(President of Syria )
Fahd Jassem al-Freij
(Minister of Defense )
Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
(Chief of Staff of the Army )
Issam Hallaq
(Chief of Staff of the Air Force )
Issam Zahreddine
(Major General of the Republican Guard )
Maher al-Assad (WIA )
(Commander of the Republican Guard ) [11]
Suheil Al Hassan
(Chief Commander of the Tiger Forces )
Ali Mamlouk
(Director of the National Security Bureau )
Rafiq Shahadah
(Head of the Military Intelligence Directorate )
Hassan Nasrallah
(Secretary General of Hezbollah )
Ali Khamenei
(Supreme Leader of Iran )
Qasem Soleimani
(Commander of Quds Force )
Vladimir Putin
(President of Russia )
(Commander of the Southern Front )
Jamal Maarouf
(former commander of the SRF ; 2012–14)
Ahmed Issa al-Sheikh[23]
(Leader of the Islamic Front )
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
(President of Turkey ) Lt. Gen. Zekai Aksakallı [24] (Operations chief commander )
(Leader of Ahrar al-Sham )
File:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham flag.jpg Abu Mohammad al-Julani (Military commander of Tahrir al-Sham ) [30]
Abu Humam al-Shami † (Military Chief of al-Nusra Front) [31]
Abu Firas al-Suri † (Spokesperson of al-Nusra Front) [32] [33]
Abu Hajer al-Homsi † (al-Nusra Front military chief) [34]
Muhsin al-Fadhli † [35] (Leader of Khorasan )
(Caliph of ISIL ) [36] [37]
Gulmurod Khalimov
(Minister of War) [38]
Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi
(Deputy Leader)
Abu Ahmad al-Alwani
(Senior Commander of ISIL )
Abu Muhammad al-Shimali
(Senior Leader)
Haji Bakr † (Former Deputy leader of ISIL and Head of Military Council) [39]
Abu Ayman al-Iraqi † (Former Head of Military Council) [40]
Abu Ali al-Anbari † [41]
(Deputy, Syria)
Abu Omar al-Shishani † [42] (War Minister)
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani † [43]
(Spokesperson of ISIS)
Abu Umar al-Tunisi † [44]
(Senior Leader)
Abu Sayyaf † [45]
(Oil Minister)
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani † [46]
(Deputy Leader)
Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi † [47]
(Head of Military Council)
Ali Awni al-Harzi † [48]
(ISIS senior leader)
Mohammed Emwazi † [49]
(ISIL executioner)
Junaid Hussain † [50]
(ISIL propagandist and hacker)
Maher Meshaal † [51]
(ISIS chief singer and songwriter)
Douglas McCain † [52]
(American ISIS jihadist )
Îlham Ehmed (Co-chairperson of the MSD )
Salih Muhammad
(Co-President of the PYD )
Asya Abdullah
(Co-President of the PYD )
Talal Selo
(SPOX of the SDF )
Sipan Hemo
(Commander of the YPG )
Stephen J. Townsend [53] (Commander of CJTF-OIR)
Syrian Armed Forces : 178,000[54]
General Security Directorate : 8,000[55]
National Defense Force: 80,000[56] Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000[57]
Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000 Russia: 4,000 troops[58] and 1,000 contractors[59]
Iran: 3,000–5,000[57] [60]
Other allied groups: 15,500+
FSA: 40,000–50,000[61]
Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000[62]
Fatah Halab:[a ] ~25,000–32,000[63] [64] [65] [66]
Other groups: 12,500[67]
Tahrir al-Sham: 31,000+[68]
Allied groups: 8,500+
15,000–20,000 (U.S. claim, late 2016) [69]
SDF: 50,000+[70] [71]
YPG and YPJ: 57,000–60,000[72] [73] (most, not all, part of the SDF )
Syriac Military Council: 2,000
Army of Revolutionaries: 3,000
Syrian Government:
60,309–95,309 soldiers killed[74] [75]
42,627–56,627 militiamen killed[74] [75] 4,500 soldiers and militiamen and 1,500 supporters captured[74]
Hezbollah: 1,387–1,600 killed[74] [76]
Russia: 29 soldiers [77] and 13–19 contractors killed[78]
Other non-Syrian fighters: 5,330 killed[74] ( 472) [79]
108,159–139,159 fighters killed[c ] [74] [75]
979 killed during protests[80]
Turkey: 71 soldiers killed (2016 ground incursion ) [81]
ISIL: 11,522+ killed (per SOHR) [82] 20,711+ killed (per YPG and SAA) [83] [84]
Rojava: 3,613 killed[85] [86]
CJTF–OIR : 3 killed[87] [88] [89]
Total killed:
312,001–437,363 (December 2016 SOHR estimate)[74]
470,000 (February 2016 SCPR estimate)[91]
Over 7,600,000 internally displaced (July 2015 UNHCR estimate)
Over 4,800,000 refugees (August 2016 estimate NRC Handelsblad )[92] ; over 4,000,000 (July 2015 UNHCR estimate)[93] [94] [95]
a Fatah Halab (English: Aleppo Conquest) also includes groups from the FSA.
b Only in Aleppo governorate against the SDF and ISIL but not against the Syrian government
c From September to November 2016, the United States also fought alongside a rebel contingent solely against ISIL, not against the Syrian government or the SDF.[96] [97]
d Number includes Kurdish and ISIL fighters, whose deaths are also listed in their separate columns.[98] [74]