|
WP:COMMONNAME consistency
|
Tag: Reverted
|
||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
==United States== |
==United States== |
||
[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]] (WASPS) are elites who have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States, enjoying advantages in various matters such as education, voting rights and land acquisition. In the 1950s, WASP hegemony faced criticism by the emerging [[New Left]].<ref>By the 1950s, the emerging New Left was "thumbing their noses at the stuffy white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant establishment." W. J. Rorabaugh, "Challenging Authority, Seeking Community, and Empowerment in the New Left, Black Power, and Feminism," ''Journal of Policy History'' (Jan 1996) vol 8 p. 110. </ref> Some prominent American families have held disproportionate wealth and wielded disproportionate political power over the decades. Experts talk about what [[C. Wright Mills]] called the "[[Elite#Power elite|power elite]]",<ref>G. William Domhoff, ''The power elite and the state.'' (Routledge, 2017).</ref><ref>Mark S. Mizruchi,『The Power Elite in historical context: a reevaluation of Mills’s thesis, then and now.』''Theory and Society'' 46.2 (2017): 95-116.</ref> and about leadership communities in policy areas such as foreign policy.<ref>Priscilla Roberts, "'All the Right People': The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." ''Journal of American Studies'' 26.3 (1992): 409-434. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priscilla_Roberts/publication/231747954_All_the_Right_People_The_Historiography_of_the_American_Foreign_Policy_Establishment_Prize-winning_article_1993_runner-up_Arthur_Miller_Prize_for_best_British_article_in_American_studies_British_Assoc/links/5830c66508aef19cb817fb67/All-the-Right-People-The-Historiography-of-the-American-Foreign-Policy-Establishment-Prize-winning-article-1993-runner-up-Arthur-Miller-Prize-for-best-British-article-in-American-studies-British-As.pdf online]</ref> Many of these families often have ties to older East Coast cities such as [[Boston]], [[New York City]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. One such group of interconnected elite families is the [[Boston Brahmins]]. Many in the East Coast establishment have ties to [[Ivy League]] colleges and to prep schools in New England and the Northeast.<ref>Donhoff, G. William, ''Who Rules America?'', Prentice Hall, 1967.</ref> |
[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]] (WASPS) are elites who have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States, enjoying advantages in various matters such as education, voting rights and land acquisition. In the 1950s, WASP hegemony faced criticism by the emerging [[New Left]].<ref>By the 1950s, the emerging New Left was "thumbing their noses at the stuffy white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant establishment." W. J. Rorabaugh, "Challenging Authority, Seeking Community, and Empowerment in the New Left, Black Power, and Feminism," ''Journal of Policy History'' (Jan 1996) vol 8 p. 110. </ref> Some prominent American families have held disproportionate wealth and wielded disproportionate political power over the decades. Experts talk about what [[C. Wright Mills]] called the "[[Elite#Power elite|power elite]]",<ref>G. William Domhoff, ''The power elite and the state.'' (Routledge, 2017).</ref><ref>Mark S. Mizruchi,『The Power Elite in historical context: a reevaluation of Mills’s thesis, then and now.』''Theory and Society'' 46.2 (2017): 95-116.</ref> and about leadership communities in policy areas such as foreign policy.<ref>Priscilla Roberts, "'All the Right People': The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." ''Journal of American Studies'' 26.3 (1992): 409-434. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Priscilla_Roberts/publication/231747954_All_the_Right_People_The_Historiography_of_the_American_Foreign_Policy_Establishment_Prize-winning_article_1993_runner-up_Arthur_Miller_Prize_for_best_British_article_in_American_studies_British_Assoc/links/5830c66508aef19cb817fb67/All-the-Right-People-The-Historiography-of-the-American-Foreign-Policy-Establishment-Prize-winning-article-1993-runner-up-Arthur-Miller-Prize-for-best-British-article-in-American-studies-British-As.pdf online]</ref> Many of these families often have ties to older East Coast cities such as [[Boston]], [[New York City]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. One such group of interconnected elite families is the [[Boston Brahmins]]. Many in the East Coast establishment have ties to [[Ivy League]] colleges and to prep schools in New England and the Northeast.<ref>Donhoff, G. William, ''Who Rules America?'', Prentice Hall, 1967.</ref> |
||
Traditionally, [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP and Protestant establishment]] families have been associated with [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] (or [[Anglican]]), [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America|Presbyterian]], [[United Methodist Church|United Methodist]], [[United Church of Christ|Congregationalist]], and other [[mainline Protestant]] denominations.<ref name="Davidson & Pyle">{{cite journal |first1=James D. |last1=Davidson |first2=Ralph E. |last2=Pyle |first3=David V. |last3=Reyes |title=Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930-1992 |journal=[[Social Forces]] |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages=157–175 [p. 164] |doi=10.1093/sf/74.1.157 |jstor=2580627}}</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]] [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] "has often been seen as the religious institution most closely associated with the American establishment, producing many of the nation's most important leaders in politics and business."<ref>{{cite web|first = Michael |last = Lipka|url= https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/02/5-facts-about-episcopalians/ |title=5 facts about Episcopalians |date =2 July 2018 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> |
|||
Inside the [[American Sociological Association]], the term is often used by those protesting a small clique that controls the organisation. In 1968, a group of academics formed the "Sociology Liberation Movement" (SLM) in order to repudiate the leadership of the American Sociological Association itself, which the SLM referred to as the "Establishment in American sociology".<ref>{{cite book |last1= Barcan |first1= Alan |title= Sociological theory and educational reality |date= 1993 |page= 150 }}</ref> |
Inside the [[American Sociological Association]], the term is often used by those protesting a small clique that controls the organisation. In 1968, a group of academics formed the "Sociology Liberation Movement" (SLM) in order to repudiate the leadership of the American Sociological Association itself, which the SLM referred to as the "Establishment in American sociology".<ref>{{cite book |last1= Barcan |first1= Alan |title= Sociological theory and educational reality |date= 1993 |page= 150 }}</ref> |
||
The Establishment is a term used to describe a dominant grouporelite that controls a polity or an organization. It may comprise a closed social group that selects its own members, or entrenched elite structures in specific institutions. One can refer to any relatively small class or group of people who can exercise control as The Establishment. Conversely, in the jargon of sociology, anyone who does not belong to The Establishment may be labelled an outsider[1][2] (as opposed to an "insider"). Anti-authoritarian anti-establishment ideologies question the legitimacy of establishments, seeing their influence on society as undemocratic.
The term in its modern sense was popularized by the British journalist Henry Fairlie, who in September 1955 in the London magazine The Spectator defined the network of prominent, well-connected people as "the Establishment". He wrote::
Bythe Establishment, I do not only mean the centres of official power—though they are certainly part of it—but rather the whole matrix of official and social relations within which power is exercised. The exercise of power in the United Kingdom (more specifically, in England) cannot be understood unless it is recognized that it is exercised socially.[3]
Following that, the term the Establishment was quickly picked up in newspapers and magazines all over London, making Fairlie famous.[4] The Oxford English Dictionary cites Fairlie's column as its origin. The use of the term Establishment also reflects the British term, established church, for the official Church of England. The term quickly became useful in discussing the power elites in many other countries. It is used as a loanword in many other languages.[5]
The United Kingdom has numerous entrenched groups that are regarded as forming the establishment: these include the Royal family, the aristocracy, the landed gentry, the privy council, senior civil servants, lawyers, academics, Church of England clergy, financiers, industrialists, the armed services and other professionals.[6][7]
The term, establishment is often used in Australia to refer both to the main political parties and also to the powers behind those parties. In the book, Anti-political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis by Amir Abedi (2004),[8] Amir Abedi refers to the Labor Party and the Coalition Parties (the Liberal Party and the National/Country Party) as the establishment parties.
The original Canadian Establishment began as a mix between the British and American models, combining political appointments and business acumen. In Francophone Canada, the local leaders of the Catholic Church played a major role. The Family Compact is the first identifiable Canadian Establishment in Anglophone Canada.
The journalist Peter C. Newman defined the modern Canadian Establishment in his 1975 book The Canadian Establishment. It catalogued the richest individuals and families living in Canada at the time. All of the specific people he identified were prominent business leaders, especially in the media and in public transit. Newman reports that several of these old families have maintained their importance into the twenty-first century.[citation needed]
According to Anglo-American journalist Peter Brimelow, Newman's establishment was overshadowed by a new class. His book The Patriot Game "makes a swinging attack on the political, bureaucratic, and academic establishment whose entire well-being rests on the promotion of Canadian nationalism. [He] identifies the federal Liberal Party as the selfish and thoughtless inventor of this modern activity of creating a Canadian identity, he argues that it is now a pervasive disease throughout Canada's national political and cultural elite."[9]
The term "Official Ireland" is commonly used in the Republic of Ireland to denote the media, cultural and religious establishment.[10]
The term is also used in politics of Hong Kong, where political parties, community groups, chambers of commerce, trade unions and individuals who are cooperative with and loyal to the Chinese Communist Party and the post-handover Hong Kong Government are labelled (most often self-labelled) "pro-Beijing" or "pro-establishment". The term first appeared in 2004.[11]
In Pakistan, the term "The Establishment" refers to the military and their relations with the intelligence community and high-level political officials that allow them to exert dominance over the government.
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPS) are elites who have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States, enjoying advantages in various matters such as education, voting rights and land acquisition. In the 1950s, WASP hegemony faced criticism by the emerging New Left.[12] Some prominent American families have held disproportionate wealth and wielded disproportionate political power over the decades. Experts talk about what C. Wright Mills called the "power elite",[13][14] and about leadership communities in policy areas such as foreign policy.[15] Many of these families often have ties to older East Coast cities such as Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Newport, Rhode Island. One such group of interconnected elite families is the Boston Brahmins. Many in the East Coast establishment have ties to Ivy League colleges and to prep schools in New England and the Northeast.[16]
Traditionally, WASP and Protestant establishment families have been associated with Episcopal (orAnglican), Presbyterian, United Methodist, Congregationalist, and other mainline Protestant denominations.[17] According to Pew Research Center Episcopal Church "has often been seen as the religious institution most closely associated with the American establishment, producing many of the nation's most important leaders in politics and business."[18]
Inside the American Sociological Association, the term is often used by those protesting a small clique that controls the organisation. In 1968, a group of academics formed the "Sociology Liberation Movement" (SLM) in order to repudiate the leadership of the American Sociological Association itself, which the SLM referred to as the "Establishment in American sociology".[19]
Those who are outsiders, in relation to a given establishment, as a rule, have on their part resources needed by the establishments' members [...]. Established and outsiders, in other words, have specific functions for each other. No established-outsider relationship is likely to maintain itself for long without some reciprocity of dependence. [...] Members of an establishment usually are very careful to maintain and, if possible, to increase the high dependence ratio of their outsider groups and thus the power differentials between these and themselves.
