|
|
|
||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
[[Image:MacArthur and Kinkaid.jpg|210px|thumb|Allied naval forces commander SWPA, Vice Admiral [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]] (center left) with MacArthur (center) on February 28, 1944 on [[USS Phoenix (CL-46)|USS ''Phoenix'']] during the bomardment of [[Los Negros Island]], at the commencement of the [[Admiralty Islands campaign]].]] |
[[Image:MacArthur and Kinkaid.jpg|210px|thumb|Allied naval forces commander SWPA, Vice Admiral [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]] (center left) with MacArthur (center) on February 28, 1944 on [[USS Phoenix (CL-46)|USS ''Phoenix'']] during the bomardment of [[Los Negros Island]], at the commencement of the [[Admiralty Islands campaign]].]] |
||
Vice Admiral [[Herbert F. Leary]], was appointed Commander, Allied Naval Forces. Leary was succeeded by Vice Admiral [[Arthur S. Carpender]], who also became commander of the [[U.S. 7th Fleet]] when it was formed on March 15, 1943. They were junior in rank to both the Australian Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS), Admiral Sir [[Guy Royle]], and the Dutch naval commander, Vice Admiral [[Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich]]. However, Royle agreed to serve under the Allied Naval Forces as commander of the Southwest Pacific Sea Frontier (Australian coastal waters). MacArthur was not the superior of his U.S. Navy commanders—they were answerable to Admiral [[Ernest King]], the Commander in Chief, [[United States Fleet]], and MacArthur was embarrassed when the [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]] replaced |
Vice Admiral [[Herbert F. Leary]], was appointed Commander, Allied Naval Forces. Leary was succeeded by Vice Admiral [[Arthur S. Carpender]], who also became commander of the [[U.S. 7th Fleet]] when it was formed on March 15, 1943. They were junior in rank to both the Australian Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS), Admiral Sir [[Guy Royle]], and the Dutch naval commander, Vice Admiral [[Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich]]. However, Royle agreed to serve under the Allied Naval Forces as commander of the Southwest Pacific Sea Frontier (Australian coastal waters). MacArthur was not the superior of his U.S. Navy commanders—they were answerable to Admiral [[Ernest King]], the Commander in Chief, [[United States Fleet]], and MacArthur was embarrassed when the [[United States Department of the Navy|Navy Department]] replaced Carpender with Vice Admiral [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]] without informing him or consulting the Australian government. |
||
In early 1944, MacArthur declined a suggestion, from Australian leaders, that the Australian I Corps be used in the forthcoming [[Philippines campaign, 1944-45|campaign to re-take the Philippines]], in its own area of responsibility. MacArthur suggested instead that one Australian division be used, but this was not accepted. |
In early 1944, MacArthur declined a suggestion, from Australian leaders, that the Australian I Corps be used in the forthcoming [[Philippines campaign, 1944-45|campaign to re-take the Philippines]], in its own area of responsibility. MacArthur suggested instead that one Australian division be used, but this was not accepted. |
||
South West Pacific Area (SWPA) was the name given to the Allied supreme military command in the South West Pacific Theatre of World War II. It was one of four major Allied commands in the Pacific theatresofWorld War II, during 1942–45. SWPA included the Philippines, Borneo, the Dutch East Indies (excluding Sumatra), Australia, the Territory of New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago), the western part of the Solomon Islands and some neighbouring territories. The supreme commander, General Douglas MacArthur, was in charge of primarily United States and Australian forces. Dutch, Filipino, British and other Allied forces also served in the SWPA.
The name "South West Pacific Area" appears to have originated in British military circles in 1941, purely in reference to British forces under the short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA). The rapid Japanese advance through the Dutch East Indies effectively divided the "ABDA Area" in two, and in late February 1942, ABDA was wound up at the recommendation of its commander, the British General Archibald Wavell, who—as Commander in Chief in India—retained responsibility for Allied operations in Burma and Sumatra (which fell to the Japanese on 28 March 1942), and against Japanese held Singapore, Malaya and Thailand.
On March 24, 1942, the newly-formed British-US Combined Chiefs of Staff issued a directive designating the Pacific theater an area of American strategic responsibility. Six days later the US Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) divided the Pacific theater into three areas: the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), and the South East Asia Command. Therefore most of the Pacific Ocean and its islands fell under a separate Allied command, Pacific Ocean Areas, headed by US Admiral Chester Nimitz.
The Allied commander in the Philippines, General Douglas MacArthur was elevated to the post of Supreme Commander Southwest Pacific Area, although he preferred to use the more conventional title of Commander in Chief (CinC). As the Japanese surrounded US and Filipino forces in the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to leave his headquarters on Corregidor, and to relocate to Melbourne, Australia.
On April 17, the Australian government, led by Prime Minister John Curtin, directed Australian personnel to treat orders from MacArthur as equivalent its own. In fact, for most of 1942 and 1943, MacArthur commanded more Australian than U.S. personnel. He also commanded some Dutch forces which had retreated to Australia. Some British, New Zealand and other national forces also came under MacArthur's command.
One result of the division of the Pacific theatre into two separate Allied/U.S. commands was that each competed for scarce resources in an economy-of-force theater, and each was headed by a commander in chief (CinC) from a different service. In particular, the division of the Solomon Islands caused problems, since the battles of the Solomon Islands campaign in 1942–1943 ranged over the whole region, with the main Japanese bases in SWPA and the main Allied bases in POA.
Although MacArthur had been ordered by Roosevelt to appoint as many Australian and Dutch officers to senior positions as possible, most of his immediate staff was made up of US Army officers who had served under him in the Philippines. In July, MacArthur moved his general headquarters (GHQ) north, to Brisbane, Australia. GHQ subsequently moved to Hollandia in August 1944, Leyte in October 1944, and Manila in April 1945.
The Australian Army CinC, General Sir Thomas Blamey, was appointed Commander, Allied Land Forces. In practice, however, MacArthur preferred to control land operations himself, through "task forces", the most important of which were New Guinea Force, formed in 1942, and Alamo Force, formed in 1943, around which was built the U.S. Sixth Army. On the arrival of this formation in SWPA in February 1943, MacArthur revived U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) as an administrative command. The result was that Blamey did not command of the vast majority of U.S. land forces in the theatre after that time, although his post was not abolished.
Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary, was appointed Commander, Allied Naval Forces. Leary was succeeded by Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender, who also became commander of the U.S. 7th Fleet when it was formed on March 15, 1943. They were junior in rank to both the Australian Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS), Admiral Sir Guy Royle, and the Dutch naval commander, Vice Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich. However, Royle agreed to serve under the Allied Naval Forces as commander of the Southwest Pacific Sea Frontier (Australian coastal waters). MacArthur was not the superior of his U.S. Navy commanders—they were answerable to Admiral Ernest King, the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, and MacArthur was embarrassed when the Navy Department replaced Carpender with Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid without informing him or consulting the Australian government.
In early 1944, MacArthur declined a suggestion, from Australian leaders, that the Australian I Corps be used in the forthcoming campaign to re-take the Philippines, in its own area of responsibility. MacArthur suggested instead that one Australian division be used, but this was not accepted.
In September 1944, MacArthur discarded the task force concept for the land forces, and assumed direct control of the U.S. Sixth Army, U.S. Eighth Army, Australian First Army, Australian I Corps and U.S. XIV Corps.
Lieutenant General George Kenney commanded the Allied Air Forces. Initially, he combined this with command of the U.S. Fifth Air Force. When the U.S. Thirteenth Air Force was transferred from the South Pacific Area in 1944, he created the U.S. Far East Air Force to control them both. Kenney consolidated Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) units under his command into the RAAF Command under Air Vice Marshal William Bostock. The RAAF Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, was outside Kenney's command. A controversy erupted in May 1943 when Jones removed all RAAF air transport units from Kenney's control. An appeal from MacArthur to Prime Minister Curtin failed to get them back and the result was that Jones, Royle and Blamey were ordered to provide GHQ with detailed lists of units assigned to SWPA, which in the case of the land forces, had often been ambiguous.
Forces from the SWPA were to have made up a significant proportion of the Allied units set aside for the proposed invasion of Japan, scheduled to take place from November 1945.
Ranks cited are those on assumption of each position.
General Douglas MacArthur, Philippine Army/U.S. Army, Supreme Commander (1942–45)
Australian Army officers, except where stated.
United States Army Air Forces officers, except where stated.
U.S. Fifth Air Force
U.S. Far East Air Force
Philippines area and southern islands of Japan.
Lieutenant General George Kenney
Major General Ennis Whitehead
Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon (1944)
Major General St. Clair Streett (1944–45)
Major General Paul Wurtsmith (1945)
Major General Thomas D. White
RAAF Command
Allied operations in Australia, Dutch East Indies and the Territory of New Guinea.
Air Vice Marshal William Bostock
U.S. Navy officers, except where stated.
Southwest Pacific Sea Frontier
