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⚫ | [[file:Theobald Böhm.jpg|thumb|Theobald Böhm, photograph by Franz Hanfstaengl, ca. 1852.]] |
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'''Theobald Böhm''' (or '''Boehm''') (April 9, 1794 |
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⚫ | '''Theobald Böhm''' (or '''Boehm''') (April 9, 1794 – November 25, 1881) was a German inventor and musician, who perfected the modern [[Western concert flute]] and its improved [[Boehm system|fingering system]] (now known as the "Boehm system"). He was a Bavarian court musician, a virtuoso flautist, and a celebrated composer for the flute.<ref name="bohm">{{cite book|last=Böhm|first=Theobald|author2=Dayton Clarence Miller |title=The flute and flute-playing in acoustical, technical, and artistic aspects|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1964}}</ref> |
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The fingering system he devised has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the [[oboe]] and the [[clarinet]].<ref name="bate">Philip Bate/Ludwig Böhm, ''Boehm, Theobald'' in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' edited by Stanley Sadie, volume 3, pages 777-778</ref> |
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== Life and works == |
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==Biography== |
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Born in [[Munich]] in Bavaria, Boehm learned his father's trade of goldsmithing. After making his own flute, he quickly became proficient enough to play in an orchestra at the age of seventeen, and at twenty-one he was first flautist in the Royal Bavarian Orchestra.<ref name="bate"/> Meanwhile, he experimented with constructing flutes out of many different materials—tropical hardwoods (usually [[Grenadilla]] wood), silver, gold, nickel and copper—and with changing the positions of the flute's tone holes. |
Born in [[Munich]] in Bavaria, Boehm learned his father's trade of goldsmithing. After making his own flute, he quickly became proficient enough to play in an orchestra at the age of seventeen, and at twenty-one he was first flautist in the Royal Bavarian Orchestra.<ref name="bate"/> Meanwhile, he experimented with constructing flutes out of many different materials—tropical hardwoods (usually [[Grenadilla]] wood), silver, gold, nickel and copper—and with changing the positions of the flute's tone holes. |
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After studying [[acoustics]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich|University of Munich]], he began experimenting on improving the flute in 1832, first patenting his new fingering system in 1847.<ref name="bate"/> He published ''Über den Flötenbau'' ("On the construction of flutes"), also in 1847.<ref name="bohm"/> His new flute was first displayed in 1851 at the [[Great Exhibition|London Exhibition]].<ref name="welch">{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Christopher|title=History of the Boehm flute|publisher=Rudall, Carte & Co|year=1883|location=London}}</ref> In 1871 Boehm published ''Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel'' ("The Flute and Flute-Playing"), a treatise on the acoustical, technical and artistic characteristics of the Boehm system flute.<ref name="bohm"/ |
After studying [[acoustics]] at the [[Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich|University of Munich]], he began experimenting on improving the flute in 1832, first patenting his new fingering system in 1847.<ref name="bate"/> He published ''Über den Flötenbau'' ("On the construction of flutes"), also in 1847.<ref name="bohm"/> His new flute was first displayed in 1851 at the [[Great Exhibition|London Exhibition]].<ref name="welch">{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Christopher|title=History of the Boehm flute|publisher=Rudall, Carte & Co|year=1883|location=London}}</ref> In 1871 Boehm published ''Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel'' ("The Flute and Flute-Playing"), a treatise on the acoustical, technical and artistic characteristics of the Boehm system flute.<ref name="bohm"/> |
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== Legacy == |
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Some of the flutes he made are still being played. The fingering system he devised has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the [[oboe]] and the [[clarinet]].<ref name="bate">Philip Bate/Ludwig Böhm, ''Boehm, Theobald'' in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' edited by Stanley Sadie, volume 3, pages 777-778</ref> |
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⚫ | He inspired [[Hyacinthe Klosé]], the inventor of the modern clarinet fingering system. Klosé invented a system for the clarinet that today is the standard nearly worldwide (except Austria, Germany and others). Boehm was his inspiration, and so Klosé named the new system the Boehm system just like the modern western flute. The Boehm system clarinet and flute are not exactly the same. However, they are very similar in one of the clarinet's registers. If one plays the clarinet with the register key on, the fingerings are the same as the flute when the flute is in the lower and mid register. The differences are that the clarinet's upper register is a twelfth above its lower register, unlike the flute's which is an octave higher, and the clarinet is a transposition instrument, so an F on the flute is a G on the clarinet. |
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== Selected works == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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*{{IMSLP|id=Boehm%2C_Theobald|cname=Theobald Boehm}} |
* {{IMSLP|id=Boehm%2C_Theobald|cname=Theobald Boehm}} |
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*[http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/alto_flute_boehm_mendler_german/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=Boehm&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180017629&vT=1 Alto flute, Boehm and Mendler, Munich, ca. 1880] at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/alto_flute_boehm_mendler_german/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=Boehm&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180017629&vT=1 Alto flute, Boehm and Mendler, Munich, ca. 1880] at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |
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*[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B008G324FM The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects] The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects (Kindle Edition) |
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B008G324FM The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects] The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects (Kindle Edition) |
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*[http://d-nb.info/860566188 On the construction of flutes] |
* [http://d-nb.info/860566188 On the construction of flutes] |
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* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Böhm, Theobald |short=x |year=1920}} |
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Böhm, Theobald |short=x |year=1920}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Boehm, Theobald}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boehm, Theobald}} |
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[[Category:1794 births]] |
[[Category:1794 births]] |
Theobald Böhm (orBoehm) (April 9, 1794 – November 25, 1881) was a German inventor and musician, who perfected the modern Western concert flute and its improved fingering system (now known as the "Boehm system"). He was a Bavarian court musician, a virtuoso flautist, and a celebrated composer for the flute.[1]
The fingering system he devised has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the oboe and the clarinet.[2]
Born in Munich in Bavaria, Boehm learned his father's trade of goldsmithing. After making his own flute, he quickly became proficient enough to play in an orchestra at the age of seventeen, and at twenty-one he was first flautist in the Royal Bavarian Orchestra.[2] Meanwhile, he experimented with constructing flutes out of many different materials—tropical hardwoods (usually Grenadilla wood), silver, gold, nickel and copper—and with changing the positions of the flute's tone holes.
After studying acoustics at the University of Munich, he began experimenting on improving the flute in 1832, first patenting his new fingering system in 1847.[2] He published Über den Flötenbau ("On the construction of flutes"), also in 1847.[1] His new flute was first displayed in 1851 at the London Exhibition.[3] In 1871 Boehm published Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel ("The Flute and Flute-Playing"), a treatise on the acoustical, technical and artistic characteristics of the Boehm system flute.[1]
Some of the flutes he made are still being played. The fingering system he devised has also been adapted to other instruments, such as the oboe and the clarinet.[2]
He inspired Hyacinthe Klosé, the inventor of the modern clarinet fingering system. Klosé invented a system for the clarinet that today is the standard nearly worldwide (except Austria, Germany and others). Boehm was his inspiration, and so Klosé named the new system the Boehm system just like the modern western flute. The Boehm system clarinet and flute are not exactly the same. However, they are very similar in one of the clarinet's registers. If one plays the clarinet with the register key on, the fingerings are the same as the flute when the flute is in the lower and mid register. The differences are that the clarinet's upper register is a twelfth above its lower register, unlike the flute's which is an octave higher, and the clarinet is a transposition instrument, so an F on the flute is a G on the clarinet.
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