/* Primary energy production given in TW-hr and in TW
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[[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Global energy consumption, measured in [[exajoules]] per year: Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as [[Renewable energy|renewables]] have begun rapidly increasing.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson RB, etal |title=Global fossil carbon emissions rebound near pre-COVID-19 levels |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=2022 |page=031001 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6 |arxiv=2111.02222 |bibcode=2022ERL....17c1001J |s2cid=241035429 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6/meta |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Global energy consumption, measured in [[exajoules]] per year: Coal, oil, and natural gas remain the primary global energy sources even as [[Renewable energy|renewables]] have begun rapidly increasing.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson RB, etal |title=Global fossil carbon emissions rebound near pre-COVID-19 levels |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=2022 |page=031001 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6 |arxiv=2111.02222 |bibcode=2022ERL....17c1001J |s2cid=241035429 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6/meta |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>]] |
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[[File:World energy mix.svg|thumb|305px|right| |
[[File:World energy mix.svg|thumb|305px|right|Primary energy consumption by source (worldwide) from 1965 to 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Energy consumption by source |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/energy-consumption-by-source-and-country |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] |
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'''World energy supply and consumption''' refers to the global |
'''World energy supply and consumption''' refers to the global supply of [[World energy resources|energy resources]] and its [[Energy consumption|consumption]]. The system of global energy supply consists of the [[energy development]], [[Refineries|refinement]], and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms suchas ''raw resources'' or ''more processed and refined'' forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example [[coal]], [[Oil and gas|unprocessed oil & gas]], [[uranium]]. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example [[Oil refinery|refined oil]] that becomes [[fuels|fuel]] and [[Electric energy consumption|electricity]]. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource (e.g. coal), and intended end use (industrial, residential, etc.). Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the [[economy|global economy]]. It is needed in industry and global [[transportation]]. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of [[useful energy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Energy definitions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705105959/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> |
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As of 2022, energy consumption is still about 80% from fossil fuels.<ref name="Enerdata">{{cite web |date= |title=World Energy Statistics | Enerdata |url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823190734/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ |archive-date=23 August 2022 |accessdate=2022-08-26 |publisher=Yearbook.enerdata.net}}</ref> The [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf States]] and [[Russia]] are major energy exporters. Their customers include for example the [[European Union]] and [[China]], who are not producing enough energy in their own countries to satisfy their energy demand. Total energy consumption tends to increase by about 1–2% per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-11-28 |title=Energy |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154923/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 September 2022 |quote=Global energy consumption continues to grow, but it does seem to be slowing – averaging around 1% to 2% per year.}}</ref> More recently, [[renewable energy]] has been growing rapidly, averaging about 20% increase per year in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-31 |title=Global wind and solar growth on track to meet climate targets |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/global-wind-solar-growth-track-meet-climate-targets-2022-03-30/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154921/https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/global-wind-solar-growth-track-meet-climate-targets-2022-03-30/ |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=2022-09-16 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Global Electricity Review 2022 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402070913/https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Ember |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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This article provides a brief overview of energy supply and consumption, using statistics summarized in tables, of the countries and regions that produce and consume the most energy. |
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In 2022, consumers worldwide spent nearly USD 10 trillion on energy, averaging more than USD 1,200 per person. This reflects a 20% increase over the previous five-year average, highlighting the significant economic impact and the increasing financial burden of energy consumption on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Energy Agency |first=IEA |date=May 2024 |title=Strategies for Affordable and Fair Clean Energy Transitions |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/d3a68a4e-7f55-4c6a-8f4f-ce2e55475701/StrategiesforAffordableandFairCleanEnergyTransitions.pdf |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=www.iea.org}}</ref>{{Rp|page=13}} |
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As of 2022, energy consumption is still about 80% from fossil fuels.<ref name="Enerdata">{{cite web |date= |title=World Energy Statistics | Enerdata |url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ |accessdate=2022-08-26 |publisher=Yearbook.enerdata.net |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823190734/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf States]] and [[Russia]] are major energy exporters, with notable customers being the [[European Union]] and [[China]], where domestically not enough energy is produced in order to satisfy energy demand. Energy consumption generally increases about 1-2% per year,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-11-28 |title=Energy |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption |journal=Our World in Data |quote=Global energy consumption continues to grow, but it does seem to be slowing – averaging around 1% to 2% per year. |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154923/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption |url-status=live }}</ref> except for [[renewable energy|solar and wind energy]] which averaged 20% per year in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-31 |title=Global wind and solar growth on track to meet climate targets |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/global-wind-solar-growth-track-meet-climate-targets-2022-03-30/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416154921/https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/global-wind-solar-growth-track-meet-climate-targets-2022-03-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Global Electricity Review 2022 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Ember |language=en-US |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402070913/https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Two key problems with energy production and consumption are [[greenhouse gas emissions]] and [[Pollution|environmental pollution]]. Of about 50 billion tonnes worldwide annual total greenhouse gas emissions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803102846/https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> 36 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was a result of energy use (almost all from fossil fuels) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021 - News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815175132/https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=IEA |date=8 March 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Many scenarios have been envisioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, usually by the name of [[net zero|net zero emissions]]. |
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Energy that is produced, like from [[fossil fuels]], is processed in order to make it suitable for consumption by end users. The energy supply chain from initial production and final consumption involves many different activities, causing a loss of useful energy ultimately,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions | title=Energy definitions | access-date=16 August 2023 | archive-date=5 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705105959/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-definitions | url-status=live }}</ref> see [[exergy]]. |
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Per capita, energy consumptionin[[North America]] is very high, while in [[Developing country|less developed countries]] it is low and usually more renewable.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use | title=Energy use per person | access-date=9 September 2022 | archive-date=28 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128155350/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS?end=2019&start=2019&view=map | title=Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) | Data }}</ref> There is a clear connection between energy consumption per capita, and GDP per capita.<ref> {{cite journal | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/energy-use-per-person-vs-gdp-per-capita | title=Energy use per person vs. GDP per capita, 2021 | journal=Our World in Data}} </ref> |
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A significant lack of energy supplies is called an [[energy crisis]]. |
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Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was a significant decline in energy usage worldwide in 2020, but total energy demand worldwide had recovered by 2021, and has hit a record high in 2022.<ref> {{cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?time=2004..latest | title=Global primary energy consumption by source | journal=Our World in Data}} </ref> |
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A serious problem concerning energy production and consumption is [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. Of about 50 billion tonnes worldwide annual total greenhouse gas emissions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803102846/https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |url-status=live }}</ref> 36 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was emitted due to energy (almost all from fossil fuels) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global CO2 emissions rebounded to their highest level in history in 2021 - News |url=https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=IEA |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815175132/https://www.iea.org/news/global-co2-emissions-rebounded-to-their-highest-level-in-history-in-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> The goal set in the [[Paris Agreement]] to [[Climate change mitigation|limit climate change]] will be difficult to achieve.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://feu-us.org/our-work/behind-the-climate-pledges/ | title=The Truth Behind the Climate Pledges – FEU-US | access-date=1 September 2022 | archive-date=21 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821183405/https://feu-us.org/our-work/behind-the-climate-pledges/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Many scenarios have been envisioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, usually by the name of [[net zero|net zero by 2050]]. |
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== Availability of data == |
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Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply and consumption of either their own country, of other countries of interest, or of all countries combined in one chart. One of the largest organizations in this field, the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), sells yearly comprehensive energy data which makes this data [[paywall]]ed and [[International Energy Agency#Restricting access to data|difficult to access for internet users]].<ref name="balances" /> The organization Enerdata on the other hand publishes a free Yearbook, making the data more accessible.<ref name="Enerdata" /> Another trustworthy organization that provides accurate energy data, mainly referring to the USA, is the [[U.S. Energy Information Administration]]. |
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== Primary energy production == |
== Primary energy production == |
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{{Further|List of countries by electricity production|Nuclear power by country|List of countries by oil production|List of countries by natural gas production|List of countries by coal production}} |
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{{Wikipedia:Latest world total primary energy consumption by type}} |
{{Wikipedia:Latest world total primary energy consumption by type}} |
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[[File:Energy use per person.svg|thumb|305px|right|World map with primary energy use per person in 2021<ref>“Data Page: Primary energy consumption per capita”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado and Max Roser (2023) - “Energy”. Data adapted from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Energy Institute, Various sources. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use [online resource]</ref>]] |
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[[File:Energy use per person.svg|thumb|305px|right|World PE per person, 2021]] |
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[[Primary energy|Primary Energy]] refers to first form of energy encountered, as raw resources collected directly from energy production, before any conversion or transformation of the energy occurs. |
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Energy production is usually classified as: |
Energy production is usually classified as: |
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* Fossil: based on [[lower heating value]]. |
* Fossil: based on [[lower heating value]]. |
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* Nuclear: heat produced by nuclear reactions, 3 times the electric energy, based on 33% efficiency of [[Nuclear plant|nuclear plants]]. |
* Nuclear: heat produced by nuclear reactions, 3 times the electric energy, based on 33% efficiency of [[Nuclear power plant|nuclear plants]]. |
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* Renewable: |
* Renewable: |
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** Biomass based on lower heating value. |
** Biomass based on lower heating value. |
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See [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dbc69ca6-bbbe-4fde-8cfa-81e4abe02b8b/statistics_manual.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075207/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dbc69ca6-bbbe-4fde-8cfa-81e4abe02b8b/statistics_manual.pdf|date=11 June 2021}}, chapter 7</ref> to ease measurement of different kinds of energy. These rules are controversial. Water and air flow energy that drives hydro and wind turbines, and sunlight that powers solar panels, are not taken as PE, which is set at the electric energy produced. But fossil and nuclear energy are set at the reaction heat, which is about three times the electric energy. This measurement difference can lead to underestimating the economic contribution of renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sauar|first1=Erik|title=IEA underreports contribution solar and wind by a factor of three compared to fossil fuels|url=http://energypost.eu/iea-underreports-contribution-solar-wind-factor-three-compared-fossil-fuels/|website=energypost.eu|date=31 August 2017|publisher=Energy Post|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202221/http://energypost.eu/iea-underreports-contribution-solar-wind-factor-three-compared-fossil-fuels/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
See [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dbc69ca6-bbbe-4fde-8cfa-81e4abe02b8b/statistics_manual.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611075207/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dbc69ca6-bbbe-4fde-8cfa-81e4abe02b8b/statistics_manual.pdf|date=11 June 2021}}, chapter 7</ref> to ease measurement of different kinds of energy. These rules are controversial. Water and air flow energy that drives hydro and wind turbines, and sunlight that powers solar panels, are not taken as PE, which is set at the electric energy produced. But fossil and nuclear energy are set at the reaction heat, which is about three times the electric energy. This measurement difference can lead to underestimating the economic contribution of renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sauar|first1=Erik|title=IEA underreports contribution solar and wind by a factor of three compared to fossil fuels|url=http://energypost.eu/iea-underreports-contribution-solar-wind-factor-three-compared-fossil-fuels/|website=energypost.eu|date=31 August 2017|publisher=Energy Post|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202221/http://energypost.eu/iea-underreports-contribution-solar-wind-factor-three-compared-fossil-fuels/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Enerdata displays data for "Total energy / production: Coal, Oil, Gas, Biomass, Heat and Electricity" and for "Renewables / % in electricity production: Renewables, non-renewables".<ref name="Enerdata" /> |
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Enerdata<ref name="Enerdata" /> displays: |
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* TOTAL ENERGY / PRODUCTION: Coal, Oil, Gas, Biomass, Heat and Electricity. |
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The table lists worldwide PE and the countries producing most (76%) of that in 2021, using Enerdata. The amounts are rounded and given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh (41.9 [[Joule#Multiples|petajoules]]), where 1 TWh = 10<sup>9</sup> kWh) and % of Total. Renewable is Biomass plus Heat plus renewable percentage of Electricity production (hydro, wind, solar). Nuclear is nonrenewable percentage of Electricity production. The above-mentioned underestimation of hydro, wind and solar energy, compared to nuclear and fossil energy, applies also to Enerdata. |
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* RENEWABLES / % IN ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: Renewables, non-renewables. |
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The 2021 world total energy production of 14,800 MToe corresponds to a little over 172 PWh / year, or about 19.6 TW of power generation. |
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The table lists worldwide PE and the countries producing most (76%) of that in 2021, using Enerdata. The amounts are rounded and given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh (3.23 [[Joule#Multiples|megajoules]]), where 1 TWh = 10<sup>9</sup> kWh) and % of Total. Renewable is Biomass plus Heat plus renewable percentage of Electricity production (hydro, wind, solar). Nuclear is nonrenewable percentage of Electricity production. The above-mentioned underestimation of hydro, wind and solar energy, compared to nuclear and fossil energy, applies also to Enerdata. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |
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|+ Largest Primary Energy producers (76% of world production) as of 2021, |
|+ Largest Primary Energy producers (76% of world production) as of 2021, given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year |
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given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year |
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! !! Total (MToe) !! Coal !! Oil & Gas !! Renewable !! Nuclear |
! !! Total (MToe) !! Coal !! Oil & Gas !! Renewable !! Nuclear |
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{{Latest pie chart of world power by source}} |
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The 2021 world total of 14800 MToe corresponds to 170,000 TW-hr/year, or about 20 TW. |
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== Energy conversion == |
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For more detailed energy production, see: |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:20%; float:right;" |
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! Nation|| Export minus Import in 2021 (MToe)<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-import-export-statistics.html | title=Balance of world energy trade | Global Energy Trading | Enerdata | access-date=27 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063554/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-import-export-statistics.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* [[List of countries by electricity production]] |
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* [[Nuclear power by country]] |
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* [[List of countries by oil production]] |
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* [[List of countries by natural gas production]] |
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* [[List of countries by coal production]] |
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{{clear}} |
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== Energy conversion and trade == |
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[[File:Different energy forms (PES).png|thumb|Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.]] |
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Primary energy is converted in many ways to energy carriers, also known as secondary energy:<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.18, Energy Conversion, 15th ed., 1992</ref> |
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* Coal mainly goes to [[thermal power station]]s. [[Coke (fuel)|Coke]] is derived by destructive distillation of bituminous coal. |
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* Crude oil goes mainly to [[oil refineries]] |
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* Natural-gas goes to [[natural-gas processing]] plants to remove contaminants such as water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and to adjust the heating value. It is used as fuel gas, also in thermal power stations. |
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* Nuclear reaction heat is used in thermal power stations. |
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* [[Biomass]] is used directly or converted to [[biofuel]]. |
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<!-- pie chart --> |
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{{Pie chart |
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| thumb = left |
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| caption = 2018 World electricity generation (26,700 TWh) by source (IEA, 2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/electricity |title=IEA Website |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607024650/https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/electricity |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| other = |
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| label1 = Coal |
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| value1 = 38 |
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| color1 = #313c42 |
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| label2 = Gas |
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| value2 = 23 |
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| color2 = #ef8e39 |
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| label3 = Hydro and other |
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| value3 = 19 |
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| color3 = #005CE6 |
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| label4 = Nuclear |
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| value4 = 10 |
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| color4 = #de2821 |
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| label5 = Solar PV and wind |
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| value5 = 7 |
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| color5 = #00CC4B |
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| label6 = Oil |
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| value6 = 3 |
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| color6 = #7C6250 |
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}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:20%; float:right;" |
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! Nation|| Export minus Import in 2021<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-import-export-statistics.html | title=Balance of world energy trade | Global Energy Trading | Enerdata | access-date=27 August 2022 | archive-date=13 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813063554/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-import-export-statistics.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| Russia ||align="right"| 682 |
| Russia || align="right" | 682 |
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| Saudi Arabia ||align="right"| 388 |
| Saudi Arabia || align="right" | 388 |
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| Australia || style="text-align:right;"| 296 |
| Australia || style="text-align:right;" | 296 |
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| Canada ||align="right"| 245 |
| Canada || align="right" | 245 |
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| Indonesia ||align="right"| 226 |
| Indonesia || align="right" | 226 |
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| Norway ||align="right"| 185 |
| Norway || align="right" | 185 |
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| Italy ||align="right"| -114 |
| Italy || align="right" | -114 |
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| Turkey ||align="right"| -118 |
| Turkey || align="right" | -118 |
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| Germany ||align="right"| -187 |
| Germany || align="right" | -187 |
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| South Korea ||align="right"| -239 |
| South Korea || align="right" | -239 |
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| India ||align="right"| -323 |
| India || align="right" | -323 |
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| Japan ||align="right"| -357 |
| Japan || align="right" | -357 |
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| China ||align="right"| -803 |
| China || align="right" | -803 |
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[[File:Different energy forms (PES).png|thumb|left|Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.]] |
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Electricity [[Electricity generation|generators]] are driven by |
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Energy resources must be processed in order to make it suitable for final consumption. For example, there may be various impurities in raw coal mined or raw natural gas that was produced from an oil well that may make it unsuitable to be burned in a power plant. |
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* [[Steam turbine|steam]] or [[gas turbine]]s in a [[thermal plant]], |
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* or [[water turbine]]s in a [[hydropower]] station, |
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* or [[wind turbine]]s, usually in a [[wind farm]]. |
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Primary energy is converted in many ways to [[Energy carrier|energy carriers]], also known as secondary energy:<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol.18, Energy Conversion, 15th ed., 1992</ref> |
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The invention of the [[solar cell]] in 1954 started electricity generation by solar panels, connected to a [[power inverter]]. Mass production of panels around the year 2000 made this economic. |
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* Coal mainly goes to [[thermal power station]]s. [[Coke (fuel)|Coke]] is derived by destructive distillation of bituminous coal. |
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* Crude oil goes mainly to [[oil refineries]] |
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* Natural-gas goes to [[natural-gas processing]] plants to remove contaminants such as water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and to adjust the heating value. It is used as fuel gas, also in thermal power stations. |
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* Nuclear reaction heat is used in thermal power stations. |
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* [[Biomass]] is used directly or converted to [[biofuel]]. |
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Electricity [[Electricity generation|generators]] are driven by [[Steam turbine|steam]] or [[gas turbine]]s in a [[thermal plant]], or [[water turbine]]s in a [[hydropower]] station, or [[wind turbine]]s, usually in a [[wind farm]]. The invention of the [[solar cell]] in 1954 started electricity generation by solar panels, connected to a [[power inverter]]. Mass production of panels around the year 2000 made this economic. |
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Much primary and converted energy is traded among countries. The table lists countries with large difference of export and import in 2021, expressed in Mtoe. A negative value indicates that much energy import is needed for the economy.<ref name=":1" /> Russian gas exports were reduced a lot in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attinasi |first1=Maria Grazia |last2=Doleschel |first2=Julia |last3=Gerinovics |first3=Rinalds |last4=Gunnella |first4=Vanessa |last5=Mancini |first5=Michele |date=2022-08-04 |title=Trade flows with Russia since the start of its invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2022/html/ecb.ebbox202205_01~9a64e27f6f.en.html |language=en |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121449/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2022/html/ecb.ebbox202205_01~9a64e27f6f.en.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as pipelines to Asia plus LNG export capacity is much less than [[2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute|the gas no longer sent to Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Can Russia Execute a Gas Pivot to Asia? |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-russia-execute-gas-pivot-asia |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.csis.org |date=4 May 2022 |language=en |last1=Tsafos |first1=Nikos |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121445/https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-russia-execute-gas-pivot-asia |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== Energy trade == |
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Big transport goes by [[tanker ship]], [[tank truck]], [[LNG carrier]], [[rail freight transport]], [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] and by [[electric power transmission]]. |
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{{Further|Energy trading}} |
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{{clear}} |
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Much primary and converted energy is traded among countries. The table lists countries with large difference of export and import in 2021, expressed in Mtoe. A negative value indicates that much energy import is needed for the economy.<ref name=":1" /> Russian gas exports were reduced a lot in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attinasi |first1=Maria Grazia |last2=Doleschel |first2=Julia |last3=Gerinovics |first3=Rinalds |last4=Gunnella |first4=Vanessa |last5=Mancini |first5=Michele |date=2022-08-04 |title=Trade flows with Russia since the start of its invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2022/html/ecb.ebbox202205_01~9a64e27f6f.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121449/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/economic-bulletin/focus/2022/html/ecb.ebbox202205_01~9a64e27f6f.en.html |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as pipelines to Asia plus LNG export capacity is much less than [[2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute|the gas no longer sent to Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsafos |first1=Nikos |date=4 May 2022 |title=Can Russia Execute a Gas Pivot to Asia? |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-russia-execute-gas-pivot-asia |url-status=live |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829121445/https://www.csis.org/analysis/can-russia-execute-gas-pivot-asia |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.csis.org}}</ref> |
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Transport of energy carriers is done by [[tanker ship]], [[tank truck]], [[LNG carrier]], [[rail freight transport]], [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] and by [[electric power transmission]]. |
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== Total energy supply == |
== Total energy supply == |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;" |
||
|+ Total Energy Supply and Primary Energy |
|+ Total Energy Supply and Primary Energy (in MToe) |
||
! |
! || TES || PE |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| China || 3,650 || 2,950 |
| China || 3,650 || 2,950 |
||
Line 196: | Line 151: | ||
| Japan || 400 || 52 |
| Japan || 400 || 52 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| South Korea || 298 || 151 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Canada || 289 || 536 |
| Canada || 289 || 536 |
||
Line 206: | Line 161: | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;" |
||
|+ World TES history |
|+ World TES history (in Million Tons of Energy Equivalent) |
||
! Year || TES |
! Year || TES |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 229: | Line 184: | ||
=== Discussion about energy loss === |
=== Discussion about energy loss === |
||
{{Further|Energy quality|Fuel cell#Theoretical maximum efficiency}} |
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There are different [[Energy quality|qualities of energy]]. Heat, especially at a relatively low temperature, is low-quality energy, whereas electricity is high-quality energy. It takes around 3 kWh of heat to produce 1 kWh of electricity. But by the same token, a kilowatt-hour of this high-quality electricity can be used to pump several kilowatt-hours of heat into a building using a heat pump. And electricity can be used in many ways in which heat cannot. So the loss of energy incurred in thermal electricity plants is not comparable to a loss due to, say, resistance in power lines, because of quality difference. See [[Energy quality]]. |
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There are different [[Energy quality|qualities of energy]]. Heat, especially at a relatively low temperature, is low-quality energy, whereas electricity is high-quality energy. It takes around 3 kWh of heat to produce 1 kWh of electricity. But by the same token, a kilowatt-hour of this high-quality electricity can be used to pump several kilowatt-hours of heat into a building using a heat pump. Electricity can be used in many ways in which heat cannot. So the loss of energy incurred in thermal electricity plants is not comparable to a loss due to, say, resistance in power lines, because of quality differences. |
|||
In fact, the loss in thermal plants is due to poor conversion of chemical energy of fuel to electricity by combustion. Chemical energy of fuel is not low-quality |
In fact, the loss in thermal plants is due to poor conversion of chemical energy of fuel to electricity by combustion. Chemical energy of fuel is not inherently low-quality; for example, conversion to electricity in [[fuel cell]]s can theoretically approach 100%. So energy loss in thermal plants is real loss. |
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== Final consumption == |
== Final consumption == |
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Line 265: | Line 221: | ||
}} |
}} |
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''Total final consumption'' (TFC) is the worldwide consumption of energy by end-users (whereas primary energy consumption (Eurostat)<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy consumption in 2018|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10341545/8-04022020-BP-EN.pdf|url-status=live|website=Eurostat|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610170520/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10341545/8-04022020-BP-EN.pdf}}</ref> or total energy supply (IEA) is total energy demand and thus also includes what the energy sector uses itself and transformation and distribution losses). This energy consists of fuel (78%) and electricity (22%). The tables list amounts, expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and how much of these is renewable energy. Non-energy products are not considered here. The data are of 2018.<ref name="balances">[https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018 Data and Statistics.] 2018. International Energy Agency. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806060631/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018|date=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Data tables – Data & Statistics">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Electricity&year=2018|title=Data tables – Data & Statistics|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203224853/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Electricity&year=2018|url-status=live}}</ref> |
''Total final consumption'' (TFC) is the worldwide consumption of energy by end-users (whereas primary energy consumption (Eurostat)<ref>{{cite web|title=Energy consumption in 2018|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10341545/8-04022020-BP-EN.pdf|url-status=live|website=Eurostat|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610170520/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10341545/8-04022020-BP-EN.pdf}}</ref> or total energy supply (IEA) is total energy demand and thus also includes what the energy sector uses itself and transformation and distribution losses). This energy consists of fuel (78%) and electricity (22%). The tables list amounts, expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and how much of these is renewable energy. Non-energy products are not considered here. The data are of 2018.<ref name="balances">[https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018 Data and Statistics.] 2018. International Energy Agency. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806060631/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Balances&year=2018|date=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Data tables – Data & Statistics">{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Electricity&year=2018|title=Data tables – Data & Statistics|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203224853/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tables?country=WORLD&energy=Electricity&year=2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The world's renewable share of TFC was 18% in 2018: 7% traditional biomass, 3.6% hydropower and 7.4% other renewables.<ref>[https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf GSR 2020 report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923065621/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf|date=23 September 2020}} Fig.1 p.32</ref> |
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In the period 2005–2017 worldwide final consumption of coal increased by 23%, of oil and gas increased by 18%, and that of electricity increased by 41%.<ref name="balances" /> |
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Fuel: |
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* fossil: natural gas, fuel derived from petroleum (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, gas/diesel, fuel oil), from coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, blast furnace gas). |
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* renewable: biofuel and fuel derived from waste. |
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* for [[District heating]]. |
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The amounts are based on [[lower heating value]]. |
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Fuel comes in three types: Fossil fuel is natural gas, fuel derived from petroleum (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, gas/diesel, fuel oil), or from coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, blast furnace gas). Secondly, there is renewable fuel ([[biofuel]] and fuel derived from waste). And lastly, the fuel used for [[district heating]]. |
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The first table lists final consumption in the countries/regions which use most (85%), and per person. In developing countries fuel consumption per person is low and more renewable. Canada, Venezuela and Brazil generate most electricity with hydropower. |
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The amounts of fuel in the tables are based on [[lower heating value]]. |
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The first table lists final consumption in the countries/regions which use most (85%), and per person as of 2018. In developing countries fuel consumption per person is low and more renewable. Canada, Venezuela and Brazil generate most electricity with hydropower. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
|+ Final consumption in most using countries and per person <ref name="balances" /><ref name="Data tables – Data & Statistics"/> |
|+ Final consumption in most using countries and per person (as of 2018) <ref name="balances" /><ref name="Data tables – Data & Statistics" /> |
||
! |
! !! Fuel<br /><small>Mtoe</small> !! of which<br />renewable !! Electricity<br /><small>Mtoe</small> !! of which<br />renewable !! TFC pp<br /><small>toe</small> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''China''' || 1,436 || 6% || 555 || 30% || 1.4 |
| '''China''' || 1,436 || 6% || 555 || 30% || 1.4 |
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Line 303: | Line 259: | ||
| '''Mexico''' || 95 || 7% || 25 || 18% || 1.0 |
| '''Mexico''' || 95 || 7% || 25 || 18% || 1.0 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ''' |
| '''South Korea''' || 85 || 5% || 46 || 5% || 2.6 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| '''Australia''' || 60 || 7% || 18 || 21% || 3.2 |
| '''Australia''' || 60 || 7% || 18 || 21% || 3.2 |
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Line 313: | Line 269: | ||
! World || 7050 || 14% || 1970 || 30% || 1.2 |
! World || 7050 || 14% || 1970 || 30% || 1.2 |
||
|} |
|} |
||
The world's renewable share of TFC was 18% in 2018: 7% traditional biomass, 3.6% hydropower and 7.4% other renewables.<ref>[https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf GSR 2020 report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923065621/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf |date=23 September 2020 }} Fig.1 p.32</ref> |
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In Africa 32 of the 48 nations are declared to be in an energy crisis by the World Bank. See [[Energy in Africa]]. |
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The next table shows countries consuming most (85%) in Europe. |
The next table shows countries consuming most (85%) in Europe. |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
||
|+ Countries consuming most (85%) in Europe. |
|+ Countries consuming most (85%) in Europe as of 2018. |
||
! Country !! Fuel<br /><small>Mtoe</small> !! of which<br />renewable !! Electricity<br /><small>Mtoe</small> !! of which<br />renewable |
! Country !! Fuel<br /><small>Mtoe</small> !! of which<br />renewable !! Electricity<br /><small>Mtoe</small> !! of which<br />renewable |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 356: | Line 308: | ||
| Norway || 8 || 16% || 10 || 100% |
| Norway || 8 || 16% || 10 || 100% |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{{clear}} |
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=== Trend === |
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In the period 2005–2017 worldwide final consumption<ref name="balances" />of |
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* coal increased 23%, |
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* oil and gas increased 18%, |
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* electricity increased 41%. |
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=== Energy for energy === |
=== Energy for energy === |
||
{{main|Energy return on investment}} |
{{main|Energy return on investment}} |
||
Some fuel and electricity is used to construct, maintain and demolish/recycle installations that produce fuel and electricity, such as [[oil platform]]s, uranium [[isotope separator]]s and wind turbines. For these producers to be economical the ''ratio of energy returned on energy invested'' (EROEI) or ''energy return on investment'' (EROI) should be large enough. |
Some fuel and electricity is used to construct, maintain and demolish/recycle installations that produce fuel and electricity, such as [[oil platform]]s, uranium [[isotope separator]]s and wind turbines. For these producers to be economical the ''ratio of energy returned on energy invested'' (EROEI) or ''energy return on investment'' (EROI) should be large enough. |
||
If the final energy delivered for consumption is E and the EROI equals R, then the net energy available is E-E/R. The percentage available energy is 100-100/R. For R>10 more than 90% is available but for R=2 only 50% and for R=1 none. This steep decline is known as the ''net energy cliff''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-05-08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-net-energy-cliff/ | title=Is There Such a Thing as a "Net Energy Cliff?" | date=8 May 2017 | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172423/https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-05-08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-net-energy-cliff/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
If the final energy delivered for consumption is E and the EROI equals R, then the net energy available is E-E/R. The percentage available energy is 100-100/R. For R>10 more than 90% is available but for R=2 only 50% and for R=1 none. This steep decline is known as the ''net energy cliff''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-05-08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-net-energy-cliff/ | title=Is There Such a Thing as a "Net Energy Cliff?" | date=8 May 2017 | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172423/https://www.resilience.org/stories/2017-05-08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-a-net-energy-cliff/ | url-status=live }}</ref> |
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== |
== Availability of data == |
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Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply and consumption of either their own country, of other countries of interest, or of all countries combined in one chart. One of the largest organizations in this field, the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), sells yearly comprehensive energy data which makes this data [[paywall]]ed and [[International Energy Agency#Restricting access to data|difficult to access for internet users]].<ref name="balances" /> The organization Enerdata on the other hand publishes a free Yearbook, making the data more accessible.<ref name="Enerdata" /> Another trustworthy organization that provides accurate energy data, mainly referring to the USA, is the [[U.S. Energy Information Administration]]. |
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|
== Trends and outlook == |
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{{Climate change mitigation}} |
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Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was a significant decline in energy usage worldwide in 2020, but total energy demand worldwide had recovered by 2021, and has hit a record high in 2022.<ref> {{cite journal |title=Global primary energy consumption by source |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-energy-substitution?time=2004..latest |journal=Our World in Data}} </ref> |
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In World Energy Outlook 2023 the IEA notes that ''We are on track to see all fossil fuels peak before 2030.''<ref name="WEO23">https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023 Download pdf</ref>{{Rp|18}} |
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|
=== IEA scenarios === |
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The Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) provides an outlook based on the latest policy settings. The share of fossil fuel in global energy supply – stuck for decades around 80% – starts to edge downwards and reaches 73% by 2030.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|18}} This undercuts the rationale for any increase in fossil fuel investment.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|19}} Renewables are set to contribute 80% of new power capacity to 2030, with solar PV alone accounting for more than half.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|20}} The STEPS sees a peak in energy-related CO2 emissions in the mid-2020s but emissions remain high enough to push up global average temperatures to around 2.4 °C in 2100.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|22}} Total energy demand continues to increase through to 2050.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|23}} Total energy investment remains at about USD 3 trillion per year.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|49}} |
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The Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) assumes all national energy and climate targets made by governments are met in full and on time. The APS is associated with a temperature rise of 1.7 °C in 2100 (with a 50% probability).<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|92}} Total energy investment rises to about USD 4 trillion per year after 2030.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|49}} |
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In World Energy Outlook 2023 the IEA notes that "We are on track to see all fossil fuels peak before 2030"''.''<ref name="WEO23">https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023 Download pdf</ref>{{Rp|18}} The IEA presents three scenarios:<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|17}} |
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The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario limits global warming to 1.5 °C.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|17}} The share of fossil fuel reaches 62% in 2030.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|101}} Methane emissions from fossil fuel supply cuts by 75% in 2030.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|45}} Total energy investment rises to almost USD 5 trillion per year after 2030.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|49}} Clean energy investment needs to rise everywhere, but the steepest increases are needed in emerging market and developing economies other than China, requiring enhanced international support.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|46}} The share of electricity in final consumption exceeds 50% by 2050 in NZE. The share of nuclear power in electricity generation remains broadly stable over time in all scenarios, about 9%.<ref name="WEO23"/>{{Rp|106}} |
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# The ''Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)'' provides an outlook based on the latest policy settings. The share of fossil fuel in global energy supply – stuck for decades around 80% – starts to edge downwards and reaches 73% by 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|18}} This undercuts the rationale for any increase in fossil fuel investment.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|19}} Renewables are set to contribute 80% of new power capacity to 2030, with solar PV alone accounting for more than half.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|20}} The STEPS sees a peak in energy-related CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the mid-2020s but emissions remain high enough to push up global average temperatures to around 2.4 °C in 2100.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|22}} Total energy demand continues to increase through to 2050.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|23}} Total energy investment remains at about US$3 trillion per year.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|49}} |
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=== UN Emissions Gap Report 2023 === |
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# The ''Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)'' assumes all national energy and climate targets made by governments are met in full and on time. The APS is associated with a temperature rise of 1.7 °C in 2100 (with a 50% probability).<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|92}} Total energy investment rises to about US$4 trillion per year after 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|49}} |
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As temperature records tumble and climate impacts intensify, the Emissions Gap Report 2023: |
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# The ''Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario'' limits global warming to 1.5 °C.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|17}} The share of fossil fuel reaches 62% in 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|101}} Methane emissions from fossil fuel supply cuts by 75% in 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|45}} Total energy investment rises to almost US$5 trillion per year after 2030.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|49}} Clean energy investment needs to rise everywhere, but the steepest increases are needed in emerging market and developing economies other than China, requiring enhanced international support.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|46}} The share of electricity in final consumption exceeds 50% by 2050 in NZE. The share of nuclear power in electricity generation remains broadly stable over time in all scenarios, about 9%.<ref name="WEO23" />{{Rp|106}} |
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''Broken Record – Temperatures hit new highs, yet world fails to cut emissions (again)'' finds that the world is heading for a 2.5-2.9°C temperature rise above pre-industrial levels unless countries step up action and deliver more than promised in their 2030 pledges under the Paris Agreement.<ref>https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/43924/EGR2023_KMEN.pdf?sequence=10</ref> |
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The IEA's "Electricity 2024" report details a 2.2% growth in global electricity demand for 2023, forecasting an annual increase of 3.4% through 2026, with notable contributions from emerging economies like [[China]] and [[India]], despite a slump in advanced economies due to economic and inflationary pressures. The report underscores the significant impact of data centers, AI, and [[cryptocurrency]], projecting a potential doubling of electricity consumption to 1,000 TWh by 2026, which is on par with [[Japan|Japan's]] current usage. Notably, 85% of the additional demand is expected to originate from China and India, with India's demand alone predicted to grow over 6% annually until 2026, driven by economic expansion and increasing air conditioning use. [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia's]] electricity demand is also forecasted to climb by 5% annually through 2026. In stark contrast, Africa's per capita electricity consumption has stalled, with no expected significant growth until the end of 2026. In the [[United States]], a decrease was seen in 2023, but a moderate rise is anticipated in the coming years, largely fueled by data centers. The [[European Union]] experienced a significant drop in consumption in 2023 to a two-decade low, with only a gradual recovery expected. The report also anticipates that a surge in electricity generation from low-emissions sources will meet the global demand growth over the next three years, with renewable energy sources predicted to surpass coal by early 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-24 |title=Electricity 2024 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>IEA (2024), Electricity 2024, IEA, Paris <nowiki>https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024</nowiki>, Licence: CC BY 4.0</ref> |
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=== Alternative scenarios === |
=== Alternative scenarios === |
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The goal set in the [[Paris Agreement]] to [[Climate change mitigation|limit climate change]] will be difficult to achieve.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Truth Behind the Climate Pledges – FEU-US |url=https://feu-us.org/our-work/behind-the-climate-pledges/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821183405/https://feu-us.org/our-work/behind-the-climate-pledges/ |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> Various scenarios for achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals have been developed, using IEA data but proposing transition to nearly 100% renewables by mid-century, along with steps such as reforestation. Nuclear power and carbon capture are excluded in these scenarios.<ref name="Teske">{{Cite book |url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030058425 |title=Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5°C and +2°C |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=9783030058425 |editor-last=Teske |editor-first=Sven |page=3 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415092130/https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030058425 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |url-status=live |s2cid=198078901}}</ref> The researchers say the costs will be far less than the $5 trillion per year governments currently spend subsidizing the fossil fuel industries responsible for climate change.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|ix}} |
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In the +2.0 C (global warming) Scenario total primary energy demand in 2040 can be 450 EJ = |
In the ''+2.0 C (global warming) Scenario'' total primary energy demand in 2040 can be 450 EJ = 10,755 Mtoe, or 400 EJ = 9560 Mtoe in the ''+1.5 Scenario'', well below the current production. Renewable sources can increase their share to 300 EJ in the ''+2.0 C Scenario'' or 330 EJ in the ''+1.5 Scenario'' in 2040. In 2050 renewables can cover nearly all energy demand. Non-energy consumption will still include fossil fuels.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxvii Fig. 5}} |
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Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 88% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 in the alternative scenarios. "New" renewables—mainly wind, solar and geothermal energy—will contribute 83% of the total electricity generated.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxiv}} The average annual investment required between 2015 and 2050, including costs for additional power plants to produce hydrogen and synthetic fuels and for plant replacement, will be around $1.4 trillion.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|182}} |
Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 88% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 in the alternative scenarios. "New" renewables—mainly wind, solar and geothermal energy—will contribute 83% of the total electricity generated.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|xxiv}} The average annual investment required between 2015 and 2050, including costs for additional power plants to produce hydrogen and synthetic fuels and for plant replacement, will be around $1.4 trillion.<ref name="Teske" />{{rp|182}} |
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{{Portal|Energy}} |
{{Portal|Energy}} |
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* [[Energy industry]] |
* [[Energy industry]] |
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* [[Environmental impact of the energy industry]] |
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{{div col}} |
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* [[Domestic energy consumption]] |
* [[Domestic energy consumption]] |
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* [[Earth's energy budget]] |
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* [[Electric energy consumption]] |
* [[Electric energy consumption]] |
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* [[Energy demand management]] |
* [[Energy demand management]] |
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* [[Energy policy]] |
* [[Energy policy]] |
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* [[Energy security and renewable technology]] |
* [[Energy security and renewable technology]] |
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* [[Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources]] |
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* [[Peak oil]] |
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* [[Sustainable energy]] |
* [[Sustainable energy]] |
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* [[World Energy Outlook]] |
* [[World Energy Outlook]] |
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* [[List of countries by energy consumption and production]] |
* [[List of countries by energy consumption and production]] |
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* [[List of renewable energy topics by country and territory]] |
* [[List of renewable energy topics by country and territory]] |
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{{div col end}} |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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{{Energy footer}} |
{{Energy footer}} |
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{{climate change}} |
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[[Category:Energy policy]] |
[[Category:Energy policy]] |
World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption. The system of global energy supply consists of the energy development, refinement, and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms such as raw resourcesormore processed and refined forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example coal, unprocessed oil & gas, uranium. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example refined oil that becomes fuel and electricity. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource (e.g. coal), and intended end use (industrial, residential, etc.). Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the global economy. It is needed in industry and global transportation. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of useful energy.[3]
As of 2022, energy consumption is still about 80% from fossil fuels.[4] The Gulf States and Russia are major energy exporters. Their customers include for example the European Union and China, who are not producing enough energy in their own countries to satisfy their energy demand. Total energy consumption tends to increase by about 1–2% per year.[5] More recently, renewable energy has been growing rapidly, averaging about 20% increase per year in the 2010s.[6][7]
In 2022, consumers worldwide spent nearly USD 10 trillion on energy, averaging more than USD 1,200 per person. This reflects a 20% increase over the previous five-year average, highlighting the significant economic impact and the increasing financial burden of energy consumption on a global scale.[8]: 13
Two key problems with energy production and consumption are greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. Of about 50 billion tonnes worldwide annual total greenhouse gas emissions,[9] 36 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was a result of energy use (almost all from fossil fuels) in 2021.[10] Many scenarios have been envisioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, usually by the name of net zero emissions.
Per capita, energy consumption in North America is very high, while in less developed countries it is low and usually more renewable.[11][12] There is a clear connection between energy consumption per capita, and GDP per capita.[13]
A significant lack of energy supplies is called an energy crisis.
World total primary energy consumption by type in 2020[14]
Primary Energy refers to first form of energy encountered, as raw resources collected directly from energy production, before any conversion or transformation of the energy occurs.
Energy production is usually classified as:
Primary energy assessment by IEA follows certain rules[note 1] to ease measurement of different kinds of energy. These rules are controversial. Water and air flow energy that drives hydro and wind turbines, and sunlight that powers solar panels, are not taken as PE, which is set at the electric energy produced. But fossil and nuclear energy are set at the reaction heat, which is about three times the electric energy. This measurement difference can lead to underestimating the economic contribution of renewable energy.[16]
Enerdata displays data for "Total energy / production: Coal, Oil, Gas, Biomass, Heat and Electricity" and for "Renewables / % in electricity production: Renewables, non-renewables".[4]
The table lists worldwide PE and the countries producing most (76%) of that in 2021, using Enerdata. The amounts are rounded and given in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh (41.9 petajoules), where 1 TWh = 109 kWh) and % of Total. Renewable is Biomass plus Heat plus renewable percentage of Electricity production (hydro, wind, solar). Nuclear is nonrenewable percentage of Electricity production. The above-mentioned underestimation of hydro, wind and solar energy, compared to nuclear and fossil energy, applies also to Enerdata.
The 2021 world total energy production of 14,800 MToe corresponds to a little over 172 PWh / year, or about 19.6 TW of power generation.
Total (MToe) | Coal | Oil & Gas | Renewable | Nuclear | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 2,950 | 71% | 13% | 10% | 6% |
United States | 2,210 | 13% | 69% | 8% | 10% |
Russia | 1,516 | 16% | 78% | 2% | 4% |
Saudi Arabia | 610 | 0 | 100% | 0 | 0 |
Iran | 354 | 0 | 99% | 0 | 1% |
United Arab Emirates | 218 | 0 | 99% | 0 | 1% |
India | 615 | 50% | 11% | 33% | 6% |
Canada | 536 | 5% | 81% | 10% | 4% |
Indonesia | 451 | 69% | 17% | 14% | 0 |
Australia | 423 | 64% | 33% | 3% | 0 |
Brazil | 325 | 1% | 55% | 42% | 2% |
Nigeria | 249 | 0 | 47% | 53% | 0 |
Algeria | 150 | 0 | 100% | 0 | 0 |
South Africa | 151 | 91% | 1% | 8% | 0 |
Norway | 214 | 0 | 93% | 7% | 0 |
France | 128 | 0 | 1% | 34% | 65% |
Germany | 102 | 27% | 3% | 47% | 23% |
World | 14800 | 27% | 53% | 13% | 7% |
2021 world electricity generation by source. Total generation was 28 petawatt-hours.[17]
Nation | Export minus Import in 2021 (MToe)[18] |
---|---|
Russia | 682 |
Saudi Arabia | 388 |
Australia | 296 |
Canada | 245 |
Indonesia | 226 |
Norway | 185 |
Italy | -114 |
Turkey | -118 |
Germany | -187 |
South Korea | -239 |
India | -323 |
Japan | -357 |
China | -803 |
Energy resources must be processed in order to make it suitable for final consumption. For example, there may be various impurities in raw coal mined or raw natural gas that was produced from an oil well that may make it unsuitable to be burned in a power plant.
Primary energy is converted in many ways to energy carriers, also known as secondary energy:[19]
Electricity generators are driven by steamorgas turbines in a thermal plant, or water turbines in a hydropower station, or wind turbines, usually in a wind farm. The invention of the solar cell in 1954 started electricity generation by solar panels, connected to a power inverter. Mass production of panels around the year 2000 made this economic.
Much primary and converted energy is traded among countries. The table lists countries with large difference of export and import in 2021, expressed in Mtoe. A negative value indicates that much energy import is needed for the economy.[18] Russian gas exports were reduced a lot in 2022,[20] as pipelines to Asia plus LNG export capacity is much less than the gas no longer sent to Europe.[21]
Transport of energy carriers is done by tanker ship, tank truck, LNG carrier, rail freight transport, pipeline and by electric power transmission.
TES | PE | |
---|---|---|
China | 3,650 | 2,950 |
India | 927 | 615 |
Russia | 811 | 1,516 |
Japan | 400 | 52 |
South Korea | 298 | 151 |
Canada | 289 | 536 |
Germany | 286 | 102 |
Saudi Arabia | 219 | 610 |
Year | TES |
---|---|
1990 | 8,700 |
2000 | 9,900 |
2010 | 12,600 |
2019 | 14,400 |
2020 | 13,800 |
2021 | 14,500 |
Total energy supply (TES) indicates the sum of production and imports subtracting exports and storage changes.[22] For the whole world TES nearly equals primary energy PE because imports and exports cancel out, but for countries TES and PE differ in quantity, and also in quality as secondary energy is involved, e.g., import of an oil refinery product. TES is all energy required to supply energy for end users.
The tables list TES and PE for some countries where these differ much, both in 2021 and TES history. Most growth of TES since 1990 occurred in Asia. The amounts are rounded and given in Mtoe. Enerdata labels TES as Total energy consumption.[23]
25% of worldwide primary production is used for conversion and transport, and 6% for non-energy products like lubricants, asphalt and petrochemicals.[24] In 2019 TES was 606 EJ and final consumption was 418 EJ, 69% of TES.[25] Most of the energy lost by conversion occurs in thermal electricity plants and the energy industry own use.
There are different qualities of energy. Heat, especially at a relatively low temperature, is low-quality energy, whereas electricity is high-quality energy. It takes around 3 kWh of heat to produce 1 kWh of electricity. But by the same token, a kilowatt-hour of this high-quality electricity can be used to pump several kilowatt-hours of heat into a building using a heat pump. Electricity can be used in many ways in which heat cannot. So the loss of energy incurred in thermal electricity plants is not comparable to a loss due to, say, resistance in power lines, because of quality differences.
In fact, the loss in thermal plants is due to poor conversion of chemical energy of fuel to electricity by combustion. Chemical energy of fuel is not inherently low-quality; for example, conversion to electricity in fuel cells can theoretically approach 100%. So energy loss in thermal plants is real loss.
Total final consumption (TFC) is the worldwide consumption of energy by end-users (whereas primary energy consumption (Eurostat)[27] or total energy supply (IEA) is total energy demand and thus also includes what the energy sector uses itself and transformation and distribution losses). This energy consists of fuel (78%) and electricity (22%). The tables list amounts, expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent per year (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and how much of these is renewable energy. Non-energy products are not considered here. The data are of 2018.[24][28] The world's renewable share of TFC was 18% in 2018: 7% traditional biomass, 3.6% hydropower and 7.4% other renewables.[29]
In the period 2005–2017 worldwide final consumption of coal increased by 23%, of oil and gas increased by 18%, and that of electricity increased by 41%.[24]
Fuel comes in three types: Fossil fuel is natural gas, fuel derived from petroleum (LPG, gasoline, kerosene, gas/diesel, fuel oil), or from coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, coke, blast furnace gas). Secondly, there is renewable fuel (biofuel and fuel derived from waste). And lastly, the fuel used for district heating.
The amounts of fuel in the tables are based on lower heating value.
The first table lists final consumption in the countries/regions which use most (85%), and per person as of 2018. In developing countries fuel consumption per person is low and more renewable. Canada, Venezuela and Brazil generate most electricity with hydropower.
Fuel Mtoe |
of which renewable |
Electricity Mtoe |
of which renewable |
TFC pp toe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 1,436 | 6% | 555 | 30% | 1.4 |
United States | 1,106 | 8% | 339 | 19% | 4.4 |
Europe | 982 | 11% | 309 | 39% | 2.5 |
Africa | 531 | 58% | 57 | 23% | 0.5 |
India | 487 | 32% | 104 | 25% | 0.4 |
Russia | 369 | 1% | 65 | 26% | 3.0 |
Japan | 201 | 3% | 81 | 19% | 2.2 |
Brazil | 166 | 38% | 45 | 78% | 1.0 |
Indonesia | 126 | 21% | 22 | 14% | 0.6 |
Canada | 139 | 8% | 45 | 83% | 5.0 |
Iran | 147 | 0% | 22 | 6% | 2.1 |
Mexico | 95 | 7% | 25 | 18% | 1.0 |
South Korea | 85 | 5% | 46 | 5% | 2.6 |
Australia | 60 | 7% | 18 | 21% | 3.2 |
Argentina | 42 | 7% | 11 | 27% | 1.2 |
Venezuela | 20 | 3% | 6 | 88% | 0.9 |
World | 7050 | 14% | 1970 | 30% | 1.2 |
The next table shows countries consuming most (85%) in Europe.
Country | Fuel Mtoe |
of which renewable |
Electricity Mtoe |
of which renewable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | 156 | 10% | 45 | 46% |
France | 100 | 12% | 38 | 21% |
United Kingdom | 95 | 5% | 26 | 40% |
Italy | 87 | 9% | 25 | 39% |
Spain | 60 | 10% | 21 | 43% |
Poland | 58 | 12% | 12 | 16% |
Ukraine | 38 | 5% | 10 | 12% |
Netherlands | 36 | 4% | 9 | 16% |
Belgium | 26 | 8% | 7 | 23% |
Sweden | 20 | 35% | 11 | 72% |
Austria | 20 | 19% | 5 | 86% |
Romania | 19 | 20% | 4 | 57% |
Finland | 18 | 34% | 7 | 39% |
Portugal | 11 | 20% | 4 | 67% |
Denmark | 11 | 15% | 3 | 71% |
Norway | 8 | 16% | 10 | 100% |
Some fuel and electricity is used to construct, maintain and demolish/recycle installations that produce fuel and electricity, such as oil platforms, uranium isotope separators and wind turbines. For these producers to be economical the ratio of energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) or energy return on investment (EROI) should be large enough.
If the final energy delivered for consumption is E and the EROI equals R, then the net energy available is E-E/R. The percentage available energy is 100-100/R. For R>10 more than 90% is available but for R=2 only 50% and for R=1 none. This steep decline is known as the net energy cliff.[30]
Many countries publish statistics on the energy supply and consumption of either their own country, of other countries of interest, or of all countries combined in one chart. One of the largest organizations in this field, the International Energy Agency (IEA), sells yearly comprehensive energy data which makes this data paywalled and difficult to access for internet users.[24] The organization Enerdata on the other hand publishes a free Yearbook, making the data more accessible.[4] Another trustworthy organization that provides accurate energy data, mainly referring to the USA, is the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant decline in energy usage worldwide in 2020, but total energy demand worldwide had recovered by 2021, and has hit a record high in 2022.[31]
In World Energy Outlook 2023 the IEA notes that "We are on track to see all fossil fuels peak before 2030".[32]: 18 The IEA presents three scenarios:[32]: 17
The IEA's "Electricity 2024" report details a 2.2% growth in global electricity demand for 2023, forecasting an annual increase of 3.4% through 2026, with notable contributions from emerging economies like China and India, despite a slump in advanced economies due to economic and inflationary pressures. The report underscores the significant impact of data centers, AI, and cryptocurrency, projecting a potential doubling of electricity consumption to 1,000 TWh by 2026, which is on par with Japan's current usage. Notably, 85% of the additional demand is expected to originate from China and India, with India's demand alone predicted to grow over 6% annually until 2026, driven by economic expansion and increasing air conditioning use. Southeast Asia's electricity demand is also forecasted to climb by 5% annually through 2026. In stark contrast, Africa's per capita electricity consumption has stalled, with no expected significant growth until the end of 2026. In the United States, a decrease was seen in 2023, but a moderate rise is anticipated in the coming years, largely fueled by data centers. The European Union experienced a significant drop in consumption in 2023 to a two-decade low, with only a gradual recovery expected. The report also anticipates that a surge in electricity generation from low-emissions sources will meet the global demand growth over the next three years, with renewable energy sources predicted to surpass coal by early 2025.[33][34]
The goal set in the Paris Agreementtolimit climate change will be difficult to achieve.[35] Various scenarios for achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals have been developed, using IEA data but proposing transition to nearly 100% renewables by mid-century, along with steps such as reforestation. Nuclear power and carbon capture are excluded in these scenarios.[36] The researchers say the costs will be far less than the $5 trillion per year governments currently spend subsidizing the fossil fuel industries responsible for climate change.[36]: ix
In the +2.0 C (global warming) Scenario total primary energy demand in 2040 can be 450 EJ = 10,755 Mtoe, or 400 EJ = 9560 Mtoe in the +1.5 Scenario, well below the current production. Renewable sources can increase their share to 300 EJ in the +2.0 C Scenario or 330 EJ in the +1.5 Scenario in 2040. In 2050 renewables can cover nearly all energy demand. Non-energy consumption will still include fossil fuels.[36]: xxvii Fig. 5
Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources will reach 88% by 2040 and 100% by 2050 in the alternative scenarios. "New" renewables—mainly wind, solar and geothermal energy—will contribute 83% of the total electricity generated.[36]: xxiv The average annual investment required between 2015 and 2050, including costs for additional power plants to produce hydrogen and synthetic fuels and for plant replacement, will be around $1.4 trillion.[36]: 182
Shifts from domestic aviation to rail and from road to rail are needed. Passenger car use must decrease in the OECD countries (but increase in developing world regions) after 2020. The passenger car use decline will be partly compensated by strong increase in public transport rail and bus systems.[36]: xxii Fig.4
CO2 emission can reduce from 32 Gt in 2015 to 7 Gt (+2.0 Scenario) or 2.7 Gt (+1.5 Scenario) in 2040, and to zero in 2050.[36]: xxviii
Global energy consumption continues to grow, but it does seem to be slowing – averaging around 1% to 2% per year.
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