegro|People's Socialist Party]] ( |
*[[People's Socialist Party of Montenegro|People's Socialist Party]] (2001–2009) |
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*[[Democratic Centre of Boka]] ( |
*[[Democratic Centre of Boka]] (2009–2014) |
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*[[Serb List (2012)|Serb List (Party)]] ( |
*[[Serb List (2012)|Serb List (Party)]] (2012–2020) |
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{{col-2}} |
{{col-2}} |
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{{col-end}} |
{{col-end}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro]] |
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⚫ | |||
*[[Serbian nationalism]] |
*[[Serbian nationalism]] |
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*[[Yugoslavism]] |
*[[Yugoslavism]] |
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*[[Yugo-nostalgia]] |
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⚫ | |||
==References== |
==References== |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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*{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Kenneth|title=Montenegro: A Modern History|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1845117108}} |
*{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Kenneth|title=Montenegro: A Modern History|year=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1845117108}} |
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*{{cite book|last= |
*{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Elizabeth|title=Realmofthe Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro|year=2007|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York, USA|isbn=978-0-8014-4601-6}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Elizabeth|title=Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro|year=2001|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, New York, USA|isbn=978-0-8014-4601-6}} |
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⚫ | *{{cite book|author=Srdja Pavlovic|title=Balkan Anschluss: The Annexation of Montenegro and the Creation of the Common South Slavic State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LPfuwer21EC|year=2008|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-465-1}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book|last=Motyl|first=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-227230-7}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Radoman Jovanović|title=Politički odnosi Crne Gore i Srbije 1860-1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aji5AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore}} |
*{{cite book|author=Radoman Jovanović|title=Politički odnosi Crne Gore i Srbije 1860-1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aji5AAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore}} |
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⚫ | *{{cite book|author=Srdja Pavlovic|title=Balkan Anschluss: The Annexation of Montenegro and the Creation of the Common South Slavic State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LPfuwer21EC|year=2008|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-465-1}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbian-Montenegrin unionism}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbian-Montenegrin unionism}} |
Serbian–Montenegrin unionism (Serbian: Српско-црногорски унионизам, romanized: Srpsko-crnogorski unionizam) is a political movement which arose after the break up of former Yugoslavia.[1] It advocates Montenegro being in a political union with Serbia.[1] The relationship between Serbs and ethnic Montenegrins is generally identified as being the most amicable of all the peoples of the former Yugoslavia.[2] According to a 2011 national census, 178,110 Montenegrin citizens ethnically identify as Serb, with more than 4,000 identifying as "Serbian-Montenegrin" or "Montenegrin-Serbian".[3]
Brotherhood between the states of Montenegro and Serbia is long-standing. In 19th century, Montenegro and Serbia were officially recognized as independent by the Ottoman Empire. The two entities since shared all essential experiences; they fought as part of the Balkan League when it came to ending the Ottoman presence in Rumelia during the First Balkan War, and they fought alongside each other against Austria-Hungary and Germany during World War I. Plans for unification, having predated the independence of the countries[citation needed], were finally partially implemented after the war. The Podgorica Assembly (November 1918) concluded the decision to merge the Montenegro with the Serbia, followed by the creation of Yugoslavia. The Montenegrin monarchy was thereby removed, and opposition to the annexation culminated in the Christmas Uprising (1919) in which a part the Montenegrin population demonstrated against the Serbian takeover.
When Yugoslavia was reformed after World War II, Montenegro became a republic alongside a Serbian entity reduced in size. When in 1991 and 1992, the remaining outstanding Yugoslav republics voted for independence, Montenegro chose to continue a federation with Serbia as Yugoslavia ("Serbia and Montenegro" after 2003). After 1996, Montenegro – led by rebel and former pro-unionist Milo Đukanović – reversed its direction and began taking measures to distance itself internally from Serbia and discontinue its role within the federation. This sentiment, which grew popular among the Montenegrin nation, led to the 2006 independence referendum which ended in a majority vote for independence (55.5% of the vote, with the threshold for approval of independence set at a supermajority of 55%).
Parliamentary parties:
Non-parliamentary:
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Formerly:
Defunct:
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