Zayyanid dynasty: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}

{{Infobox royal house

| surname = Zayyanid dynasty

| coat of arms =

| country = [[Algeria]]

| parent house = {{flagicon image|Flag of the kingdom of tlemcen.svg|size=22px}} [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]]

| titles = [[Sultan]] of [[Tlemcen]]

| styles =

| founder = [[Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan]]

| final_ruler = Hassan ibn Abdallah II

| current head =

| founding year = 1236

| dissolution = 1556

| deposition = 1556

| cadet branches =

}}

{{History of Algeria}}

The '''Zayyanid dynasty''' ({{lang-ar|زيانيون}}, ''Ziyānyūn'') or '''Abd al-Wadids''' ({{lang-ar|بنو عبد الواد}}, ''Bānu ʿabd āl-Wād'') was a [[Berbers|Berber]] [[Zenata]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/algeria/12.htm|title=Algeria - Zayanids|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abd-al-Wadid-dynasty|title=Abd al-Wadid Dynasty {{!}} Berber dynasty|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|last1=Appiah|first1=Anthony|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195337709|language=en}}</ref> [[dynasty]] that ruled the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]], an area of northwestern [[Algeria]], centered on [[Tlemcen]]. The territory stretched from Tlemcen to the [[Chelif River|Chelif bend]] and [[Algiers]] and its zenith from [[Moulouya River|Muluya]] riverinthe west to the [[Soummam River|Soumman]] river in the east controlling the major [[Trans-Saharan trade|trans-saharan]] trades routes in the south including many regions like [[Tuat|Touat]]. The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 to 1556.<ref>Phillip Chiviges Naylor, ''North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present'', (University of Texas Press, 2009), 98.</ref>

On the collapse of the [[Almohad Caliphate]]'s rule around 1236,<ref name= EB>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title='Abd al-Wadid|edition=15th|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak - Bayes|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/16 16]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/16}}</ref> the kingdom of Tlemcen became independent under the rule of the Zayyanids, and [[Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan]].<ref name=EB/><ref>Delfina S. Ruano (2006), ''Hafsids'', in Josef W Meri (ed.), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia''. Routledge., p. 309.</ref> Ibn Zyan was able to maintain control over the rival [[Berber people|Berber]] groups, and when faced with the outside threat of the [[Marinid]]s, he formed an alliance with the [[Sultan of Granada]] and the [[King of Castile]], [[Alfonso X]].<ref name=EB/>

After [[Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan|ibn Zyan]]'s death, the Marinid sultan [[Abu Yaqub Yusufan-Nasr|Abu Yaqub Yusuf an Nasr]] besieged [[Tlemcen]] [[Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307)|for eight years and failed to capture after its assasination in 1307]] the siege were leaved by [[Abu Thabit 'Amir|Abu Thabit Amir]] the founder of [[Tétouan|Tetuan]], The Zayyanid [[Abu Tashufin I|Sultan Abu TashfinI]] did a [[Battle of Temzezdekt|campaign]] in [[Captureof Tunis (1329)|Hafsid Ifriqiya]] which resulted in the Sultan [[Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II]] resolution to give his daughter to the [[Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman|Abu al Hassan Ali bin Uthman I the Sultan of Marinids]] for making an alliance against the Zayyanids to help [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsids]] reconquering [[Ifriqiya]] and attack their Zayyanids rivals territories in an ambitionofconquest the Marinids were able to capture it [[Siege of Tlemcen (1335–1337)|in a siegeof2 years between 1335-1337]] and lost it in 1348. After a period of self-rule by the Zayyanids Sultans Abu Saïd Uthman II and Abu Thabit between 1348-1352, it was governed again by the Marinid dynasty from 1352–59 under [[Abu Inan Faris]].<ref name=EB/> The Marinids reoccupied it periodically, particularly in 1360 and 1370.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=603&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707094203/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=603&lang=en |archive-date=7 July 2010 |title=Qantara - The Abdelwadids (1236-1554)}}</ref> In both cases, the Marinids found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance especially during [[Abu Hammu II|Abu Hammu Musa II]] the Zayyanid Sultan's era prosperous for the Zayyanid dynasty.<ref name="Hrbeck">I. Hrbek (1997), The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34–43.</ref> but these episodes appear to have marked the beginning of the end of the Zayyanid dynasty.[ref.necessary]

During the rule of Abu Malek the Zayyanids [[Zayyanid Capture of Fez|captured Fez]] and then all of [[Morocco]] and installed a ruler as a [[vassal]] of Tlemcen, thereby making [[Morocco]] a [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid]] vassal. In the 15th century, expansion eastward was attempted, but proved disastrous, as consequences of these incursions they were so weakened that over the following two centuries, the Zayyanid kingdom was intermittently a vassal of [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid]] [[Ifriqiya]], [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] [[Morocco]], or [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]].<ref name="Hrbeck" />(unable to acces ref link other ref necessary) When the Spanish took the city of [[Oran]] from the kingdom in [[ConquestofOran|1509]], continuous pressure from the Berbers prompted the Spanish to attempt a counterattack against the cityofTlemcen (1543), which was deemed by the [[Papacy]] to be a crusade. The Spanish failed to keep the city under control with their puppet ruler Abu Abd Allah VI who were overthrown by his brother Abu Zayyan III in May 1543, although the strategic vulnerability of Tlemcen caused the kingdom's weighttoshift toward the safer and more heavily fortified corsair base at [[Algiers]].[http://ref.necessary]

In 1554, the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]] became a [[protectorate]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which later deposed the Zayyanid dynasty and annexed the country to the [[Regency of Algiers]].And were ended during the last conflict of [[Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)|1557]].

|Abu ZayanII

|Abu ZayanII

|Abu ZayanII

|1550

*[http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=603&lang=en Qantara-med.org: The Abdelwadids (1236–1554)] — ''by Yassir Benhima''.