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{{Use Australian English|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Infobox rockunit |
{{Infobox rockunit |
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| name = Wonthaggi Formation |
| name = Wonthaggi Formation |
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| type = [[Geological formation]] |
| type = [[Geological formation]] |
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| period = |
| period = Barremian |
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| age = |
| age = {{fossilrange|Valanginian|Barremian}} |
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| prilithology = [[Volcaniclastic]] [[sandstone]], [[siltstone]] |
| prilithology = [[Volcaniclastic]] [[sandstone]], [[siltstone]] |
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| otherlithology = [[Conglomerate (geology)|Conglomerate]], [[coal]] |
| otherlithology = [[Conglomerate (geology)|Conglomerate]], [[coal]] |
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| thickness = Up to {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
| thickness = Up to {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} |
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| extent = [[Gippsland Basin]] |
| extent = [[Gippsland Basin]] |
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| map = |
| map = Eumeralla and Wonthaggi locations.jpeg |
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|map_caption = Exposure of Wonthaggi Formation green in bottom-right |
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| relief = 1 |
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|image = Flat rocks.jpeg |
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| width = 250 |
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|caption = Flat rocks locality}} |
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| float = center |
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| places = |
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The '''Wonthaggi Formation''' is an informal geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in Victoria, Australia whose strata date back to the [[Early Cretaceous]]. It is part of the [[Strzelecki Group]] within the [[Gippsland Basin]]. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution">Weishampel, David B; ''et al.'' (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Australasia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 573-574. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref><ref>. |
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{{Location map~ | Australia |
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{{citation |title=Wonthaggi Formation |url=http://dbforms.ga.gov.au/pls/www/geodx.strat_units.sch_full?wher=stratno=33943 |work=Australian Stratigraphic Units Database |publisher=[[Geoscience Australia]] |accessdate=2011-09-18}}</ref> It is partially equivalent to the [[Eumeralla Formation]]. |
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| lat_deg = -38.7 |
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| lon_deg = 145.7 |
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== Geology == |
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| mark = Green pog.svg |
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The Wonthaggi Formation was deposited within Gippsland Basin, which formed part of a [[Extensional tectonics|extensional]] [[rift valley]] system between Australia and Antarctica. The lithology primarily consists of [[Fluvial processes|fluvially]] deposited [[siliciclastic]]s derived from volcanic rocks of the Whitsunday Silicic [[Large igneous province|Large Igneous Province]] to the East, with suggestions that the sediments either originated from [[braided river]] and [[Sheet erosion|sheet flood]] deposits, or [[Meander|meandering river]] systems on vegetated [[floodplain]]s.<ref name="Galleonosaurus" /> The age of the formation is thought to be [[Valanginian]] to [[Barremian]], with the Flat Rocks site being late Barremian (~125 Ma) in age, older than the sediments from the Eumeralla Formation, which are thought to be [[Aptian]]-[[Albian]] in age.<ref name="Galleonosaurus" /> |
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| marksize = 12 |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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The '''Wonthaggi Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in Victoria, Australia whose strata date back to the [[Early Cretaceous]]. It is part of the Strzelecki Group. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution">Weishampel, David B; ''et al.'' (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Australasia)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 573-574. {{ISBN|0-520-24209-2}}.</ref><ref>. |
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{{citation |title=Wonthaggi Formation |url=http://dbforms.ga.gov.au/pls/www/geodx.strat_units.sch_full?wher=stratno=33943 |work=Australian Stratigraphic Units Database |publisher=[[Geoscience Australia]] |accessdate=2011-09-18}}</ref> It is equivalent to the [[Eumeralla Formation]]. |
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==Vertebrate paleofauna== |
==Vertebrate paleofauna== |
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Indeterminate ornithopod remains are present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name="Galleonosaurus" /> Indeterminate megaraptorid remains are present in Victoria, Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Poropat|first1=Stephen F.|last2=Martin|first2=Sarah K.|last3=Tosolini|first3=Anne-Marie P.|last4=Wagstaff|first4=Barbara E.|last5=Bean|first5=Lynne B.|last6=Kear|first6=Benjamin P.|last7=Vickers-Rich|first7=Patricia|last8=Rich|first8=Thomas H.|date=2018-04-03|title=Early Cretaceous polar biotas of Victoria, southeastern Australia—an overview of research to date|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2018.1453085|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=157–229|doi=10.1080/03115518.2018.1453085|s2cid=133845914|issn=0311-5518}}</ref> |
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[[File:DinosaurCove.png|thumb|right|330px|alt=Map showing current and previous positions of Australia, with Dinosaur Cove outlined in red and the equator and Antarctic Circle shown for reference|[[Dinosaur Cove]] has moved north over the last hundred million years<ref name="USGS-map">{{cite web |title=Dinosaur Cove, Australia |work=This Dynamic Earth |publisher=[[USGS]] |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/cove.html |accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>]] |
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Indeterminate ankylosaur, euornithopod, and possible neoceratopsian remains are present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> Indeterminate ornithomimosaur remains, as well as possible indeterminate allosauroid and dromaeosaurid remains are present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> The formation also provided fossils of ''[[Koolasuchus|Koolasuchus cleelandi]]''.<ref name=FW>[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=137195 Dwyers Hill] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref> |
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=== Amphibians === |
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{| class="wikitable" align="center" |
{| class="wikitable" align="center" |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan="5" align="center" | ''' |
! colspan="5" align="center" | '''Amphibians of the Wonthaggi Formation''' |
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|- |
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! Genus |
! Genus |
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! Presence |
! Presence |
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! Notes |
! Notes |
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! Images |
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|''[[Koolasuchus]]'' |
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|''K. cleelandi'' |
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|Tree Trunk Point, Dwyers Hill, San Remo |
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|[[Chigutisauridae|Chigutisaurid]] [[Temnospondyli|temnospondyl]], last known temnospondyl |
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|[[File:Koolasuchus.png|center|frameless]] |
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|} |
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=== Dinosaurs === |
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{| class="wikitable" align="center" |
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|- |
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! colspan="6" align="center" | '''Dinosaurs of the Wonthaggi Formation''' |
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|- |
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! Genus |
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! Species |
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! Locality |
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! Material |
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!Notes |
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! Images |
! Images |
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|- |
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cf. ''[[Atlascopcosaurus]]''<ref name=Galleonosaurus>{{cite journal |last1=Herne |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Nair |first2=Jay P. |last3=Evans |first3=Alistair R. |last4=Tait |first4=Alan M. |year=2019 |title=New small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Neornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation (Strzelecki Group) of the Australian-Antarctic rift system, with revision of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1999 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=543–584 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2018.95 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
cf. ''[[Atlascopcosaurus]]''<ref name=Galleonosaurus>{{cite journal |last1=Herne |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Nair |first2=Jay P. |last3=Evans |first3=Alistair R. |last4=Tait |first4=Alan M. |year=2019 |title=New small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Neornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation (Strzelecki Group) of the Australian-Antarctic rift system, with revision of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1999 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=543–584 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2018.95 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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''A. loadsi''<ref name=Galleonosaurus /> |
''cf. A. loadsi''<ref name=Galleonosaurus /> |
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Flat Rocks |
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Geographically present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name=Galleonosaurus /> |
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|known as "Victorian ornithopod maxillary morphotype 4", consists of a partial right maxilla |
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|Intermediate in morphology between ''Galleonosaurus'' and ''Atlascopcosaurus'' |
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|- |
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| rowspan="104" | |
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[[File:Atlascopcosaurus loadsi.JPG|thumb|center|175px|''[[Atlascopcosaurus]]'']] |
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''[[Fulgurotherium]]''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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''F. australe''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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Geographically present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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| rowspan="100" | |
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[[File:Qantassaurus skel aus.jpg|thumb|center|175px|''[[Qantassaurus]]'']] |
[[File:Qantassaurus skel aus.jpg|thumb|center|175px|''[[Qantassaurus]]'']] |
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''G. dorisae''<ref name=Galleonosaurus /> |
''G. dorisae''<ref name=Galleonosaurus /> |
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Flat Rocks |
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Geographically present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name=Galleonosaurus /> |
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|Known from a maxilla |
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|- |
|- |
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| rowspan="2" | |
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''[[Qantassaurus]]''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
''[[Qantassaurus]]''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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''Q. intrepidus''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
''Q. intrepidus''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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Flat Rocks |
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Geographically present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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"[Three] dentaries and teeth."<ref name="table-18-1-395">"Table 18.1," in Weishampel, ''et al.'' (2004). Page 395.</ref> |
"[Three] dentaries and teeth."<ref name="table-18-1-395">"Table 18.1," in Weishampel, ''et al.'' (2004). Page 395.</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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|''Q. ?intrepidus''<ref name="Galleonosaurus" /> |
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|Flat Rocks |
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|Known as "Victorian ornithopodan dentary morphotype 2", represented by two dentary fragments, |
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|Possibly distinct from ''Q. intrepidus'' |
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''S. arthurclarkei''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
''S. arthurclarkei''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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The Arch, Kilcunda |
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Geographically present in Victoria, Australia.<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /> |
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|Single damaged ulna |
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[[Aves]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Vickers-Rich |first2=Patricia |last3=Rich |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Hall |first4=and Michael |year=2014 |title=Oldest known avian footprints from Australia: Eumeralla Formation (Albian), Dinosaur Cove, Victoria |journal=Palaeontology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1111/pala.12082}}</ref> |
[[Aves]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Vickers-Rich |first2=Patricia |last3=Rich |first3=Thomas H. |last4=Hall |first4=and Michael |year=2014 |title=Oldest known avian footprints from Australia: Eumeralla Formation (Albian), Dinosaur Cove, Victoria |journal=Palaeontology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1111/pala.12082|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Indeterminate |
Indeterminate |
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Single furcula. |
Single furcula. |
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|[[Ankylosauria]]<ref>{{Cite journal | |
|[[Ankylosauria]] indet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Paul M. |last2=Rich |first2=Thomas H. |last3=Vickers-Rich |first3=Patricia |last4=Tumanova |first4=Tat'yana A. |last5=Inglis |first5=Matthew |last6=Pickering |first6=David |last7=Kool |first7=Lesley |last8=Kear |first8=Benjamin P. |date=September 2010 |title=Ankylosaurian dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Australia |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=205–217 |doi=10.1080/03115511003655430 |s2cid=128882257 |issn=0311-5518}}</ref> |
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|Indeterminate |
|Indeterminate |
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|Flat Rocks |
|Flat Rocks |
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|Teeth, dorsal vertebra, ribs, osteoderms |
|Teeth, dorsal vertebra, ribs, osteoderms |
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|- |
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|[[Noasauridae]] indet.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brougham|first1=Tom|last2=Smith|first2=Elizabeth T.|last3=Bell|first3=Phil R.|date=2020-01-29|title=Noasaurids are a component of the Australian 'mid'-Cretaceous theropod fauna|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1428|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-57667-7|pmid=31996712|pmc=6989633|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.1428B |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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|Indeterminate |
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|San Remo Member |
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|NMV P221202, astragalocalcaneum |
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|A non-[[elaphrosaurine]] noasaurid. |
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|[[Ornithopoda]] indet.<ref name="Galleonosaurus" /> |
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|Indeterminate |
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|Flat Rocks |
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|Dentaries referred to as "Victorian ornithopodan dentary morphotype 3" including P228408, NMV P231182, NMV P199135 and isolated teeth |
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|Different from ''Q. intrepidus.'' |
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|- |
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|[[Ornithopoda]] indet.<ref name="Galleonosaurus" /> |
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|Indeterminate |
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|Cape Paterson |
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|single femur |
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|Known as "Victorian Hypsilophodontid Femur Type 2". Larger than contemporaneous ornithopods. |
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|- |
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|[[Megaraptora]] indet. |
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|Indeterminate |
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|Flat Rocks |
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|Numerous isolated teeth, and a left [[Talus bone|astragalus]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poropat |first1=Stephen F. |last2=White |first2=Matt A. |last3=Vickers-Rich |first3=Patricia |last4=Rich |first4=Thomas H. |date=2019-07-04 |title=New megaraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) remains from the Lower Cretaceous Eumeralla Formation of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia (Including supplemental material) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=e1666273 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1666273 |s2cid=208603798 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> |
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|Originally referred to ''"Allosaurus" robustus'' |
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|- |
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|[[Megaraptoridae]] indet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kotevski |first1=Jake |last2=Duncan |first2=Ruairidh J. |last3=Pentland |first3=Adele H. |last4=Rule |first4=James P. |last5=Vickers-Rich |first5=Patricia |last6=Rich |first6=Thomas H. |last7=Fitzgerald |first7=Erich M. G. |last8=Evans |first8=Alistair R. |last9=Poropat |first9=Stephen F. |date=2023-11-02 |title=A megaraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) frontal from the upper Strzelecki Group (Lower Cretaceous) of Victoria, Australia |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=154 |pages=105769 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105769 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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|Indeterminate |
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|Shack Bay |
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|a complete frontal, attached to a partial parietal |
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=== Mammals === |
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{| class="wikitable" align="center" |
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|- |
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! colspan="6" align="center" | '''Mammals of the Wonthaggi Formation''' |
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|- |
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! Genus |
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! Species |
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! Presence |
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!Material |
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! Notes |
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! Images |
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|- |
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|''[[Ausktribosphenos]]'' |
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|''A. nyktos'' |
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| rowspan="5" |Flat rocks |
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|Partial dentary with teeth |
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|[[Ausktribosphenidae|Ausktribosphenid]] |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Bishops (mammal)|''Bishops'']] |
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|''B. whitmorei'' |
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|Partial dentary with teeth |
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|Ausktribosphenid |
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| |
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|- |
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|''[[Corriebaatar]]'' |
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|''C. marywaltersae'' |
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|"NMV P216655, a fragment of a left dentary bearing a complete plagiaulacoid p4 and the anterior root of m1" |
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|[[Multituberculata|Multituberculate]] |
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|[[File:Corriebaatar.png|center|frameless]] |
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|- |
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|''[[Kryoparvus]]'' |
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|''K. gerriti'' |
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|Partial dentary with teeth |
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|?Ausktribosphenid |
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| |
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|- |
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|''[[Teinolophos]]'' |
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|''T. trusleri'' |
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|Partial dentary with teeth |
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|[[Monotreme]] |
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|} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Geology|Paleontology|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Australia}} |
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* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]] |
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]] |
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* [[South Polar region of the Cretaceous]] |
* [[South Polar region of the Cretaceous]] |
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[[Category:Fluvial deposits]] |
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]] |
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[[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Oceania]] |
[[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Oceania]] |
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[[Category:Paleontology in Victoria]] |
[[Category:Paleontology in Victoria (state)]] |
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[[Category:Geology of Victoria ( |
[[Category:Geology of Victoria (state)]] |
Wonthaggi Formation | |
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Stratigraphic range: Valanginian–Barremian
| |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | Strzelecki Group |
Underlies | Unconformity with Wombat Volcanics & Kersop Arkose |
Overlies | Paleozoic basement |
Thickness | Up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Volcaniclastic sandstone, siltstone |
Other | Conglomerate, coal |
Location | |
Coordinates | 38°42′S 145°42′E / 38.7°S 145.7°E / -38.7; 145.7 |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 77°00′S 117°30′E / 77.0°S 117.5°E / -77.0; 117.5 |
Region | Victoria |
Country | Australia |
Extent | Gippsland Basin |
Exposure of Wonthaggi Formation green in bottom-right |
The Wonthaggi Formation is an informal geological formation in Victoria, Australia whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous. It is part of the Strzelecki Group within the Gippsland Basin. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[1][2] It is partially equivalent to the Eumeralla Formation.
The Wonthaggi Formation was deposited within Gippsland Basin, which formed part of a extensional rift valley system between Australia and Antarctica. The lithology primarily consists of fluvially deposited siliciclastics derived from volcanic rocks of the Whitsunday Silicic Large Igneous Province to the East, with suggestions that the sediments either originated from braided river and sheet flood deposits, or meandering river systems on vegetated floodplains.[3] The age of the formation is thought to be ValanginiantoBarremian, with the Flat Rocks site being late Barremian (~125 Ma) in age, older than the sediments from the Eumeralla Formation, which are thought to be Aptian-Albian in age.[3]
Indeterminate ornithopod remains are present in Victoria, Australia.[3] Indeterminate megaraptorid remains are present in Victoria, Australia.[4]
Amphibians of the Wonthaggi Formation | ||||
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Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
Koolasuchus | K. cleelandi | Tree Trunk Point, Dwyers Hill, San Remo | Chigutisaurid temnospondyl, last known temnospondyl |
Dinosaurs of the Wonthaggi Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Images |
cf. A. loadsi[3] |
Flat Rocks |
known as "Victorian ornithopod maxillary morphotype 4", consists of a partial right maxilla | Intermediate in morphology between Galleonosaurus and Atlascopcosaurus | ||
G. dorisae[3] |
Flat Rocks |
Known from a maxilla | |||
Q. intrepidus[1] |
Flat Rocks |
"[Three] dentaries and teeth."[5] |
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Q. ?intrepidus[3] | Flat Rocks | Known as "Victorian ornithopodan dentary morphotype 2", represented by two dentary fragments, | Possibly distinct from Q. intrepidus | ||
S. arthurclarkei[1] |
The Arch, Kilcunda |
Single damaged ulna | |||
Indeterminate |
Possibly also present at the Eumeralla Formation (footprints). |
Single furcula. |
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Ankylosauria indet.[7] | Indeterminate | Flat Rocks | Teeth, dorsal vertebra, ribs, osteoderms | ||
Noasauridae indet.[8] | Indeterminate | San Remo Member | NMV P221202, astragalocalcaneum | A non-elaphrosaurine noasaurid. | |
Ornithopoda indet.[3] | Indeterminate | Flat Rocks | Dentaries referred to as "Victorian ornithopodan dentary morphotype 3" including P228408, NMV P231182, NMV P199135 and isolated teeth | Different from Q. intrepidus. | |
Ornithopoda indet.[3] | Indeterminate | Cape Paterson | single femur | Known as "Victorian Hypsilophodontid Femur Type 2". Larger than contemporaneous ornithopods. | |
Megaraptora indet. | Indeterminate | Flat Rocks | Numerous isolated teeth, and a left astragalus[9] | Originally referred to "Allosaurus" robustus | |
Megaraptoridae indet.[10] | Indeterminate | Shack Bay | a complete frontal, attached to a partial parietal |
Mammals of the Wonthaggi Formation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
Ausktribosphenos | A. nyktos | Flat rocks | Partial dentary with teeth | Ausktribosphenid | |
Bishops | B. whitmorei | Partial dentary with teeth | Ausktribosphenid | ||
Corriebaatar | C. marywaltersae | "NMV P216655, a fragment of a left dentary bearing a complete plagiaulacoid p4 and the anterior root of m1" | Multituberculate | ||
Kryoparvus | K. gerriti | Partial dentary with teeth | ?Ausktribosphenid | ||
Teinolophos | T. trusleri | Partial dentary with teeth | Monotreme |