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{{Short description|Species of crustacean}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = ''Pacifastacus leniusculus''
|image = Signal crayfish female Pacifastacus leniusculus.JPG
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|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
|
▲|genus = ''[[Pacifastacus]]''
▲|species = '''''P. leniusculus'''''
|binomial = ''Pacifastacus leniusculus''▼
▲|binomial_authority = ([[James Dwight Dana|Dana]], 1852)<ref>{{ITIS|taxon=''Pacifastacus leniusculus'' (Dana, 1852) |id=97326|accessdate=December 18, 2019}}</ref>
}}
The '''signal crayfish''' ('''''Pacifastacus leniusculus''''') is a [[North America]]n species of [[crayfish]]. It was introduced to Europe in the 1960s to supplement the North European ''[[Astacus astacus]]'' fisheries, which were being damaged by [[crayfish plague]], but the imports turned out to be a carrier of that disease. The signal crayfish is now considered an [[invasive species]] across Europe, Japan, and California, ousting native species there.
==Description and ecology==
[[File:Kräftklo-1.jpg|thumb|left|A white oval patch at the joint of the fingers of the claw distinguishes this species.]]
Members of this species are typically {{convert|6|-|9|cm|abbr=on}} long, although sizes up to {{convert|16|-|20
The [[Biological life cycle|lifecycle]] of the signal crayfish is typical for the family [[Astacidae]]. Around 200–400 [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid after mating in the autumn, and are carried under the female's tail until they are ready to hatch the following spring.<ref name="Nobanis"/> The eggs hatch into [[juvenile (organism)|juveniles]], which pass through three stages (two [[ecdysis|moults]]) before leaving their mother. [[Sexual maturity]] is reached after
The signal crayfish is an [[omnivore]], with most of its dietary intake being [[detritus]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Carin A. Bondar|author2=K. Bottriell|author3=K. Zeron|author4=John S. Richardson|year=2005|title=Does trophic position of the omnivorous signal crayfish (''Pacifastacus leniusculus'') in a stream food web vary with life history stage or density? |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences]]|volume=62|issue=11|pages=2632–2639|doi=10.1139/F05-167}}</ref>
==Native range==
The signal crayfish is native to [[North America]] west of the [[Rocky Mountains]], including the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]], and the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], and [[Idaho]].<ref name="Fetzner">{{cite web|author=James W. Fetzner Jr.|date=January 14, 2008|title=''Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus leniusculus'' (Dana, 1852). Signal crayfish |work=Crayfish Taxon Browser|publisher=[[Carnegie Museum of Natural History]]|
==Introduction into Europe==
[[File:Pacifastacus leniusculus 01 by-dpc.jpg|thumb|left|A signal crayfish in Spain]]
From 1907, [[crayfish plague]], an infectious disease caused by the [[water mould]] ''
The signal crayfish is now the most widespread alien crayfish in Europe, occurring in 25 countries, from [[Finland]] to [[Great Britain]] and from [[Spain]] to [[Greece]].<ref name="Nobanis"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Silva, S.|author2=Outón, P.|author3=Nachón, D. J.|author4=Gómez-Sande, P.|author5=Sánchez-Hernández, J.|author6=Vieira-Lanero, R.|author7=Cobo, F.|year=2017|title=New data on the introduction of the invasive signal crayfish ''Pacifastacus leniusculus'' (Dana, 1852) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and ectosymbiont branchiobdellidans (Annelida, Clitellata) in NW Iberian Peninsula|journal=Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía)|volume=24|pages=
▲The signal crayfish is now the most widespread alien crayfish in Europe, occurring in 25 countries, from [[Finland]] to [[Great Britain]] and from [[Spain]] to [[Greece]].<ref name="Nobanis"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Silva, S.|author2=Outón, P.|author3=Nachón, D. J.|author4=Gómez-Sande, P.|author5=Sánchez-Hernández, J.|author6=Vieira-Lanero, R.|author7=Cobo, F.|year=2017|title=New data on the introduction of the invasive signal crayfish ''Pacifastacus leniusculus'' (Dana, 1852) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and ectosymbiont branchiobdellidans (Annelida, Clitellata) in NW Iberian Peninsula|journal=Nova Acta Científica Compostelana (Bioloxía)|volume=24|pages=63-68|issn=2340-0021|url=http://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/nacc/article/view/3970/4199}}</ref> It was first introduced to Great Britain in 1976, and is now widespread across the British mainland as far north as the [[Moray Firth]]. It has also been observed on the [[Isle of Man]], but not in [[Ireland]].<ref name="Summer"/> Ireland is the last European country having no alien crayfish.
In both Sweden and Finland (where crayfish are eaten), the catch of signal crayfish exceeds that of
In Europe, the signal crayfish is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN}}</ref> The signal crayfish is often considered a nuisance species amongst anglers in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-14|title=Avoiding Crayfish Carp Fishing - Beat the Crayfish!|url=https://carpsquad.com/avoiding-crayfish-carp-fishing/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Carp Squad|language=en-US}}</ref>
Multiple studies have been published to find out how the damage caused by the settlement — and subsequent overpopulation — of invasive signal crayfish in Europe can be mitigated, including studies regarding effective upstream barriers against signal crayfish that don’t negatively impact the migration of fish,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frings |first1=Roy M. |last2=Vaeßen |first2=Susanne C. K. |last3=Groß |first3=Harald |last4=Roger |first4=Sebastian |last5=Schüttrumpf |first5=Holger |last6=Hollert |first6=Henner |date=2013-03-01 |title=A fish-passable barrier to stop the invasion of non-indigenous crayfish |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712005125 |journal=Biological Conservation |language=en |volume=159 |pages=521–529 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.014 |issn=0006-3207}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> as well as other, aggressive but more efficient approaches which may harm an existing ecosystem further, such as eradication (by means of drainage or destruction of waterways, and [[biocide]]s) and suppression (by means of extensive trapping, electrocution of waterways, and introduction of predatory fish), with eradication being most successful.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Raphael |first1=Krieg |last2=Alex |first2=King |last3=Armin |first3=Zenker |date=2020 |title=Measures to Control Invasive Crayfish Species in Switzerland: A Success Story? |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=8 |language=English |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2020.609129 |issn=2296-665X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==References==▼
{{Reflist}}▼
==External links==
{{Portal|Crustaceans}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/58 |title=Invasion of the Plague Carriers |format=[[RealVideo]] |publisher=The Vega Science Trust |year=2002}}
*{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/south_of_scotland/7564004.stm |title='Kill crayfish on sight' appeal |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date =August 15, 2008}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.crayfish.org.uk/ |title=UK Crayfish Website |publisher=Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust}}
▲==References==
▲{{Reflist}}
{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q693000}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Astacidae]]
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Pacifastacus leniusculus | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Decapoda |
Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
Family: | Astacidae |
Genus: | Pacifastacus |
Species: |
P. leniusculus
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Binomial name | |
Pacifastacus leniusculus |
The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a North American species of crayfish. It was introduced to Europe in the 1960s to supplement the North European Astacus astacus fisheries, which were being damaged by crayfish plague, but the imports turned out to be a carrier of that disease. The signal crayfish is now considered an invasive species across Europe, Japan, and California, ousting native species there.
Members of this species are typically 6–9 cm (2.4–3.5 in) long, although sizes up to 16–20 cm (6.3–7.9 in) are possible.[3] They are bluish-brown to reddish-brown in colour, with robust, large, smooth claws. They have a white to pale blue-green patch near the claw hinge,[4] like the white flags that signalmen used for directing trains—hence the name.
The lifecycle of the signal crayfish is typical for the family Astacidae. Around 200–400 eggs are laid after mating in the autumn, and are carried under the female's tail until they are ready to hatch the following spring.[3] The eggs hatch into juveniles, which pass through three stages (two moults) before leaving their mother. Sexual maturity is reached after 2–3 years, and the lifespan can be up to 20 years.[3]
The signal crayfish is an omnivore, with most of its dietary intake being detritus.[5]
The signal crayfish is native to North America west of the Rocky Mountains, including the Canadian provinceofBritish Columbia, and the U.S. statesofWashington, Oregon, and Idaho.[6] It was introduced to California in 1912 into the San Lorenzo River watershed and from there rapidly spread throughout the state.[7] The only native crayfish remaining in California (aside from Pacifastacus leniusculus klamathensis, a subspecies of signal crayfish believed to be native to the Klamath River in Northern California) is the Shasta crayfish, of Shasta County, California (Pacifastacus fortis), where efforts are being made to create a barrier to signal crayfish invasion.[8] Within North America, it has also been introduced to Nevada, and the populations in Utah may be the result of introductions.[6] It has also been found in Alaska, specifically Kodiak Island, in the Buskin River and Buskin Lake. It is listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List.[1]
From 1907, crayfish plague, an infectious disease caused by the water mould Aphanomyces astaci, damaged stocks of the native European crayfish Astacus astacus. Since the signal crayfish occupied a similar ecological niche in its native range, it was imported in the 1960s to Sweden and Finland to allow recreational and commercial crayfish capture.[3] At the time, the signal crayfish was not recognized as a carrier of the crayfish plague.[3] All American species carry the infection, but it is only lethal to individuals that are already stressed; to European species, the infection is rapidly fatal.[9] The signal crayfish is now the most widespread alien crayfish in Europe, occurring in 25 countries, from FinlandtoGreat Britain and from SpaintoGreece.[3][10] It was first introduced to Great Britain in 1976,[11][12] and is now widespread across the British mainland as far north as the Moray Firth. It has also been observed on the Isle of Man, but not in Ireland,[9] the last European country to have no alien crayfish.
In both Sweden and Finland (where crayfish are eaten), the catch of signal crayfish exceeds that of A. astacus (European/noble crayfish). The former is sold at roughly half the price compared to the latter.[13]
In Europe, the signal crayfish is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[14] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[15] The signal crayfish is often considered a nuisance species amongst anglers in Europe.[16]
Multiple studies have been published to find out how the damage caused by the settlement — and subsequent overpopulation — of invasive signal crayfish in Europe can be mitigated, including studies regarding effective upstream barriers against signal crayfish that don’t negatively impact the migration of fish,[17][18] as well as other, aggressive but more efficient approaches which may harm an existing ecosystem further, such as eradication (by means of drainage or destruction of waterways, and biocides) and suppression (by means of extensive trapping, electrocution of waterways, and introduction of predatory fish), with eradication being most successful.[18]
Pacifastacus leniusculus |
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Astacus leniusculus |
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Authority control databases: National ![]() |
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