|
|
No edit summary
|
||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
*'''[[Liberal democracy]]''' |
*'''[[Liberal democracy]]''' |
||
*'''Pro-[[Western world|West]]''': Alliance with [[Triple Entente|Entente]] against the militarism of the Central Powers during WWI, and with the Allies during WWII. Also pro-West during the [[Cold War]]. |
*'''Pro-[[Western world|West]]''': Alliance with [[Triple Entente|Entente]] against the militarism of the Central Powers during WWI, and with the Allies during WWII. Also pro-West during the [[Cold War]]. |
||
*'''[[Republicanism]]''': Despite Venizelos' moderation regarding the monarchy, most of his supporters were in favour of a Republic, |
*'''[[Republicanism]]''': Despite Venizelos' moderation regarding the monarchy, most of his supporters were in favour of a Republic, on the French standards. |
||
*'''[[Economic liberalism]]''' |
*'''[[Economic liberalism]]''' |
||
*'''[[Anti-communism]]''': Venizelos rejected the bolshevik practices and was the main introducer of the ''[[Idionymon]]'' anticommunist law. |
*'''[[Anti-communism]]''': Venizelos rejected the bolshevik practices and was the main introducer of the ''[[Idionymon]]'' anticommunist law. |
||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
===Liberal Party=== |
===Liberal Party=== |
||
[[File:Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Eleftherios Venizelos]]]] |
[[File:Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Eleftherios Venizelos]]]] |
||
[[Liberal Party (Greece)|Venizelos' liberal party]] ruled Greece from 1910 until 1916. That year, determined to enter [[World War I]] on the entente side, Venizelos [[National Schism|rebelled against the king]] and formed a [[Provisional Government of National Defence]] in Thessaloniki. Venizelos regained full control of the country in 1917 and ruled until losing the 1920 elections. The strongest support for Venizelism came in the "New Greece" gained after the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 consisting of Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia.<ref>Kostis, Kostas ''History's Spoiled Children'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.277-278</ref> By contrast, people in "Old Greece" tended to be more much royalist. The fact that in 1916 King Constantine I had allowed the Bulgarians to occupy parts of Macedonia and had been willing to contemplate giving up all of recently gained "New Greece" in the north to the Bulgarians to weaken the Venizelist movement cemented the identification of people in northern Greece with Venizelism.<ref>Kostis, Kostas ''History's Spoiled Children'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.278</ref> Refugees from Turkey also tended be strongly Venizelist |
[[Liberal Party (Greece)|Venizelos' liberal party]] ruled Greece from 1910 until 1916. That year, determined to enter [[World War I]] on the entente side, Venizelos [[National Schism|rebelled against the king]] and formed a [[Provisional Government of National Defence]] in Thessaloniki. Venizelos regained full control of the country in 1917 and ruled until losing the 1920 elections. The strongest support for Venizelism came in the "New Greece" gained after the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 consisting of Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia.<ref>Kostis, Kostas ''History's Spoiled Children'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.277-278</ref> By contrast, people in "Old Greece" tended to be more much royalist. The fact that in 1916 King Constantine I had allowed the Bulgarians to occupy parts of Macedonia and had been willing to contemplate giving up all of recently gained "New Greece" in the north to the Bulgarians to weaken the Venizelist movement cemented the identification of people in northern Greece with Venizelism.<ref>Kostis, Kostas ''History's Spoiled Children'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.278</ref> Refugees from Turkey also tended be strongly Venizelist<ref>Kostis, Kostas ''History's Spoiled Children'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 p.260.</ref>, at least until the 1930s. |
||
After a crisis period (including two short-lived pro-Venizelist military governments after [[Nikolaos Plastiras]] |
After a crisis period (including two short-lived pro-Venizelist military governments after [[Nikolaos Plastiras]] 1922 revolution) the liberals returned to power from 1928 until 1932. Venizelists [[Sophoklis Venizelos]] and [[Georgios Papandreou]] formed the core of the [[Greek government in exile]] during the [[Axis Occupation of Greece]] (1941–1944), and held power a number of times in the 1950s. |
||
===Centre Union=== |
===Centre Union=== |
||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
==Antivenizelism== |
==Antivenizelism== |
||
Against Venizelos' policies could be found politicians of different political orientation during the 1910s (monarchists, conservatives, but also leftist socialists and pacifists). Some points of disagreement included the Venizelos' extreme pro-[[Triple Entente|Entente]] stance during the World War I and the [[National Schism]] (which led to the division of the country between a venizelist and a |
Against Venizelos' policies could be found politicians of different political orientation during the 1910s (monarchists, conservatives, but also leftist socialists and pacifists). Some points of disagreement included the Venizelos' extreme pro-[[Triple Entente|Entente]] stance during the World War I and the [[National Schism]] (which led to the division of the country between a venizelist and a royalist government), his policy about the [[Megali idea]] and its results (regarding the relations with [[Turkey]] and the Greeks who were still under Ottoman sovereignty) and later the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] and the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]]. |
||
Another common point of the antivenizelists was a criticism about the country's social and economical transformation/modernization. |
Another common point of the antivenizelists was a criticism about the country's social and economical transformation/modernization, such as critics for political and economical mismanagement. |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| This article is part of a serieson |
| Politics of Greece |
|---|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Venizelism (Greek: Βενιζελισμός) was one of the major political movements in Greece from the 1900s until the mid-1970s.
Named after Eleftherios Venizelos, the key characteristics of Venizelism were:
In the contemporary sense the ideology incorporates national liberalism, civic nationalism, economic liberalism, liberal democracy, pro-Europeanism, republicanism, secularism, centrism, radical centrism and generally moves from centre-right to social democracy.
Venizelos' liberal party ruled Greece from 1910 until 1916. That year, determined to enter World War I on the entente side, Venizelos rebelled against the king and formed a Provisional Government of National Defence in Thessaloniki. Venizelos regained full control of the country in 1917 and ruled until losing the 1920 elections. The strongest support for Venizelism came in the "New Greece" gained after the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 consisting of Crete, Thrace, Epirus, the North Aegean islands, and Macedonia.[1] By contrast, people in "Old Greece" tended to be more much royalist. The fact that in 1916 King Constantine I had allowed the Bulgarians to occupy parts of Macedonia and had been willing to contemplate giving up all of recently gained "New Greece" in the north to the Bulgarians to weaken the Venizelist movement cemented the identification of people in northern Greece with Venizelism.[2] Refugees from Turkey also tended be strongly Venizelist[3], at least until the 1930s.
After a crisis period (including two short-lived pro-Venizelist military governments after Nikolaos Plastiras 1922 revolution) the liberals returned to power from 1928 until 1932. Venizelists Sophoklis Venizelos and Georgios Papandreou formed the core of the Greek government in exile during the Axis Occupation of Greece (1941–1944), and held power a number of times in the 1950s.
Georgios Papandreou created the Centre Union party in 1961, as a coalition of old Venizelists and progressive politicians. In 1963 the party was elected and held power until 1965, when its right wing broke ranks in the events known as the Apostasia. The current Union of Centrists claims to be the ideological continuation of the old party Centre Union.
After the 1967–1974 Junta, Venizelists formed the Centre Union – New Forces party, which then evolved into the Union of the Democratic Centre (Greek: ΕΔΗΚ). While the Venizelist legacy was still popular, election results were disappointing as the abolition of the monarchy, the dilution of support for Greek nationalism after the seven years of the junta and the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and Karamanlis' move towards the political centre had blurred the differences between the liberals and their former conservative opponents, while the socialist PASOK party was gaining support at the left side of the spectrum.
Most members of the Centre Union – New Forces party with their leader Georgios Mavros were absorbed by PASOK.
Although the image of Venizelos is still very popular in Greece today, Venizelism is no longer a major force in Greek politics. Venizelos' prestige however and his ideology's connotations of republicanism, and progressive reforms means that most mainstream political forces claim his political heritage. There are few explicitly "Venizelist" movements today in Greece. In the 2004 elections for the European Parliament, the leading Venizelist party was the Union of Centrists, gaining only 0.54% of the Greek popular vote. An attempted revival of the original Liberal Party, under the same name, was founded in the 1980s by Venizelos' grandson, Nikitas Venizelos.
Against Venizelos' policies could be found politicians of different political orientation during the 1910s (monarchists, conservatives, but also leftist socialists and pacifists). Some points of disagreement included the Venizelos' extreme pro-Entente stance during the World War I and the National Schism (which led to the division of the country between a venizelist and a royalist government), his policy about the Megali idea and its results (regarding the relations with Turkey and the Greeks who were still under Ottoman sovereignty) and later the Treaty of Lausanne and the population exchange.
Another common point of the antivenizelists was a criticism about the country's social and economical transformation/modernization, such as critics for political and economical mismanagement.
