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==Notable individuals buried in space== |
== Notable individuals buried in space == |
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⚫ | [[file:Doohan James NASA 19670413.jpg|right|thumb|James Doohan (left) visiting NASA's [[Dryden Flight Research Center]] with pilot [[Bruce Peterson]] April 13, 1967 in front of the [[Northrop M2-F2]].]] |
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⚫ | *[[Gerard K. O'Neill]] (1927–1992), space physicist.<ref name="CelestisFoundersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisGeraldKONeil">{{cite web |title=Gerald K. O'Neil – Participant on board ''The Founders Flight'' |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/oneil.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315015024/http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/oneil.asp |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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* [[Gene Roddenberry]] (1921–1991), creator of ''[[Star Trek]]''.<ref name="CelestisFoundersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisGeneRoddenberry">{{cite web |title=Gene Roddenberry & Majel Roddenberry |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/roddenberry.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * [[Gerard K. O'Neill]] (1927–1992), space physicist.<ref name="CelestisFoundersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisGeraldKONeil">{{cite web |title=Gerald K. O'Neil – Participant on board ''The Founders Flight'' |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/oneil.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315015024/http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/oneil.asp |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * [[Krafft Arnold Ehricke|Krafft Ehricke]] (1917–1984), rocket scientist.<ref name="CelestisFoundersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisKraftEhricke">{{cite web |title=Krafft A. Ehricke |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/ehricke.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * [[Timothy Leary]] (1920–1996), American writer, psychologist, [[psychedelic drugs|psychedelic drug]] advocate and [[Harvard University]] professor.<ref name="CelestisFoundersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisTimothyLeary">{{cite web |title=Timothy Francis Leary |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/founders/leary.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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[[File:Gordon Cooper.jpg|180px|thumb|L. Gordon Cooper]] |
[[File:Gordon Cooper.jpg|180px|thumb|L. Gordon Cooper]] |
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*[[James Doohan]] (1920– 2005), actor best known for his portrayal of [[Montgomery Scott|Scotty]] in the television and film series ''[[Star Trek]]''.<ref name="CelestisNewFrontierFlight"/><ref name="CelestisJamesDoohanExplorersFlight">{{cite web |title=James Doohan |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/newfrontier/doohan.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> Celestis also launched him into space in 2007<ref name="CelestisJamesDoohanLegacyFlight">{{cite web |title=Tribute to Jimmy |url=https://www.celestis.com/blog/tribute-to-jimmy/ |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref><ref name="LegacyFlight" /> and in 2008.<ref name="CelestisExplorersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisDoohanExplorersFlight">{{cite web |title=Doohan |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/explorers/doohan.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
* [[James Doohan]] (1920– 2005), actor best known for his portrayal of [[Montgomery Scott|Scotty]] in the television and film series ''[[Star Trek]]''.<ref name="CelestisNewFrontierFlight"/><ref name="CelestisJamesDoohanExplorersFlight">{{cite web |title=James Doohan |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/newfrontier/doohan.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> Celestis also launched him into space in 2007<ref name="CelestisJamesDoohanLegacyFlight">{{cite web |title=Tribute to Jimmy |url=https://www.celestis.com/blog/tribute-to-jimmy/ |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref><ref name="LegacyFlight" /> and in 2008.<ref name="CelestisExplorersFlight"/><ref name="CelestisDoohanExplorersFlight">{{cite web |title=Doohan |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/explorers/doohan.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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*[[Gordon Cooper|Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper, Jr.]] (1927–2004), American astronaut. He was one of the original [[Mercury Seven]] pilots in the [[Project Mercury]] program, the first crewed space effort by the United States.<ref name="LegacyFlight" /> |
* [[Gordon Cooper|Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper, Jr.]] (1927–2004), American astronaut. He was one of the original [[Mercury Seven]] pilots in the [[Project Mercury]] program, the first crewed space effort by the United States.<ref name="LegacyFlight" /> |
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=== Launched into outer space === |
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*[[Eugene Merle Shoemaker]] (1928–1997), astronomer and co-discoverer of [[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]].<ref name="CelestisLuna01Flight">{{cite web |title=Luna Flight 01 |url= |
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⚫ | * [[Nichelle Nichols]] (1932-2022), American actress best known for her role as [[Nyota Uhura]] in the original [[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]] was launched on the maiden flight of the [[Vulcan Centaur]]. |
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===Launched into outer space=== |
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⚫ | * [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker]] (1928–1997), astronomer and co-discoverer of [[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]].<ref name="CelestisLuna01Flight">{{cite web |title=Luna Flight 01 |url=https://celestis.com/participants-testimonials/eugene-shoemaker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314165835/celestis.com/luna01Flight.asp |archive-date=March 14, 2014 |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref><ref name="CelestisEugeneShoemaker">{{cite web |title=Luna 01 Flight |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/luna01/lunar01.asp |access-date=March 14, 2014 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref> |
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*[[Clyde Tombaugh]] (1906–1997), American astronomer and discoverer of [[Pluto]] in 1930. A small sample of Tombaugh's ashes are aboard ''[[New Horizons]]'', the first spacecraft to attempt to pass by and photograph Pluto. This is the first sample of human cremated remains which will escape the solar system.<ref name="NewHorizons"/> |
* [[Clyde Tombaugh]] (1906–1997), American astronomer and discoverer of [[Pluto]] in 1930. A small sample of Tombaugh's ashes are aboard ''[[New Horizons]]'', the first spacecraft to attempt to pass by and photograph Pluto. This is the first sample of human cremated remains which will escape the solar system.<ref name="NewHorizons"/> |
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* [[Nichelle |
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⚫ | *[[Leiji Matsumoto]] (1938–2023), Japanese creator of numerous anime and manga series including ''[[Galaxy Express 999]]'', ''[[Space Battleship Yamato]]'' and ''[[Space Pirate Captain Harlock]]'', announced his intention to have a symbolic portion of his cremated remains to be launched into space on a future Elysium Space mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=流れ星供養 |url=http://elysiumspace.com/ja/product/shooting-star-memorial-jp/ |website=Elysium Space |language=Japanese}}</ref> |
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⚫ | * [[Leiji Matsumoto]] (1938–2023), Japanese creator of numerous anime and manga series including ''[[Galaxy Express 999]]'', ''[[Space Battleship Yamato]]'' and ''[[Space Pirate Captain Harlock]]'', announced his intention to have a symbolic portion of his cremated remains to be launched into space on a future Elysium Space mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=流れ星供養 |url=http://elysiumspace.com/ja/product/shooting-star-memorial-jp/ |website=Elysium Space |language=Japanese}}</ref> |
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[[File:Leiji_Matsumoto_-_Salon_du_Livre_Gen%C3%A8ve,_3rd_May_2014_3_-_cropped.jpg|180px|thumb|Leiji Matsumoto at a book signing event in 2014]] |
[[File:Leiji_Matsumoto_-_Salon_du_Livre_Gen%C3%A8ve,_3rd_May_2014_3_-_cropped.jpg|180px|thumb|Leiji Matsumoto at a book signing event in 2014]] |
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*[[Majel Barrett]] (1932–2008), American actress who played [[Christine Chapel]] in the original ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' series; wife of [[Gene Roddenberry]]. A symbolic portion of both her cremated remains and Roddenberry's cremated remains will be launched into space on a future Celestis mission.<ref name="FutureFlightParticipants">{{cite web |title=Participants in Future Flights |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521041331/http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/ |archive-date=May 21, 2015 |access-date=May 19, 2015 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref><ref name=CelestisRoddenberryFuture>{{cite web|title=Gene & Majel Roddenberry - Participants on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/roddenberry.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> |
* [[Majel Barrett]] (1932–2008), American actress who played [[Christine Chapel]] in the original ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' series; wife of [[Gene Roddenberry]]. A symbolic portion of both her cremated remains and Roddenberry's cremated remains will be launched into space on a future Celestis mission.<ref name="FutureFlightParticipants">{{cite web |title=Participants in Future Flights |url=http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521041331/http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/ |archive-date=May 21, 2015 |access-date=May 19, 2015 |publisher=Celestis}}</ref><ref name=CelestisRoddenberryFuture>{{cite web|title=Gene & Majel Roddenberry - Participants on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/roddenberry.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> |
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*[[William R. Pogue]] (1930–2014), American astronaut.<ref name="FutureFlightParticipants"/><ref name=CelestisPogueFuture>{{cite web|title=William Reid Pogue - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/pogue.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> |
* [[William R. Pogue]] (1930–2014), American astronaut.<ref name="FutureFlightParticipants"/><ref name=CelestisPogueFuture>{{cite web|title=William Reid Pogue - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/pogue.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> |
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*[[Luise Clayborn Kaish]] (1925–2013), American sculptor and painter.<ref name="FutureFlightParticipants" /><ref name="CelestisKaishFuture">{{cite web|title=Luise Clayborn Kaish - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/kaish.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> |
* [[Luise Clayborn Kaish]] (1925–2013), American sculptor and painter.<ref name="FutureFlightParticipants" /><ref name="CelestisKaishFuture">{{cite web|title=Luise Clayborn Kaish - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight | url = http://www.celestis.com/memorial/future/kaish.asp |publisher=CelestisInc |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref> |
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== Ethics == |
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{{main|space ethics#Space burial}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Space burial" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Space burial is the launching of human remains into space. Missions may go into orbit around the Earth or to extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon, or farther into space.
Remains are sealed until the spacecraft burns up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere or they reach their extraterrestrial destinations. Suborbital flights briefly transport them into space then return to Earth where they can be recovered. Small samples of remains are usually launched to minimize the cost of launching mass into space, thereby making such services more affordable.
The concept of launching human remains into space using conventional rockets was proposed by the science fiction author Neil R. Jones in the novella "The Jameson Satellite", which was published in the pulp magazine Amazing Stories in 1931.[1] It was later proposed as a commercial service in the 1965 movie, The Loved One,[2] and by Richard DeGroot in a The Seattle Times newspaper article on April 3, 1977.[3] Since 1997, the private company Celestis has conducted numerous space burials flying as secondary payloads.[4]
The first space burial occurred in 1992 when the NASA Space Shuttle Columbia (mission STS-52) carried a sample of Gene Roddenberry's cremated remains into space and returned them to Earth.[5]
The first private space burial, Celestis' Earthview 01: The Founders Flight, was launched on April 21, 1997. An aircraft departing from the Canary Islands carried a Pegasus rocket containing samples of the remains of 24 people to an altitude of 11 km (6.8 mi) above the Atlantic Ocean. The rocket then carried the remains into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of 578 km (359 mi) and a perigee of 551 km (342 mi), orbiting the Earth once every 96 minutes until re-entry on May 20, 2002, northeast of Australia. Famous people on this flight included Roddenberry and Timothy Leary.[6]
Short flights that cross the boundary of space without attempting to reach orbital velocity are a cost-effective method of space burial. The remains do not burn up and are either recovered or lost.
The first moon burial was that of Eugene Merle Shoemaker, a portion of whose cremated remains were flown to the Moon by NASA.[7] Shoemaker's former colleague Carolyn Porco, a University of Arizona professor, proposed and produced the tribute of having Shoemaker's ashes launched aboard the NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft.[8] Ten days after Shoemaker's passing, Porco had the go-ahead from NASA administrators and delivered the ashes to the Lunar Prospector Mission Director Scott Hubbard at the NASA Ames Research Center.[7][9] The ashes were accompanied by a piece of brass foil inscribed with an image of Comet Hale–Bopp, an image of a Meteor Crater in northern Arizona, and a passage from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.[7] The Lunar Prospector spacecraft was launched on January 6, 1998, and impacted the south polar region of the Moon on July 31, 1999.[10]
Missions to the Moon are proposed by both Elysium Space[11] and Celestis as part of a mission by Astrobotic Technology of Pittsburgh. The first mission in January 2024 failed to reach the Moon due to a failure of the spacecraft and instead reentered Earth's atmosphere shortly after.[12]
In 2014, Celestis launched Celestis Pets, a pet memorial spaceflight service for animal cremated remains.[13] Prior to then, Bismarck, a Monroe, Washington police dog may have flown on a 2012 memorial spaceflight. When this news broke, Celestis' president said that if dog ashes were on the rocket, the person who supplied the cremated remains likely violated the contract they signed with Celestis.[14]
On May 17, 2017, Elysium Space announced the world's first memorial flight involving a dedicated spacecraft. The CubeSat was placed as a secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket as part of a dedicated rideshare mission called SSO-A planned by Spaceflight. The launch took place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on December 3, 2018.[15] The launch was successful, however, industry sources have noted that the Elysium Star spacecraft remained attached to the deployer due to a failure to procure proper licensing.[16]
Space burial businesses generally refer to their service offering as "Memorial Spaceflight".
Business name | Date established | Operating status | Destinations offered |
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Celestis | 1994 | Active | Launch to space and return to Earth, into Earth orbit, to lunar surface, into deep-space |
Elysium Space | 2013 | Inactive | Launch into Earth orbit, to lunar surface |
Aura Flights | 2019 | Active | Launch to space and return to Earth |
Beyond Burials | 2020 | Active | Launch to space and return to Earth, into Earth orbit, to lunar surface, into deep-space |
Launch date | Mission provider | Launch vehicle | Destination | Remains samples | Results |
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2020~ | |||||
May 15, 2022 | Celestis | Falcon 9 | Earth orbit | Remains samples[17] | Success |
April 1, 2022 | Space NTK | Falcon 9 | Earth orbit | Remains samples[18] | Success |
2010-2019 | |||||
2018[19] | Elysium Space | Falcon 9 | Earth orbit | Remains samples | Planned |
November 3, 2015 | Elysium Space | SPARK | Earth orbit | Remains samples | Failure |
December 5, 2014 | NASA | Delta IV Heavy | Earth orbit | Remains sample of NASA Orion engineer[20] | Success |
May 22, 2012 | Celestis | Falcon 9 | Earth orbit | Over 300 remains samples[21][22] | Success |
2000-2009 | |||||
August 2, 2008 | Celestis | Falcon 1 | Earth orbit | Over 200 remains samples[23] | Failure |
September 21, 2001 | Celestis | Taurus rocket | Earth orbit | 43 remains samples[24] | Failure |
1990-1999 | |||||
December 20, 1999 | Celestis | Taurus rocket | Earth orbit | 36 remains samples[25] | Success |
February 10, 1998 | Celestis | Taurus rocket | Earth orbit | 30 remains samples[26] | Success |
April 21, 1997 | Celestis | Pegasus rocket | Earth orbit | 24 remains samples[6] | Success |
October 22, 1992 | NASA | Space Shuttle Columbia | Earth orbit | Remains sample of Gene Roddenberry[5] | Success |
Launch Date | Mission Provider | Launch Vehicle | Destination | Remains samples | Results |
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2010~ | |||||
2018[27] | Elysium Space | Falcon 9 | Lunar surface | Remain samples | Planned |
Not available[28] | Celestis | Details not available | Lunar surface | Remain samples | Planned |
1990-1999 | |||||
January 6, 1998 | NASA | Athena II/Lunar Prospector | Lunar surface | Remains sample of Eugene Shoemaker[7][10] | Success |
Launch Date | Mission Provider | Launch Vehicle | Destination | Remains samples | Results |
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2000~2009 | |||||
January 19, 2006 | NASA | Atlas V/New Horizons | Deep space | Remains sample of Clyde Tombaugh[29] | Success |
Launch Date | Mission Provider | Launch Vehicle | Remains samples | Results | |
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2010~ | |||||
October 23, 2014 | Celestis | SpaceLoft XL | 24 remains samples[30] | Success | |
June 21, 2013 | Celestis | SpaceLoft XL | 31 remains samples[31] | Success | |
May 20, 2011 | Celestis | SpaceLoft XL | Over 8 remains samples[32] | Success | |
May 4, 2010 | Celestis | SpaceLoft XL | Over 19 remains samples[33] | Success | |
2000-2009 | |||||
May 2, 2009 | Celestis | SpaceLoft XL | 16 remains samples[34] | Failure | |
April 28, 2007 | Celestis | SpaceLoft XL | Over 200 remains samples[35] | Success | |
September 29, 2004 | Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | Remains sample of the mother of SpaceShipOne's designer, Burt Rutan.[36] | Success |
The next day, I drove to Phoenix for a flight to Ames Research Center in California, where the following day, a Monday, I delivered the whole package to Scott Hubbard.
Father of two and aeronautical engineer, 37-year-old Patrick O'Malley worked for more than a decade towards the launch of the Orion capsule.
The Explorers Flight, carrying cremated remains samples of over 200 people, was launched August 2, 2008 aboard a Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) Falcon 1 rocket.
At the post-flight news conference, Rutan revealed his mother's ashes were on board SpaceShipOne "and I was very very proud to have carried her," Melvill said.
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