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Timeline of World War II (1941)

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Timelines of World War II
Chronological
Prelude (in Asia in Europe)
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 onwards
By topic
Diplomacy Declarations of war Battles Operations
By theatre
Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies
v t e

Template:WorldWarIISegmentUnderInfoBox

This is a timeline of events that stretched over the period of World War II.

January 1941

• 1: Accounting of the previous night's bombing of London reveals that the Old Bailey, the Guildhall, and eight churches by Christopher Wren were destroyed or badly damaged.
  :RAF bombs aircraft factories in Bremen, Germany.
• 2-4: Bardia is bombed by British bombers and bombarded by naval vessels off shore.
• 2: German bombers, perhaps off course, bomb Ireland the second night in a row.
• 5: Operation Compass: Australian troops of XIII Corps (the re-designated Western Desert Force) capture Italian-held Bardia and 45,000 Italian prisoners are taken.
  : Tobruk, the next target, is 70 miles away.
• 7: British and Commonwealth offensive in North Africa nears Tobruk; the airport is taken.
• 10: Lend-Lease introduced into the U.S. Congress
  :German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement is signed.
  : German aircraft damage aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious, which is heading for Malta. German Luftwaffe, it is now clear, has command of air over the Mediterranean. The attack is also the opening of Malta's agony over the next months.
  : Greek forces in Albania take the strategically important Klissoura pass.
• 12: Operation Compass: British and Australian troops of XIII Corps prepare for the assault on Italian-held Tobruk.
• 13: Heavy Luftwaffe night raid on Plymouth.
• 15: The rivalry between Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists becomes more evident; large numbers of the latter are forced to give up their arms, reluctantly of course.
• 16: British forces start the first attacks of their East African counter-offensive, on Italian-held Ethiopia, from Kenya
  : German bombers pound Valletta, Malta, and the HMS Illustrious is hit again.
• 17: The Battle of Koh Chang ended in a decisive victory for the Vichy French naval forces during the French-Thai War.
  : Molotov meets German Ambassador Schulenburg in Moscow. The Soviets are surprised that they have not received any answer from Germany to their offer to join the Axis (November 26, 1940) and they hope the attention of the Reich Government to that matter. Schulenburg replies that it has to be first discussed with Italy and Japan.
• 18: Air raids on Malta are increasing in focus and intensity.
• 19: The 4th and 5th Indian Divisions continue the British counter-offensive in East Africa, attacking Italian-held Eritrea from the Sudan.
  : Hitler and Mussolini meet at Berchtesgaden; Hitler agrees to provide aid in North Africa.
• 21: Operation Compass: British and Australian troops of XIII Corps complete capture of Italian-held Tobruk.
  : There are reports that Romanian Fascist ("Iron Guards") are executing Jews in Bucharest.
• 23: HMS Illustrious, heavily damaged, leaves Malta for repairs in Alexandria.
  : Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler
• 24: British forces in Kenya continue the East African counter-offensive, attacking Italian Somaliland
• 29: Death of the Greek dictator, Ioannis Metaxas.
• 30: British forces in North Africa take Derna; 100 miles west of Tobruk.

February 1941

• 1: Admiral Husband Kimmel is appointed the Commander of the US Navy in the Pacific.
• 3: Lieutenant-General Erwin Rommel is appointed as head of something called the "German Army troops in Africa." This unit is later to be officially designated as the "Afrika Korps."
  : Germany forcibly restores Pierre Laval to office in Vichy.
• 7: Operation Compass: After several days of desperate fighting, a flying columnofXIII Corps called Combe Force cuts off the retreating Italian 10th Army during the Battle of Beda Fomm. The Italians are unable to break through the small blocking force and the British accept the surrender of roughly 130,000 Italians in and to the south of Benghazi.
• 8: US House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease bill.
• 9: Mussolini is informed that German reinforcements are on the way to North Africa.
  : British forces reach El Agheila, Cyrenaica.
  : British battleships shell Genoa and British aircraft attack Livorno.
  : Churchill again pleads with the US: "give us the tools."
• 10: Malta's critical period: now through March, it is under heavy daily attack.
• 11: Elements of the Afrika Korps start to arrive in Tripoli, Tripolitania.
  : British forces enter Italian Somaliland.
• 14: Rommel arrives in Tripoli.
  : Afrika Korps starts to move eastward towards the advance British positions at El Agheila. The British in North Africa have been weakened by the transfer of some troops to Greece.
• 15: Deportation of Austrian Jews to ghettos in Poland begins.
• 19: The start of the "three nights Blitz" of Swansea, South Wales. Over these three nights of intensive bombing, Swansea town centre is almost completely obliterated.
• 20: German and British troops confront each other for the first time in North Africa—at El Agheila in western Libya.
• 21: German forces move through Bulgaria toward the Greek front.
• 24: German U-boat offensive in the Atlantic is now increasingly successful.
  : Admiral Darlan is appointed the head of the Vichy government in France.
• 25: The British submarine "Upright" sinks the Italian cruiser "Armando Diaz" in one of the numerous sea battles in the North African campaign.
  : Mogadishu, the capital of Italian Somaliland, is captured by British forces during the East African Campaign.
• 28: RAF planes bomb Asmara, Eritrea.

March 1941

• 1: Hitler gives orders for the expansion of Auschwitz prison camp, to be run by Commandant Rudolf Höss.
• 4: British commandos carry out attack on oil facilities at Narvik in Norway.
  : British military force in Libya is thinned down as some men are sent to assist the Greeks in their emerging battle with approaching German troops.
  : Prince Regent Paul of Yugoslavia agrees to join the Axis pact.
• 7: First British troops land in Greece, at Piraeus.
• 8: Another bombing of London, notable because Buckingham Palace is hit.
• 9: The Italian Spring Offensive in the Albanian front begins.
• 10: British and Italian troops meet in a brief conflict in Eritrea.
  : Portsmouth suffers heavy casualties after another night of heavy bombing by the Luftwaffe.
• 11: United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend Lease Act (now passed by the full Congress) allowing Britain, China, and other allied nations to purchase military equipment and to defer payment until after the war.
• 12: German Panzer tanks arrive in North Africa providing heavy armour for the first major German offensive.
• 13: The Luftwaffe strikes with a large force at Glasgow and the shipping industry along the River Clyde.
• 17: Huge convoy losses in mid-Atlantic this week.
  :The United States of America converts its Corps Areas to Defense Commands, with the term Corps reassigned as an intermediate field command of a Field Army.
• 19: Worst bombing of London so far this year, with heavy damage from incendiary bombs; Plymouth and Bristol are bombed again.
• 20: The Italian Spring Offensive is called off, after heavy losses and virtually no progress.
• 21: The Yugoslav cabinet resigns in protest against Prince Paul's pact with the Nazis. Street demonstration occur, expressive of a deep dislike for Germany.
• 24: Rommel attacks and reoccupies El Agheila, Libya in his first offensive. The British retreat and within three weeks are driven back to Egypt.
• 25: Italian MTMs of the Decima MAS sink the heavy cruiser HMS York, a large tanker (the Norwegian Pericles), another tanker and a cargo ship in Suda Bay, Crete.
• 27: Crown Prince Peter becomes Peter II of Yugoslavia and takes control of Yugoslavia after an army coup overthrows the pro-German government of the Prince Regent.
  : Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, Hawaii and begins to study the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor.
• 27: British forces advancing from the Sudan win the decisive Battle of KereninEritrea.
  : Hitler orders his military leaders to plan for the invasion of Yugoslavia. One result of this decision will be a critical time delay in the invasion of Soviet Union.
  : Battle of Cape Matapan: the British navy meets an Italian fleet off southern Greece. The battle continues until the 29th.
• 31: The Afrika Korps continues the German offensive in North Africa; Mersa Brega, north of El Agheila, is taken.

April 1941

• 1: British then the retreat into Libya after the losses at El Agheila. Rommel is surprised, then decides to continue his offensive.
  : During this month the heavy bombing of British cities continues, and convoy losses continue heavy.
  : In Iraq, pro-German Rashid Ali and other members of the "Golden Square" stage a military coup d'état and overthrow the regime of the pro-British Regent 'Abd al-Ilah. Rashid Ali names himself Chief of a "National Defence Government."

• 2: After taking Agedabia, Rommel decides to take all of Libya and moves his troops toward Benghazi. All of Cyrenaic (Libya) seems ready for the taking.
• 3: A pro-Axis government is installed in Iraq.
  : Bristol, England suffers another heavy air attack.
  : British troops take Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, from the Italian armies.
  : Rommel takes Benghazi, Libya; Tobruk will remain a threat for the next seven months.
• 4: Rommel is now about 200 miles east of El Agheila, heading for Tobruk and Egypt.
  : An Atlantic convoy suffers almost 50% losses to U-boat campaign.
• 6: Forces of Germany, Hungary, and Italy, moving through Rumania and Hungary, initiate the invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece.
  : The Italian Army is driven out from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  : The northern wing of Rommel's forces take Derna, on the Libyan coast. The southern wing moves toward Mechili, and takes it on the 8th.
• 7: The Luftwaffe begins a two-day assault on Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Hitler is infuriated by the Yugoslav resistance.
• 8: The Germans take Salonika, Greece.
• 10: Greenland is occupied by the United States. With the approval of a "free Denmark", the US will build naval and air bases as counters to the U-boat war.
  : While still being invaded, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia is split up by Germany and Italy. The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) is established under Ante Pavelić and his Ustaša.
  : Germans encircle the port of Tobruk, Libya, opening the siege; some of Rommel's forces move east to take Fort Capuzzo and Sollum, on the border with Egypt.
  : The destroyer USS Niblack attacks a German U-boat that had just sunk a Dutch freighter. The Niblack was picking up survivors of the freighter when it detected the U-boat preparing to attack. The Niblack attacked with depth charges and drove off the U-boat.
• 11: Though still a "neutral" nation, the United States begins sea patrols in Atlantic.
  : Heavy Luftwaffe raids on Coventry and Birmingham.
• 12: Belgrade, Yugoslavia surrenders.
• 13: Malta is bombed again; it continues to be a thorn in the side of German supply movements in the Mediterranean.
  : Japan and the Soviet Union sign a neutrality pact.
  : In Iraq, a small contingent of British reinforcements are air lifted to RAF Shaibah.
• 14: Rommel attacks Tobruk, but is forced to turn back. Other attacks, also failures, occur on the 16th and 30th.
• 15: British destroyers intercept an Afrika Korps convoy and sink all five transports and the three covering Italian destroyers.
• 16: A heavy Luftwaffe raid on Belfast, Northern Ireland.
  : Germans continue the invasion southward into Yugoslavia; they cut off the Greek army in Albania, which had had notable success against the Italians in January.
• 17: Yugoslavia surrenders. A government in exile is formed in London. King Peter escapes to Greece.
• 18: Greek Prime Minister Korizis commits suicide; the British plan the major evacuation of Greece.
  : In Iraq, in accordance with the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, British forces from India start to land at Basra.
• 19: London suffers one of the heaviest air raids in the war; St. Paul's is mildly damaged but remains closed; other Wren churches are heavily damaged or destroyed.
• 21: 223,000 Greek soldiers surrender.
• 22: The British, both military and civilian, begin to evacuate Greece.
• 23: Greek government is evacuated to Crete, which Churchill is determined to defend.
• 24: British and Australian forces evacuate from Greece to Crete and Egypt.
  : Plymouth suffers the third night of heavy bombing by the Luftwaffe.
• 25: Rommel wins an important victory at Halfaya Pass, close to the Egyptian border.
• 26: Rommel attacks the Gazala defence line and crosses into Egypt; Tobruk continues to hold however.
• 27: Athens is occupied by German troops. Greece surrenders.
  : Hurricane fighter planes are delivered as important reinforcements for besieged Malta.
• 30: Rommel is ordered to cease attacks on Tobruk after another failure.
  : In Iraq, Iraqi armed forces occupy the plateau to the south of the RAF Habbaniya air base and inform the base commander that all flying should cease immediately.

May 1941

• 1: Seven nights of bombing of Liverpool begins, resulting in wide devastation.
• 2: British forces at RAF Habbaniya launch pre-emptive air strikes against Iraqi forces besieging them and the Anglo-Iraqi War begins.
• 3: Belfast, Northern Ireland, experiences another heavy bombing.
  : British forces in Ethiopia begin the investment of Amba Alagi where Italian forces under the Duke of Aosta have taken up defensive positions.
• 5: Five years from the day he was forced to flee, Emperor Haile Selassie enters Addis Ababa, his capital, in triumph.
• 6: With much of the Iraqi air force destroyed and facing regular bombardment themselves, the Iraqi ground forces besieging RAF Habbaniya withdraw.
  : The Luftwaffe arranges to send a small force to Iraq.
• 7: Between Habbaniya and Fallujah, two Iraqi columns are caught in the open and attacked by roughly forty British aircraft; the Iraqis suffer heavy casualties.
• 8: Heavy convoy losses in the Atlantic continue; however, one U-boat (U-110) is captured by the British navy and another copy of the "Enigma" machine is discovered and saved. It will help to turn the fortunes in the Atlantic battle.
  : Bombing of Nottingham.
• 9: A Japanese brokered peace treaty signed in Tokyo ends the French-Thai War.
• 10: Rudolf Hess is captured in Scotland after bailing out of his plane; his self-appointed mission was to make peace with the United Kingdom.
  : The United Kingdom's House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe in an air raid. Other targets are Hull, Liverpool, Belfast, and the shipbuilding area of the River Clyde in Scotland. This is close to the end of the Blitz, as Germany shifts its focus toward Soviet Union and the East.
• 12: The RAF bombs several German cities, including Hamburg, Emden, and Berlin.
  : The Soviet Union recognizes Rashid Ali's "National Defence Government" in Iraq.
• 13: Yugoslav Army Colonel Draža Mihailović summons up the "Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland" which mostly consists of Serbs, but also includes Slovenes, Bosnians, and Croats. Mihailović trecks from Bosnia into central Serbia, Ravna Gora, and issues an uprising call promising a struggle against the occupiers and the restoration of the Yugoslavian Monarchy. At this point, Josip Broz Tito and the Yugoslav Partisans are aligned with the Soviet Union which is still friendly with Germany.
  : The bulk of the German "Flyer Command Iraq" (Fliegerführer Irak) arrives in Mosul to support the Iraqi government of Rashid Ali.
• 14: The RAF is authorized to act against German aircraft in Syria and on Vichy French airfields.
• 15: First Civilian Public Service camp opens for conscientious objectors in the United States.
• 16: Rommel defeats a counter-attack, "Brevity", at Halfaya Pass. The two sides trade alternating control of Fort Capuzzo and Halfaya Pass.
• 17: British forces in the Habbaniya area advance on Iraqi-held Fallujah and, in five days fighting, push the Iraqis out.
• 18: The Duke of Aosta, Viceroy of Italian East Africa, surrenders his forces at Amba Alagi.
• 20: German paratroopers land on Crete; the battle for Crete will continue for seven days.
  : The German military mission to Iraq, Special Staff F (Sonderstab F), is created to support of "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East. Sonderstab F is to include Fliegerführer Irak and other elements already in Iraq.

• 21: The US merchantman SSRobin Moor is sunk by German submarine U-69. The incident startles the nation, and President Roosevelt shortly announces an "unlimited national emergency."
  : The Italian Viceroy in Ethiopia surrenders. Remnants of Italian troops keep on fighting.
• 22: Iraqi forces unsuccessfully counter-attack the British forces in Fallujah and are rebuffed.
• 23: German dictator Adolf Hitler issues "Fuhrer Directive No. 30 in support of "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East," his "natural ally against England."
• 24: British battle cruiser HMS Hood is sunk by a powerful salvo from German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic.
  : The Greek government leaves Crete for Cairo.
• 26: In the North Atlantic, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier HMS Ark Royal fatally cripple the Bismarck in torpedo attack.
• 27: The German battleship Bismarck is sunk in North Atlantic, after evasive tactics, and a damaged steering system which forced it into an endless series of circular movements.
  : The British forces from the Habbaniya area begin an advance on Baghdad and, within four days, approach the city from the west and from the north.
  : Twelve Italian aircraft arrive at Mosul to join Fliegerführer Irak.
• 28: British and Commonwealth forces begin to evacuate Crete.
  : By this date, it is clear that operation "Brevity" has failed.
• 29: Members of the German military mission flee Iraq.
• 30: Rashid Ali and his supporters flee Iraq.
• 31: Heavy Luftwaffe bombing on neutral Ireland's capital; numerous civilian casualties.
  : The Mayor of Baghdad surrenders the city to British forces and ends the Anglo-Iraqi War.

June 1941

• 1: Commonwealth forces complete the withdrawal from Crete.
  : Rationing of clothes begins in the United Kingdom.
• 2: Tuskegee Airmen begin with the formation of the 99th Fighter Squadron.
• 4: Kaiser Wilhelm, once head of Germany and instigator of World War I, dies in Holland.
• 6: More British fighter planes are delivered to Malta; Luftwaffe attacks go on.
• 8: Vichy French-controlled Syria and Lebanon are invaded by Australian, British, Free French, and Indian forces.
• 9: Finland initiates mobilisation, preparations against possible attack of Soviet aggressor.
• 10: Assab, the last Italian-held port in East Africa, falls.
• 14: All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen.
  : 10,100 people from Estonia, 15,000 from Latvia and 34,000 from Lithuania are deported to Siberia.
• 15: British Operation Battleaxe attempts and fails to relieve the Siege of Tobruk. The British are heavily defeated at Halfaya Pass nicknamed "Hell-fire pass".
• 16: All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.
• 22: Germany invades the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa, a three-pronged operation aimed at Leningrad, Moscow, and the southern oil fields of the Caucasus. Romania invades southern Russia on the side of Germany.
  : With full Finnish consent, German troops begin deploying in formally neutral Finnish territory, to attack the Soviet Union from there.
  : British general in Libya/Egypt Wavell is replaced by General Auchinleck.
  : June Uprising against the Soviet UnioninLithuania.
• 23: In the late evening, Hitler first arrives at his headquarters at Rastenberg, East Prussia, codenamed "Wolf's Lair" (Wolfsschanze). Between this date and November 20, 1944, Hitler will have spent 800 days at Wolf's Lair.
• 26: Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union.
  : The Soviet Union bombs Helsinki. Finland pronounces a state of war between Finland and Soviet Union. Continuation war is started.

• 28: Italian-occupied Albania declares war on the Soviet Union.
  : Huge German encirclement of 300,000 Red Army troops near Minsk and Bialystok.
• 29: Finish and German troops begin Operation Artic Fox against the Soviet Union

July 1941

• 1: General Auchinleck takes over from General Wavell in North Africa.
  : All American men over 21 are required to register for the draft.
  : German troops occupy Latvia's capital, Riga, on the way to Leningrad.
• 3: Stalin announces a "scorched earth policy".
  : The United States of America elevates its General Headquarters, United States Army in order to command and plan for military operations within the Zone Of The Interior.
  : Italian General Pietro Gazzera surrenders the remnants of his forces in the Jimma area.
• 4: Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers, committed by German troops in captured Polish city of Lwów.
• 5: British government rules out possibility of negotiated peace.
  : British torpedo planes sink an Italian destroyer at Tobruk; on the 20th, two more are sunk.
  : German troops reach the Dnieper River.
• 7: British and Canadian troops in Iceland are replaced by Americans.
• 8: Yugoslavia, a country formed by the Versailles treaty, is dissolved by the Axis into its component parts; especially important will be Croatia, with a pro-Axis government.
• 8: The German armies isolate Leningrad from the rest of Soviet Union.
  : Britain and the USSR sign a mutual defence agreement, promising not to sign any form of separate peace agreement with Germany.
• 9: Vitebsk is captured; this opens the battle of Smolensk, an important communications centre, considered by the German high command to be "the gateway to Moscow."
• 10: Guderian's Panzers take Minsk; the Germans advance farther into the Ukraine.
  :Units of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia begin to arrive. A legion from the Independent State of Croatia is part of the Italian corps.
• 12: The Vichy French surrender in Syria.
  : Assistant pact signed between the United Kingdom and the USSR.
• 13: Montenegro starts an uprising against the Axis Powers shortly after the Royalists in Serbia begin theirs. Questionable Communist plans instigate parallel uprising and civil war.
• 15: The Red Army start a counter-attack near Leningrad.
  : Argentia naval air base is set up in Newfoundland; it will prove an important transfer station for the Allies for some years.
• 16: German Panzers under Guderian reach Smolensk, increasing the risk to Moscow.
• 17: The air attacks on Malta continue.
• 19: The "V-sign", displayed most notably by Churchill, is unofficially adopted as the Allied signal, along with the motif of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.
• 21: The Luftwaffe strikes heavily at Moscow.
• 25: Neutral Iran occupied by Britain and the Soviet Union.
• 26: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
• 28: Japanese troops occupy southern French Indochina. The Vichy French colonial government is allowed by the Japanese to continue to administer Vietnam. French repression continues. The Vichy French also agree to the occupation by the Japanese of bases in Indochina.
  : The Germans push against Smolensk, and in the meantime solidify their presence in the Baltic states; native Jews are being exterminated.

• 31: Lewis B. Hershey succeeds Clarence Dykstra as Director of the Selective Service System in the United States.
  : Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."

August 1941

• 1: The US announces an oil embargo against "aggressors."
  : Japanese occupy Saigon, South Vietnam.
• 5: German armies trap Red Army forces in Smolensk pocket and take 300,000 soldiers; Orel is taken.
• 6: Germans take Smolensk.
  : American and British governments warn Japan not to invade Thailand.
• 9: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at NS Argentia, Newfoundland. The Atlantic Charter is created, signed, and released to the world press.
• 11: Malta is relieved by a convoy.
  : Chungking, the nominal capital of Nationalist China located far up the Yangtze River, suffers several days of heavy bombing.
• 12: Hitler, against the advice of his generals, shifts some forces from the Moscow front to Leningrad and the Crimean offensives.
• 18: Adolf Hitler orders a temporary halt to Nazi Germany's systematic euthanasiaofmentally ill and handicapped due to protests. However, graduates of the Action T4 operation were then transferred to concentration camps, where they continued in their trade.
• 22: German forces close in on Leningrad; the citizens continue improvising fortifications.
• 25: British and Soviet troops invade Persia (Iran) to save the Abadan oilfields and the important railways and routes to Soviet Union for the supply of war material.
• 27: Another U-boat is forced to surface off Ireland and its Enigma machine is captured.
• 28: German forces with the help of Estonian volunteers take Tallinn from Soviets.
• 30: The Shetland bus begins operations
• 31: The first signs appear that a Leningrad "siege" is beginning.

September 1941

• 1: With the assistance of Finnish armies in the North, Leningrad is now completely cut off.
  : A pro-German Government of National Salvation formed in Serbia under Milan Nedić. It is informally known as Nedić's Serbia.
• 4: The USS Greer becomes the first United States warship fired upon by a German U-boat in the war, even though the United States is a neutral power. Tension heightens between the two nations as a result. The US is now committed to convoy duties between the Western Hemisphere and Europe.
• 5: Germany occupies Estonia.
• 7: Berlin is heavily hit by RAF bombers.
• 8: Siege of Leningrad begins-a reasonable date to start measuring "the 900 days." German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad; Stalin orders the Volga Deutsche deported to Siberia.
• 10: German armies now have Kiev completely surrounded.
• 11: Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Navy to shoot on sight if any ship or convoy is threatened.
• 15: "Self-government" of Estonia, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by German military administration.
• 16: Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran is forced to resign in favour of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.
• 19: German capture of Kiev is now formal. The Red Army forces have suffered many casualties in defending this important city in the Soviet Union south.
• 25: The German armies now seem to have isolated the Caucasus region and are ready to absorb this oil-rich area.
• 26: The US Naval Command orders an all-out war on Axis shipping in American waters.
• 27: The National Liberation Front (EAM) is founded in Greece.
• 28: German SS troops kill over 30,000 Jews at Babi Yar in response to Jewish sabotage efforts, on the outskirts of Kiev, Ukraine.
  : The first uprising in the Drama region in Greece against the Bulgarian occupation begins. It is swiftly put down, with ca. 3,000, mostly civilians, dead.

October 1941

• 2: Operation Typhoon - German "Central" forces begin an all-out offensive against Moscow. Leading the defense of the capital is General Georgi Zhukov, already a Hero of Soviet Union for his command in the conflict against the Japanese in the Russian Far East and at Leningrad.
• 3: Mahatma Gandhi urges his followers to begin a passive resistance against British rule in India.
• 7: Heavy RAF night bombings of Berlin, the Ruhr, and Cologne, but with heavy losses too.
• 8: In their invasion of the southern Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol. However, there are signs that the invasion is beginning to bog down as rainy weather creates muddy roads for both tanks and men.
• 10: German armies encircle about 660,000 Red Army troops near Vyasma (east of Smolensk); some make a glowing prediction of the end of the war.
• 12: HMS Ark Royal delivers a squadron of Hurricane fighter planes to Malta.
• 13: Germans attempt another drive toward Moscow as the once muddy ground hardens.
• 14: Temperatures fall further on the Moscow front; heavy snows follow and immobilize German tanks.
• 15: The Germans drive on Moscow.
• 16: Soviet Union government begins move eastward to Samara, a city on the Volga, but Stalin remains in Moscow. The citizens of Moscow frantically build tank traps and other fortifications for the coming siege.
• 17: The destroyer USS Kearney is torpedoed and damaged by U-boat U-568 near Iceland, killing eleven sailors; they are the first American military casualties of the war.
  : The government of Prince Fumimaro Konoye, prime minister of Japan, collapses, leaving little hope for peace in the Pacific.
• 18: Red Army troop reinforcements arrive in Moscow from Siberia; Stalin is assured that the Japanese will not attack the USSR from the East.
  : General Hideki Tojo becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.
• 19: An official "state of siege" is announced in Moscow; The city is under martial law.
• 20: Lt. Col. Fritz Hotz, the German commander in Nantes, is killed by Resistance; 50 hostages are shot in reprisal. The incident will become a model for future occupation policies.
• 21: New Zealand troops land in Egypt and take over Fort Capuzzo.
  : Negotiations in Washington between the US and Japan seem headed toward failure.
• 22: Rostov-on-Don, an important hub on the Southern front, is taken by the Germans.
• 23: Heavy desert fighting in Libya, as Rommel thwarts "Operation Crusader" near Tobruk.
• 24: Kharkov, an important mining and industrial centre in Ukraine, falls to the German Army Group South forces.
• 27: German Army Group South forces reach Sevastopol in the Crimea, but the tanks of the "Northern" forces are slow or stopped entirely by mud. The leading tanks are on the outskirts of Moscow.

• 30: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
• 31: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by Erich Topp's U-552 near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors. It makes headlines because it is the first loss of an American "neutral warship."

November 1941

• 1: President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces that the U.S. Coast Guard will now be under the direction of the U.S. Navy, a transition of authority usually reserved only for wartime.
• 2: Political conflict in Yugoslavia as leftists under Tito (Josip Broz) are in competition with the more conservative Serbs under Draža Mihailović.
• 3: Germans take Kursk.
• 6: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier that year on July 2). He states that even though 350,000 troops were killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet victory was near.
• 7: Heavy RAF night bombings of Berlin, the Ruhr, and Cologne, but with heavy losses.
• 9: Force K the light cruisers HMS Penelope and HMS Aurora and destroyers HMS Lively and HMS Lance sunk 7 merchant ships, a tanker, and 1 destroyer during the Battle of the Duisburg Convoy
• 12: Battle of Moscow - Temperatures around Moscow drop to minus 12 °C and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.
• 12: The HMS Ark Royal delivers a squadron of Hurricane fighter planes to Malta.
• 13: Germans start a new offensive against Moscow as the muddy ground freezes again.
  : The aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal is hit by German U-boat U-81
• 14: HMS Ark Royal capsizes and sinks, having been torpedoed by U 81.
• 15: The Germans drive on Moscow.
• 17: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the State Department that Japan had plans to launch an attack against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable was ignored).
• 18: Operation Crusader: British troops cross into Libya and at least temporarily relieve the Siege of Tobruk.
• 19: Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran sink each other off the coast of Western Australia. All 648 crewmen are lost on HMAS Sydney.

• 22: Rostov-on-Don, an important hub on the southern front is taken by the Germans.
  : Britain issues an ultimatum to Finland to end war with Soviet Union or face war with the Allies.
  : Rommel starts counteroffensive, retakes Sidi Rezegh (south of Tobruk) which the British had taken a few days earlier. British tank losses are heavy.
• 23: Rommel's attack continues around Sidi Rezegh; British losses continue to rise.
• 24: The United States grants Lend-Lease to the Free French.
  : Rommel begins a surprising 15-mile foray into Egypt; he meets no opposition.
• 25: U-331 sinks British battleship HMS Barham while covering Mediterranean convoys.
• 26: Japanese attack fleet of 33 warships and auxiliary craft, including six aircraft carriers, sailed from northern Japan for the Hawaiian Islands; The Hull note ultimatum is delivered to Japan by the United States.
• 26: After his brief dash into Egypt, Rommel retreats to Bardia for refuelling; it is during this brief withdrawal that Tobruk is temporarily relieved when the British 8th Army meets with the besieged.
• 27: Battle of Moscow - German Panzers are on the outskirts of Moscow.
  : In Italian East Africa, the last Italian armed forces in East Africa surrender at Gondar.

December 1941

• 1: Malta marks its 1,000th bombing raid.
  : Fiorello H. La Guardia publishes Administrative Order 9 creating the Civil Air Patrol for U.S Coastal Patrol and naming its national commander Major General John F. Curry.
• 2: Prime Minister Tojo rejects "peace feelers" from the US.
• 3: Conscription in the United Kingdom now includes all men between 18 and 50. Women will not be neglected since they will serve in fire brigades and in women's auxiliary groups.
• 4: Japanese naval and army forces continue to move toward Pearl Harbor and South-east Asia.
• 5: Germans call off the attack on Moscow, now 11 miles away; Soviet Union counter-attack during a heavy blizzard.
  : The United Kingdom declares war on Finland.
• 7: (December 8, Asian time zones) Japan invades Thailand and British Malaya, before launching aerial attacks on US forces at Pearl Harbor, Guam and Wake Island; Japan declares war on the United States and the United Kingdom. Air attacks also on Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, and Shanghai. Canada declares war on Japan
  : German "Night and Fog decree" dictating the elimination of anti-Nazis in Western Europe.
• 8: The United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and New Zealand declare war on Japan
  : Japanese forces take the Gilbert Islands (which include Tarawa). Clark Field in the Philippines is bombed, and many American aircraft are destroyed on the ground.
• 9: China and Australia officially declare war on Japan.
• 10: British battlecruiser HMS Repulse and battleship HMS Prince of Wales sunk by Japanese air attack.
• 11: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The United States reciprocates and declares war on Germany and Italy. US forces repel a Japanese landing attempt at Wake Island.
  : Japanese invade Burma.
• 12: Japanese landings on the southern Philippine Islands—Samar, Jolo, Mindanao.
  : The United States and the United Kingdom declare war on Romania and Bulgaria after they had declared war on both the United States and the United Kingdom; India declares war on Japan; United States seizes French ship Normandie.
• 13: Hungary declares war on the United States and the United Kingdom, the United States and the United Kingdom reciprocate and declare war on Hungary.
  : Japanese under General Yamashita continue their push into Malaya. Under General Homma the Japanese forces are firmly established in the northern Philippines. Hong Kong is threatened.
• 14: The British cruiser HMS Galatea is sunk by U-557 off Alexandria, beginning a series of naval defeats for the Allies.
• 15: Italian "human torpedoes" sink two British battleships, the HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant in Alexandria harbour.
  : Allied troops push Rommel back at the Gazala line.
• 16: Rommel orders a withdrawal all the way to El Agheila, where he had begun in March. He awaits reinforcements of men and tanks.
  : Japan invades Borneo.
  : The German offensive around Moscow is now at a complete halt.
• 17: Battle of Sevastopol begins.
• 18: Japanese troops land on Hong Kong Island.
• 19: Hitler becomes Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the German Army
• 19: Force K with the HMS Neptune in lead struck a minefield the HMS Neptune was sunk with a loss of 766 crew and 1 survivor.
• 20: The battle for Wake Island continues with several Japanese ships sunk or damaged.
  : The "Arcadia Conference": Churchill is a guest in the White House. Overall strategies for fighting the War are agreed upon.
• 21: The suffering of besieged Leningrad continues; thousands die of starvation and various diseases. It is estimated that about 3,000 are dying each day.
• 22: The Japanese land at Lingayan Gulf, on the northern part of Luzon in the Philippines.
  : Start of the Arcadia Conference in Washington, the first official meeting of British and American political and military leaders.
• 23: A second Japanese landing attempt on Wake Island is successful, and the American garrison surrenders after hours of fighting.
  : General MacArthur declares Manila an "Open City."
• 23: Japanese forces land on Sarawak (Borneo).
• 24: American forces retreat into the peninsula of Bataan.
  : Japanese bomb Rangoon.
• 25: Hong Kong surrenders to Japan.
• 25: Allied forces retake Benghazi.
  : Red Army and Navy amphibious forces land at Kerch, in the Crimea; their occupation will last only through April.
• 27: British and Norwegian Commandos raid the Norwegian port of Vågsøy, causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and defences.
• 28: Japanese paratroopers land on Sumatra.
• 30: The first "Liberty Ship", the SSPatrick Henry is launched. Liberty Ships will prove to be major parts of the Allied supply system.

See also

• Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

External links

• Timeline of WWII
• Documents of World War II
• World War II Timeline