Standard instrument departure: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Departure route from an airport}}

'''Standard instrument departure''' ('''SID''') routes, also known as '''departure procedures''' ('''DP'''), are published [[flight procedures]] followed by aircraft on an [[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] [[flight plan]] immediately after [[takeoff]] from an [[airport]].

A SID is an [[air traffic control]] coded departure procedure that has been established at certain airports to simplify clearance delivery procedures. SIDs are supposed to be easy to understand and, if possible, limited to one page.

Although a SID will keep aircraft away from terrain, it is optimized for air traffic control route of flight and will not always provide the lowest climb gradient. It strikes a balance between terrain and obstacle avoidance, noise abatement (if necessary), and airspace management considerations. In order to legally fly a SID, a pilot must possess at least the current version of the SID's textual description. SIDs in the United States are created by either the military (the USAF or USN) or the FAA (which includes US Army fields). The main difference between US military and civilian SIDs is that military SIDs depict obstacles, ATC climb gradients, and obstacle climb gradients, while civilian SIDs depict only minimum obstacle climb gradients.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

There are three main types of SIDs: pilot-nav SIDs, radar vector SIDs, and hybrid SIDs.

Apilot-nav SID is a SID where the pilot is primarily responsible for navigation along the SID route. It allows for the aircraft to get from the runway to its assigned route with no vectoring required from air traffic control. They are established for airports where terrain and related safety factors dictate a specific [[ground track]] be flown.

Aradar vector SID is used where air traffic control provides radar navigational guidance to a filedorassigned route or to a fix depicted on a SID. Flying a vector SID may require first flying an obstacle departure procedure (ODP). This is usually annotated in the ODP section stating, "Fly runway heading to (xxx altitude) prior to making any turns." This ensures the aircraft is clear of any obstacles. Vector SIDs give air traffic control more control over air traffic routing than do pilot-nav SIDs.<ref name="ReferenceA">US Air Force Manual 11-217V1 3 JAN 05 Chapter 9 IFR Departure Procedures</ref>

Ahybrid SID is a departure that combines elements of both the pilot-nav and radar vector departures. A hybrid SID usually requires the pilot to fly a set of instructions, then be vectored to a defined route to a transition to leave the terminal area.

[[Air traffic control]] clearance must be received prior to flying a SID.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap5_section_2.html |title=Aeronautical Information Manual Section 2. Departure Procedures |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020-07-16 |df=dmy |at=Subsection 5-2-8 |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref> A SID clearance is issued to the pilot based on a combination of the destination, the first [[waypoint]] in the [[flight plan]], and the takeoff runway used.

A standard instrument departure procedure consists of a number of waypoints or fixes, which may either be given by their [[geographical coordinates]] or be defined by [[radio beacon]]s, such as [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]] or [[Non-directional beacon|NDB]] and radial headings, or a radial heading with a [[Distance measuring equipment|DME]] distance. It also includes a [[climb (aeronautics)|climb]] profile, instructing the pilot to cross certain points at or above a certain [[altitude]]. A SID procedure ends at a waypoint lying on an [[airway (aviation)|airway]], which the pilot will follow from there.

SID procedures are defined by local authorities ([[government]]s, [[airport]]s, and [[air traffic control]] organizations) to ensure safety and expedite handling of departing traffic and, when possible, to minimize the amount of noise over inhabited areas such as cities.

In most of Europe, SID procedures are usually named after the final waypoint (''fix'') of the procedure, which often lies on an airway, followed optionally by a version number and often a single letter. The version number starts at 1 and is increased each time the procedure is altered. The letter designates the runway (the route to be flown to a particular fix depends on the takeoff runway).

:For example, at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], there are several published departure procedures to reach the GORLO [[waypoint]] (which is an intersection from where the ''(U)L980'' or ''(U)P20'' airways can be joined):

::* The SID to GORLO from [[runway]] 09 is named ''GORLO2N'' (pronounced "GORLO Two [[International radiotelephony spelling alphabet|November]]").

::* Aircraft departing to GORLO from runway 36L will fly the ''GORLO3V'' departure ("GORLO Three [[International radiotelephony spelling alphabet|Victor]]") instead.

::* All names of SIDs from runway 09, whatever their final waypoint, will end in the letter N.

In the United States, SID procedure names are less rigidly formatted, and may simply refer to some notable characteristic of the procedure, a waypoint, or its geographical situation, along with a single digit that is incremented with each revision of the procedure. Thus, the LOOP5 SID at [[Los Angeles International Airport]] was so called because it was the fifth revision of a procedure that required aircraft to take off toward the west, over the ocean, and then make a roughly 180-degree turn (i.e., a loop) back toward the mainland.

Though SID procedures are primarily designed for [[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] traffic to join airways, air traffic control at busy airports can request that [[Visual flight rules|VFR]] traffic also follows such a procedure so that aircraft [[Separation (aeronautics)|separation]] can be more easily maintained. Usually VFR pilots will be given [[radar vector]]s corresponding to the SID [[LNAV|lateral]] route with different altitude restrictions.

Pilots must follow the published SID route, unless otherwise directed by an Air Traffic Controller. Small deviations are allowed (usually there are flight paths of some kilometers wide), but bigger deviations may cause [[Separation_(aeronautics)#Conflicts|separation conflicts]]. Pilots can be fined for too large deviations from the prescribed path.

As of 21 October 2010, there were seven published SIDs from [[runway]] 22 at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], [[The Netherlands]].

Among them, the ANDIK2G Standard Instrument Departure<ref>{{Cite web | title= EHAM AD 2.22 paragraph 1.5.8 "SIDs RWY 22" |work= Integrated Aeronautical Information Package | publisher= Air Traffic Control the Netherlands | url= http://www.ais-netherlands.nl/aim/2016-03-17-AIRAC/eAIP/html/graphics/eAIP/EH-AD-2.EHAM-SID-22.pdf?}}</ref> for reaching the ANDIK [[waypoint]] northeast of Amsterdam read as follows: <ref group="note">The textual description of the SID is much easier to understand by following its graphical description on the chart.</ref>

* ''After departure'': Contact [[Schiphol]] Departure 119.050&nbsp;MHz when passing 2000&nbsp;ft AMSL. Climb to maintain: FL 060

== See also ==

* [[Standard terminal arrival route]]

== Notes ==

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[[Category:Aviation publications]]

[[Category:Flight planning]]