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{{Short description|Family of fishes}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| name = Sandfishes |
| name = Sandfishes |
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| image = Arctoscopus japonicus.jpg |
| image = Arctoscopus japonicus.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Arctoscopus japonicus]]'' (Japanese sandfish) |
| image_caption = ''[[Arctoscopus japonicus]]'' (Japanese sandfish) |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| display_parents = 3 |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1869<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 001–230 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| parent_authority = [[Mikhail Valerievich Nazarkin|Nazarkin]] & [[Olga Voskoboinikova|Voskoboinikova]], 2000<ref name = Mecklenburg2003a>{{cite journal | author = Catherine W. Mecklenburg | year = 2003 | title = Family Trichodontidae Bleeker 1859 — sand fishes | journal = California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume =15 | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/trichodontidae.pdf}}</ref> |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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| subordo = [[Trachinoidei]] |
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = |
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See text |
See text |
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The '''Trichodontidae''', or '''sandfishes''', are a small [[ |
The '''Trichodontidae''', or '''sandfishes''', are a small [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[ray-finned fish]]es from the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Scorpaeniformes]]. The species in this family are found in the [[Pacific Ocean|North Pacific Ocean]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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Trichodontidae was first proposed as a family in 1869 by the Dutch [[herpetologist]] and [[ichthyologist]] [[Pieter Bleeker]].<ref name = VDLEF/> For a long time the family was thought to be classified within the order [[Trachiniformes]] but in 2000 the family was reclassified by the Russian biologists Mikhail Nazarkin and Olga Voskoboinikova the monotypic [[Superfamily (biology)|superfamily]] '''Trichodontoidea''' in the [[suborder]] [[Cottoidei]] of the order [[Scorpaeniformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages= 467–495 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref> Other workers have found that if the Scorpaeniformes, as delimited in the 5the edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'', is not included in the [[Perciformes]] it renders the Perciformes [[paraphyletic]]. These workers retain the Cottoidei as a suborder within the Perciformes but include the [[Zoarcoidei|zoarcoids]] and [[Gasterosteoidei|Sticklebacks and allies]] as the [[infraorder]]s Zoarcales and Gasterosteales while reclassifying most of the superfamilies of ''Fishes of the World'' as [[infraorder]]s with the Trichodontidae included in the infraorder Cottales.<ref name = Deepfin>{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 | pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 | bibcode = 2017BMCEE..17..162B | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | ** ''[[Arctoscopus japonicus]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1881)</small> (Japanese sandfish) |
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==Genera and species== |
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The family consists of three [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genera, two extant<ref name = Nelson5/><ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Trichodontidae|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> and one extinct:<ref name = NV2000/> |
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| ⚫ | * ''[[Arctoscopus]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] and [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1896</small> |
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| ⚫ | ** ''[[Arctoscopus japonicus]]'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1881)</small> (Japanese sandfish) |
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* {{extinct}}''[[Diaphantes]]'' <small>[[Mikhail Valerievich Nazarkin|Nazarkin]] & [[Olga Voskoboinikova|Voskoboinikova]], 2000</small><ref name = NV2000>{{cite journal | last1 = Nazarkin | first1 = Mikhail | last2 = Voskoboinikova | first2 = Olga | name-list-style = & | year = 2000 | title = New fossil genus and species of Trichodontidae and the position of this family in the order Perciformes | journal = Journal of Ichthyology | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 687–703 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267486305}}</ref> |
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** {{extinct}}''[[Diaphantes tilesii]]'' <small>Nazarkin & Voskoboinikova, 2000</small> |
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** ''[[Trichodon trichodon]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius|Tilesius]], 1813)</small> (Pacific sandfish) |
** ''[[Trichodon trichodon]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius|Tilesius]], 1813)</small> (Pacific sandfish) |
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{{extinct}} means extinct |
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==Characteristics== |
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Trichodontidae sandfishes are characterised by being small deep, highly compressed bodies with an overall silvery colour. They have a large oblique, upward pointing mouth which has 2 or 3 rows of small sharp teeth on the jaws and [[vomer]]. There is a fleshy fringe on the lips. There are 5 obvious spines on the [[preoperculum]]. They have 2 [[dorsal fin]]s, the first dorsal fin contains between 8 and 16 spines and is clearly separated from the second dorsal fin which may have a single spine, or none, and between 12 and 20 soft rays. The [[anal fin]] may hold a single spine, or there may be none, and also has between 28 and 32 soft rays. The large caudal fin is either forked or truncate and the pectoral fins are large and fan-shaped, these fins extend to the middle of the vent and have 21-27 thickened fin rays. The [[pelvic fin]]s are located on the thorax and contain a single spine and 5 soft rays. There is a single pair of tube-like nostrils and these fishes have no scales although the [[lateral line]] canal is well-developed and is situated high on the body parallel and near the base of the dorsal fin.<ref name = Mecklenburg2003a/> The extant species both have maximum [[total length]]s of around {{cvt|30|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family|family=Trichodontidae|month=August|year=2022}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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Trichodontidae sandfishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean from Japan to California where they are found from the [[intertidal zone]] down to depths of {{cvt|400|m}}, although they are typically found in less than {{cvt|200|m}}. They prefer soft substrates with a flat topography.<ref name = Mecklenburg2003a/> |
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==Biology== |
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Trichodontidae sandfishes are mainly [[Nocturnality|nocturnal]] and are attracted to lights on the surface. During the day they rest partially buried in the substrate with only the highest parts of the fish visible. They feed on small [[Invertebrate|invertebrates]].<ref name = Mecklenburg2003a/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{FishBase family | family = Trichodontidae | month = February | year = 2011}} |
* {{FishBase family | family = Trichodontidae | month = February | year = 2011}} |
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* {{ITIS |id=170914 |taxon=Trichodontidae |accessdate=28 April 2011}} |
* {{ITIS |id=170914 |taxon=Trichodontidae |accessdate=28 April 2011}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q134421}} |
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[[Category:Trichodontidae| ]] |
[[Category:Trichodontidae| ]] |
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[[Category:Marine fish families]] |
[[Category:Marine fish families]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Trachiniformes]] |
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| Sandfishes | |
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| Arctoscopus japonicus (Japanese sandfish) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Suborder: | Cottoidei |
| Superfamily: | Trichodontoidea Nazarkin & Voskoboinikova, 2000[2] |
| Family: | Trichodontidae Bleeker, 1869[1] |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
The Trichodontidae, or sandfishes, are a small familyofray-finned fishes from the order Scorpaeniformes. The species in this family are found in the North Pacific Ocean.
Trichodontidae was first proposed as a family in 1869 by the Dutch herpetologist and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker.[1] For a long time the family was thought to be classified within the order Trachiniformes but in 2000 the family was reclassified by the Russian biologists Mikhail Nazarkin and Olga Voskoboinikova the monotypic superfamily Trichodontoidea in the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes.[3] Other workers have found that if the Scorpaeniformes, as delimited in the 5the edition of Fishes of the World, is not included in the Perciformes it renders the Perciformes paraphyletic. These workers retain the Cottoidei as a suborder within the Perciformes but include the zoarcoids and Sticklebacks and allies as the infraorders Zoarcales and Gasterosteales while reclassifying most of the superfamilies of Fishes of the Worldasinfraorders with the Trichodontidae included in the infraorder Cottales.[4]
The family consists of three monotypic genera, two extant[3][5] and one extinct:[6]
† means extinct
Trichodontidae sandfishes are characterised by being small deep, highly compressed bodies with an overall silvery colour. They have a large oblique, upward pointing mouth which has 2 or 3 rows of small sharp teeth on the jaws and vomer. There is a fleshy fringe on the lips. There are 5 obvious spines on the preoperculum. They have 2 dorsal fins, the first dorsal fin contains between 8 and 16 spines and is clearly separated from the second dorsal fin which may have a single spine, or none, and between 12 and 20 soft rays. The anal fin may hold a single spine, or there may be none, and also has between 28 and 32 soft rays. The large caudal fin is either forked or truncate and the pectoral fins are large and fan-shaped, these fins extend to the middle of the vent and have 21-27 thickened fin rays. The pelvic fins are located on the thorax and contain a single spine and 5 soft rays. There is a single pair of tube-like nostrils and these fishes have no scales although the lateral line canal is well-developed and is situated high on the body parallel and near the base of the dorsal fin.[2] The extant species both have maximum total lengths of around 30 cm (12 in).[7]
Trichodontidae sandfishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean from Japan to California where they are found from the intertidal zone down to depths of 400 m (1,300 ft), although they are typically found in less than 200 m (660 ft). They prefer soft substrates with a flat topography.[2]
Trichodontidae sandfishes are mainly nocturnal and are attracted to lights on the surface. During the day they rest partially buried in the substrate with only the highest parts of the fish visible. They feed on small invertebrates.[2]
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