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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://meandmythinkingcap.blogspot.com/2010/10/potty-training-in-3-days-fast-track.html]: Fast track - Potty training in 3 days |
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* [http://www.nhs.uk/Planners/birthtofive/Pages/Pottytraininghub.aspx Potty training]: NHS Choices |
* [http://www.nhs.uk/Planners/birthtofive/Pages/Pottytraininghub.aspx Potty training]: NHS Choices |
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* [http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/toilet.htm "Toilet Training"], University of Michigan Health System |
* [http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/toilet.htm "Toilet Training"], University of Michigan Health System |
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Toilet training, or potty training, is the process of training a young child to use the toilet for urination and defecation, though training may start with a smaller toilet bowl-shaped device (often known as a potty). In Western countries it is usually started and completed between the ages of 12 months and four years, with boys typically being at the higher end of the age spectrum.[1] Children are able to control their bladder and bowels when they are physically ready, and when they want to be dry and clean. Most children can control their bowel before their bladder. By the age of two, some children will be dry during the day. By the age of three, nine out of 10 children will be dry most days. By the age of four most children are reliably dry.[2]
It usually takes a little longer to learn to stay dry throughout the night. Although most children learn this between the ages of three and five, it is estimated that a quarter of three-year-olds and one in six five-year-olds wet the bed.
Cultural factors play a large part in what age is deemed appropriate, with the age being generally later in America[3][4].
Most advise that toilet training is a mutual task, requiring cooperation, agreement and understanding between child and the caregiver, and the best potty training techniques emphasize consistency and positive reinforcement over punishment - making it fun for the child. There are articles suggesting that it is easier to toilet train a child when he/she is at least 18 months old, and for boys it is better to wait even longer since they usually lack the necessary language and fine motor skills. This time frame is much easier to use because of the child wanting to please his/her parents. [5][6][7]
Starting with Sigmund Freud,[8] many psychologists believe that toilet training is among the most formative events of the human psyche because this anal phase is the child's first introduction to the fact that social imperatives can take precedence over bodily desires,[9] and a child can have problems later in life if the toilet training does not go well, or is too strict. For example, as an adult, a person could strive for perfection or excessive cleanliness because they were too harshly trained. However, like many of Freud's original concepts, this is given much less weight by modern psychologists.
