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[[File:Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg|right|thumb| |
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{{Short description|Motto of the state of Hawaii}} |
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[[File:HonoluluHale-dedication-plaque.JPG|thumb|right| |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg|right|thumb|{{center|[[Seal of Hawaii|Seal of the State of Hawaii]] bearing the motto}}]] |
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'''''Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono''''' is a well-known [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian phrase]] which was adopted in 1959 as the motto of the state of Hawaii.<ref name=state>{{cite web|title=Hawaii Revised Statue § 5-9 (State motto)|author=Hawaii State Legislature|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> It is most commonly translated as '''The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness'''. |
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'''''Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono''''' {{IPA-haw|ˈuə ˈmɐw ke ˈɛə o kə ˈʔaːi.nə i kə ˈpo.no}} is a [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian phrase]], spoken by [[Kamehameha III]], and adopted in 1959 as the state motto.<ref name=state>{{cite web|title=Hawaii Revised Statue § 5-9 (State motto)|author=Hawaii State Legislature|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> It is most commonly translated as "'''the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness'''."<ref name="Paradoxes">{{cite book |last1=Kauanui |first1=J. Kehaulani |title=Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty: Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism |date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7196-0 |url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/PubMaterials/978-0-8223-7075-8_601.pdf |page=28 |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="StarAdvertiser">{{cite web |last1=Kalama |first1=Camille |last2=Kopper |first2=David Kauila |title=Native sovereignty encompasses 'aina, people, ways |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2011/07/03/editorial/island-voices/native-sovereignty-encompasses-aina-people-ways/ |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |access-date=26 November 2021 |date=3 July 2011}}</ref> An alternative translation, which appears at [[Thomas Square]] next to a statue of Kamehameha III, is "The sovereignty of the kingdom continues because we are righteous."<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Square Park in Honolulu, Hawaii {{!}} King Beretania St |url=https://fokopoint.com/thomas-square-honolulu-park-history-king-kamehameha-bronze-statue-rear-admiral-richard-thomas-ward-avenue-victoria-street-south-beretania-king-water-fountain-grass-trees-size-event-gathering-activity/ |website=Fokopoint |access-date=8 September 2022 |date=2 January 2019}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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This phrase was first spoken by [[Kamehameha III]], the King of Hawaii, on July 31, 1843, on [[Thomas Square]], [[Oʻahu]], when the sovereignty of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] was returned by the |
This phrase was first spoken by [[Kamehameha III]], the King of Hawaii, on July 31, 1843, on [[Thomas Square]], [[Oʻahu]], when the sovereignty of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] was returned by the British through the restorative actions of Admiral [[Richard Darton Thomas]], following the [[Paulet Affair|brief takeover]] by [[Lord George Paulet]].<ref name="RoutledgeHandbook">{{cite book |last1=Hokowhitu |first1=Brendan |last2=Moreton-Robinson |first2=Aileen |last3=Tuhiwai-Smith |first3=Linda |last4=Andersen |first4=Chris |last5=Larkin |first5=Steve |title=Routledge Handbook of Critical Indigenous Studies |date=30 December 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-80237-9 |at=Chapter 21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52wLEAAAQBAJ |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Today, the phrase is extensively used by both the [[state of Hawaii]] and by [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement|Hawaiian sovereignty activists]].<ref>[http://www.hawaii-nation.org/ Hawaii nation Organization]</ref> |
Today, the phrase is extensively used by both the [[state of Hawaii]] and by [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement|Hawaiian sovereignty activists]].<ref>[http://www.hawaii-nation.org/ Hawaii nation Organization]</ref> |
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==Meaning== |
==Meaning== |
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| ⚫ | [[File:HonoluluHale-dedication-plaque.JPG|thumb|right|The phrase is engraved on the [[corner stone]] of [[Honolulu Hale]], the [[Honolulu]] [[City Hall]].]] |
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Some of the words contained in this phrase have greater, more difficult to define meaning than is commonly ascribed. ''Mau'', for example, implies an unending continuation; ''Ea'' means not only "life", but "breath" and, more importantly, "[[sovereignty]]".<ref name=dict>[http://wehewehe.org/ Hawaiian language online dictionary]</ref> ''Pono'' is a well-used Hawaiian word that cannot be concisely translated. It includes aspects of goodness, excellence, fairness, order, propriety, completeness, care, value, organization, purpose, and hope.<ref name=dict/> It is disputed that the word ''ea'' in this pronouncement refers to "life." Many now insist strongly that ''ea'' refers specifically to sovereignty because of the circumstances at the time Kamehameha III uttered it. |
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Some of the words in the phrase have additional meanings or connotations. In particular, ''Ea'' means not only "life" or "breath" but also "sovereignty".<ref name="StarAdvertiser" /><ref name="RoutledgeHandbook" /><ref>{{cite web |title="ea" -- Hawaiian Dictionaries |url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-en-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-ea--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D1766 |website=wehewehe.org |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Hawaiian activists argue that ''ea'' refers specifically to sovereignty because of the circumstances at the time Kamehameha{{nbsp}}III uttered it.<ref name="Paradoxes" /><ref name="StarAdvertiser" /> Thus, an alternate translation is "The sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness."<ref name="Becoming-Like-Creoles">{{cite book |last1=DeYoung |first1=Curtiss Paul |title=Becoming Like Creoles: Living and Leading at the Intersections of Injustice, Culture, and Religion |date=6 August 2019 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-5064-5557-0 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sSHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ua+Mau+ke+Ea+o+ka+%CA%BB%C4%80ina+i+ka+Pono&pg=PA62 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Thus, a possibly more accurate translation would be : "The sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." Admiral Thomas did what was righteous (''pono'') by returning on that day the sovereignty of the Kingdom of ''Hawaiʻi'' to its people through handing it back to their king. |
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''Pono'', commonly translated as "righteousness", may also connote goodness, fairness, order, or completeness.<ref>{{cite web |title="pono" -- Hawaiian Dictionaries |url=http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-pono--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D18537 |website=wehewehe.org |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> ''ʻĀina'', translated in the motto as "land", also has a more significant meaning in the Hawaiian language.<ref name="Meaning-of-'Aina">{{cite web |last1=Boggs |first1=Stephen |title=Meaning of 'Aina in Hawaiian Tradition |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/34232/boggs_aina.pdf |publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> ''ʻĀina'' is better translated as "that which feeds" and can describe a relationship between Native Hawaiians and the islands.<ref name="Meaning-of-'Aina" /><ref name="StarAdvertiser" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono Hawaiian pronunciation: [ˈuə ˈmɐw ke ˈɛə o kə ˈʔaːi.nə i kə ˈpo.no] is a Hawaiian phrase, spoken by Kamehameha III, and adopted in 1959 as the state motto.[1] It is most commonly translated as "the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness."[2][3] An alternative translation, which appears at Thomas Square next to a statue of Kamehameha III, is "The sovereignty of the kingdom continues because we are righteous."[4]
This phrase was first spoken by Kamehameha III, the King of Hawaii, on July 31, 1843, on Thomas Square, Oʻahu, when the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii was returned by the British through the restorative actions of Admiral Richard Darton Thomas, following the brief takeoverbyLord George Paulet.[5]
Today, the phrase is extensively used by both the state of Hawaii and by Hawaiian sovereignty activists.[6]
Some of the words in the phrase have additional meanings or connotations. In particular, Ea means not only "life" or "breath" but also "sovereignty".[3][5][7] Hawaiian activists argue that ea refers specifically to sovereignty because of the circumstances at the time Kamehameha III uttered it.[2][3] Thus, an alternate translation is "The sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness."[8]
Pono, commonly translated as "righteousness", may also connote goodness, fairness, order, or completeness.[9] ʻĀina, translated in the motto as "land", also has a more significant meaning in the Hawaiian language.[10] ʻĀina is better translated as "that which feeds" and can describe a relationship between Native Hawaiians and the islands.[10][3]
