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{{Short description|Insurgent group in Myanmar}} |
{{Short description|Insurgent group in Myanmar}} |
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{{distinguish|text=the [[Shan State Army |
{{distinguish|text=the [[Shan State Army (RCSS)]]}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}} |
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}} |
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{{infobox war faction |
{{infobox war faction |
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|name = Shan State Army |
| name = Shan State Army (SSPP) |
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|native_name = ပႃႇတီႇမႂ်ႇသုင်ၸိုင်ႈတႆး – တပ်ႉသိုၵ်းၸိုင်ႈတႆး |
| native_name = ပႃႇတီႇမႂ်ႇသုင်ၸိုင်ႈတႆး – တပ်ႉသိုၵ်းၸိုင်ႈတႆး |
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|native_name_lang = my |
| native_name_lang = my |
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|war = the [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]] |
| war = the [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]] |
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|image = [[File:Flag of the Shan State Army-North.svg|200px]] |
| image = [[File:Flag of the Shan State Army-North.svg|200px]] |
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|caption = Flag of the Shan State Army |
| caption = Flag of the Shan State Army (SSPP) |
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|active= {{Start date|1971}}–present |
| active = {{Start date|1971}}–present |
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|leaders = |
| leaders = |
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|ideology = [[Shan nationalism]]<br>[[Federalism]] |
| ideology = [[Shan nationalism]]<br>[[Federalism]] |
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|clans = [[Shan State Progress Party]] |
| clans = [[Shan State Progress Party]] |
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|predecessor = |
| predecessor = |
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|successor = |
| successor = |
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|headquarters = Wan Hai, [[Kehsi Township]], [[Shan State]] |
| headquarters = Wan Hai, [[Kehsi Township]], [[Shan State]] |
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|area = [[Shan State]], [[Myanmar]] |
| area = [[Shan State]], [[Myanmar]] |
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|size = |
| size = 10,000+<ref name=MMPeaceMonitor>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/armed-ethnic-groups |title=Myanmar Peace Monitor |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508021630/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/armed-ethnic-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|allies = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Communist Party of Burma]] (1971–1991)<br />{{flagicon image|KNDF Flag.jpg}} [[Karenni Nationalities Defence Force]] (2024–present)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pa-O National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Pa-O National Liberation Army]] (2024–present)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Ta'ang National Liberation Army]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finney |first1=Richard |last2=Mar |first2=Khet |title=300 Myanmar Villagers Flee Township as Ethnic Armies Approach |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/villagers-08022018171037.html |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=Radio Free Asia |date=2 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803031645/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/villagers-08022018171037.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
| allies = {{Flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Communist Party of Burma]] (1971–1991)<br />{{flagicon image|KNDF Flag.jpg}} [[Karenni Nationalities Defence Force]] (2024–present)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pa-O National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Pa-O National Liberation Army]] (2024–present)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army.svg}} [[Ta'ang National Liberation Army]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finney |first1=Richard |last2=Mar |first2=Khet |title=300 Myanmar Villagers Flee Township as Ethnic Armies Approach |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/villagers-08022018171037.html |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=Radio Free Asia |date=2 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803031645/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/villagers-08022018171037.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|opponents = '''State opponents:''' |
| opponents = '''State opponents:''' |
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* {{flag|Myanmar}} |
* {{flag|Myanmar}} |
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** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defense (Myanmar).svg}} [[Tatmadaw]] |
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defense (Myanmar).svg}} [[Tatmadaw]] |
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| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
'''Non-state opponents:''' |
'''Non-state opponents:''' |
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* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pa-O National Organisation.svg|size=25px}} [[Pa-O National Army]] (2024–present) |
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pa-O National Organisation.svg|size=25px}} [[Pa-O National Army]] (2024–present) |
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* {{flagicon image|SSA-S.svg}} [[Shan State Army |
* {{flagicon image|SSA-S.svg}} [[Shan State Army (RCSS)]] (until 2023)<ref name=truce>{{cite web|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/rival-shan-armies-declare-truce-as-other-ethnic-armed-groups-gain-ground/|website=Myanmar Now |title=Rival Shan armies declare truce as other ethnic armed groups gain ground |date=30 November 2023 }}</ref> |
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|battles = [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]] |
| battles = [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]] |
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* [[Myanmar civil war (2021-present)]] |
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|website = |
| website = |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Shan State Army |
The '''Shan State Army''' ({{lang-my|ရှမ်းပြည်တပ်မတော် - မြောက်ပိုင်း}}; [[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''SSA''' or '''SSPP/SSA'''), also known as '''Shan State Army – North''' (SSA-N){{Efn|To distinguish it from the [[Shan State Army (RCSS)]] (SSA - South)}} or '''Shan State Army/Special Region 3''' (SSA/SR-3) is a [[Shan nationalist]] [[Insurgency|insurgent group]] in [[Myanmar]] (Burma). It is the armed wing of the '''Shan State Progress Party''' ('''SSPP''').<ref>[http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/167-ssa-n Shan State Progress Party/ Shan State Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812080009/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/167-ssa-n |date=12 August 2015 }}(ပႃႇတီႇမႂ်ႇသုင်ၸိုင်ႈတႆး/ တပ်ႉသိုၵ်းၸိုင်ႈတႆး ပွတ်းႁွင်ႇ)</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The [[Shan State Army]] was founded on 24 April 1964 and the Shan State Progress Party was founded in 1971 as the political wing of the SSA. In 1989, the SSPP signed a ceasefire in 1989 after negotiations with the [[State Peace and Development Council]] and was able to obtain a degree of autonomy for the areas under its control, establishing the ''Special Region 3'' of the Shan State. This area included Nam Kham, Langkho, Hsipaw, Kyauk Mae, Mong Hsu, Tang Yang, Mongyai, Kehsi and Lashio Township. The size of the armed group at that time was of about 4.000 fighters. Even after having signed a ceasefire, the [[Burmese military]] continued to attack the Shan State Army |
The [[Shan State Army]] was founded on 24 April 1964 and the Shan State Progress Party was founded in 1971 as the political wing of the SSA. In 1989, the SSPP signed a ceasefire in 1989 after negotiations with the [[State Peace and Development Council]] and was able to obtain a degree of autonomy for the areas under its control, establishing the ''Special Region 3'' of the Shan State. This area included Nam Kham, Langkho, Hsipaw, Kyauk Mae, Mong Hsu, Tang Yang, Mongyai, Kehsi and Lashio Township. The size of the armed group at that time was of about 4.000 fighters. Even after having signed a ceasefire, the [[Burmese military]] continued to attack the Shan State Army (SSPP) areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.burmapartnership.org/tag/shan-state-army-north/ |title=Elusive Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement Continues to Distract from Substantial Peace Talks |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509011827/http://www.burmapartnership.org/tag/shan-state-army-north/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Although the SSA |
Although the SSPP/SSA is more conciliatory towards the government than other armed Shan separatist groups, in 2005 it abandoned its base rather than disarm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5169 |title=Uncertainty Reigns in Shan State |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912093415/http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5169 |url-status=live }}</ref> At one point the Burmese government wished the Shan State Army (SSPP) to join its border guard force. Two of the three brigades reportedly agreed to join the border guard, while the other refused. |
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===Renewed hostilities=== |
===Renewed hostilities=== |
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In 2014 the group has clashed with the Burmese army in Kehsi Mansam Township, home to the SSA |
In 2014 the group has clashed with the Burmese army in Kehsi Mansam Township, home to the SSPP/SSA Wanhai headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dvb.no/news/shan-state-army-north-and-govt-discuss-troop-clashes-burma-myanmar/42154 |title=Shan State Army – North and govt discuss troop clashes |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114245/https://www.dvb.no/news/shan-state-army-north-and-govt-discuss-troop-clashes-burma-myanmar/42154 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Beginning on 6 October 2015 a large scale offensive by the [[Tatmadaw]] comprising 20 Burma Army battalions has been launched in central Shan State. The aim of the military is to seize Shan ceasefire territories in [[Kehsi Township|Kehsi]], [[Mong Nawng]], [[Mong Hsu Township|Mong Hsu]] and [[Tangyan Township|Tangyan]] townships, using heavy artillery and with fighter jet and helicopter gunship air support to indiscriminately shell and bomb civilian areas. These attacks have displaced thousands of [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Palaung people|Palaung]], [[Lisu people|Lisu]] and [[Lahu people]] causing a new humanitarian crisis.<ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/741396/govt-invasion-of-shan-state-mocks-ceasefire-pact Govt invasion of Shan state mocks ceasefire pact- Bangkok Post]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shanhumanrights.org/index.php/news-updates/233-naypyidaw-must-immediately-stop-its-attacks-in-central-shan-state-and-let-communities-return-home |title=Attacks in central Shan State |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428065643/http://www.shanhumanrights.org/index.php/news-updates/233-naypyidaw-must-immediately-stop-its-attacks-in-central-shan-state-and-let-communities-return-home |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Beginning on 6 October 2015 a large scale offensive by the [[Tatmadaw]] comprising 20 Burma Army battalions has been launched in central Shan State. The aim of the military is to seize Shan ceasefire territories in [[Kehsi Township|Kehsi]], [[Mong Nawng]], [[Mong Hsu Township|Mong Hsu]] and [[Tangyan Township|Tangyan]] townships, using heavy artillery and with fighter jet and helicopter gunship air support to indiscriminately shell and bomb civilian areas. These attacks have displaced thousands of [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Palaung people|Palaung]], [[Lisu people|Lisu]] and [[Lahu people]] causing a new humanitarian crisis.<ref>[http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/741396/govt-invasion-of-shan-state-mocks-ceasefire-pact Govt invasion of Shan state mocks ceasefire pact- Bangkok Post]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shanhumanrights.org/index.php/news-updates/233-naypyidaw-must-immediately-stop-its-attacks-in-central-shan-state-and-let-communities-return-home |title=Attacks in central Shan State |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428065643/http://www.shanhumanrights.org/index.php/news-updates/233-naypyidaw-must-immediately-stop-its-attacks-in-central-shan-state-and-let-communities-return-home |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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===2021–2024 Myanmar Civil War=== |
===2021–2024 Myanmar Civil War=== |
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On 30 November 2023, SSA |
On 30 November 2023, SSPP/SSA declared a truce with [[Shan State Army (RCSS)]], with the SSPP/SSA stating that they intended to unite in the future.<ref name=truce>{{cite web|url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/rival-shan-armies-declare-truce-as-other-ethnic-armed-groups-gain-ground/|website=Myanmar Now |title=Rival Shan armies declare truce as other ethnic armed groups gain ground |date=30 November 2023 }}</ref> |
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On 3 May, the Vice-[[Chairperson]] of the [[Shan State Progress Party]] announced that it and it's armed forces, the Shan State Army, would join revolutionary forces, and that a political solution to the conflict was "impossible". Later, on 5 May, the vice-chairperson retracted his statement, stating the decision to declare war on the junta was not made.<ref>{{cite news |title=SSPP NOT ENTERING CIVIL WAR FRAY: Saber-rattling or lost in translation |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/sspp-not-entering-civil-war-fray-saber-rattling-or-lost-translation |work=Shan Herald Agency for News |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> |
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On 20 February 2024, the [[Shan State Progressive Party]] (SSPP) announced that it and its armed forces will join forces with the anti-junta resistance forces, shifting from its formerly neutral stance towards the military coup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Yangon Khit Thit News |date=2024-02-23 |title=အာဏာရှင်စနစ်ကျဆုံးရေး၊ ဖက်ဒရယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီပြည်ထောင်စု ပေါ်ထွန်း လာရေး တိုက်ပွဲဝင်နေဟု SSPP/SSA ကြေညာ၊ တော်လှန်လိုသော ပြည်သူများကို ကြိုဆိုလက်ခံမည်ဟု ဖိတ်ခေါ် |url=https://yktnews.com/2024/02/147102/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Khit Thit Media |language=en-US}}</ref> Three days later, SSPP and allied troops captured a military base between [[Hopong]] and [[Mong Pan Township|Mong Pan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agency |first=Yangon Khit Thit News |date=2024-02-23 |title=ဟိုပုံးမြိုနှင့် မိုင်းပွန်မြို အကြားရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ လွယ်ဝိုးတုတ်စခန်းကို SSPP နှင့်မဟာမိတ်တပ်များ သိမ်းပိုက် |url=https://yktnews.com/2024/02/147203/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Khit Thit Media |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==Organisation== |
==Organisation== |
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The SSA |
The SSPP/SSA originally had three brigades: the 1st, 3rd, and 7th brigades,<ref>[http://www.shanland.org/politics/2005/One_ceasefire_commander_has_had_enough_of_it.htm/?searchterm=ssna Shan Herald] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204151713/http://www.shanland.org/politics/2005/One_ceasefire_commander_has_had_enough_of_it.htm/?searchterm=ssna |date=4 December 2014 }}</ref> but two brigades, the 3rd and 7th, surrendered in 2009. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Internal conflict in Burma]] |
* [[Internal conflict in Burma]] |
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* [[Shan people]] |
* [[Shan people]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Notelist|30em}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RI5CdPZP_kY 2011.05.21 Shan State Army North & South join forces against Burma Army] |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RI5CdPZP_kY 2011.05.21 Shan State Army North & South join forces against Burma Army] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200503020617/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RI5CdPZP_kY|date=May 3, 2020}} |
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* [http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=86&layout=blog&Itemid=284 SSA – North loses Mongsu camp to Burma Army] |
* [http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=86&layout=blog&Itemid=284 SSA – North loses Mongsu camp to Burma Army] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140629035044/http://www.english.panglong.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5853:ssa-north-loses-mongsu-camp-to-burma-army&catid=86:war&Itemid=284|date=June 29, 2014}} |
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* [http://www.shanland.org/ Shanland] |
* [http://www.shanland.org/ Shanland] |
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| Shan State Army (SSPP) | |
|---|---|
| ပႃႇတီႇမႂ်ႇသုင်ၸိုင်ႈတႆး – တပ်ႉသိုၵ်းၸိုင်ႈတႆး | |
Flag of the Shan State Army (SSPP)
| |
| Dates of operation | 1971 (1971)–present |
| Group(s) | Shan State Progress Party |
| Headquarters | Wan Hai, Kehsi Township, Shan State |
| Active regions | Shan State, Myanmar |
| Ideology | Shan nationalism Federalism |
| Size | 10,000+[1] |
| Allies |  Communist Party of Burma (1971–1991) Karenni Nationalities Defence Force (2024–present) Pa-O National Liberation Army (2024–present) Ta'ang National Liberation Army[2] |
| Opponents | State opponents:
Non-state opponents:
|
| Battles and wars | Internal conflict in Myanmar |
The Shan State Army (Burmese: ရှမ်းပြည်တပ်မတော် - မြောက်ပိုင်း; abbreviated SSAorSSPP/SSA), also known as Shan State Army – North (SSA-N)[a]orShan State Army/Special Region 3 (SSA/SR-3) is a Shan nationalist insurgent groupinMyanmar (Burma). It is the armed wing of the Shan State Progress Party (SSPP).[4]
The Shan State Army was founded on 24 April 1964 and the Shan State Progress Party was founded in 1971 as the political wing of the SSA. In 1989, the SSPP signed a ceasefire in 1989 after negotiations with the State Peace and Development Council and was able to obtain a degree of autonomy for the areas under its control, establishing the Special Region 3 of the Shan State. This area included Nam Kham, Langkho, Hsipaw, Kyauk Mae, Mong Hsu, Tang Yang, Mongyai, Kehsi and Lashio Township. The size of the armed group at that time was of about 4.000 fighters. Even after having signed a ceasefire, the Burmese military continued to attack the Shan State Army (SSPP) areas.[5]
Although the SSPP/SSA is more conciliatory towards the government than other armed Shan separatist groups, in 2005 it abandoned its base rather than disarm.[6] At one point the Burmese government wished the Shan State Army (SSPP) to join its border guard force. Two of the three brigades reportedly agreed to join the border guard, while the other refused.
In 2014 the group has clashed with the Burmese army in Kehsi Mansam Township, home to the SSPP/SSA Wanhai headquarters.[7]
Beginning on 6 October 2015 a large scale offensive by the Tatmadaw comprising 20 Burma Army battalions has been launched in central Shan State. The aim of the military is to seize Shan ceasefire territories in Kehsi, Mong Nawng, Mong Hsu and Tangyan townships, using heavy artillery and with fighter jet and helicopter gunship air support to indiscriminately shell and bomb civilian areas. These attacks have displaced thousands of Shan, Palaung, Lisu and Lahu people causing a new humanitarian crisis.[8][9]
On 30 November 2023, SSPP/SSA declared a truce with Shan State Army (RCSS), with the SSPP/SSA stating that they intended to unite in the future.[3]
On 3 May, the Vice-Chairperson of the Shan State Progress Party announced that it and it's armed forces, the Shan State Army, would join revolutionary forces, and that a political solution to the conflict was "impossible". Later, on 5 May, the vice-chairperson retracted his statement, stating the decision to declare war on the junta was not made.[10]
The SSPP/SSA originally had three brigades: the 1st, 3rd, and 7th brigades,[11] but two brigades, the 3rd and 7th, surrendered in 2009.
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| Coalitions |
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| Armed conflicts |
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| Peace process |
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