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Ávila
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|---|---|
Ávila with its town walls
Plaza del Mercado Chico | |
Flag 
Coat of arms | |
| Nicknames:
Ávila de los Caballeros, Ávila del Rey, Ávila de los Leales
(Ávila of the knights, Ávila of the king, Ávila of the loyal ones)
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| Motto:
Una ciudad para todos... (A town for everyone...)
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Location of Ávila
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| Coordinates: 40°39′N 4°41′W / 40.650°N 4.683°W / 40.650; -4.683 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Ávila |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Jesús Manuel Sánchez Cabrera (XAV) |
| Area | |
| • Land | 231.9 km2 (89.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,132 m (3,714 ft) |
| Population
(2018)[1]
| |
| • Total | 57,657 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code |
05001 - 05006
|
| Area code | 34 (Spain) + 920 (Ávila) |
| Website | http://www.avila.es (in Spanish) |
UNESCO World Heritage Site
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| Official name | Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches |
| Includes | Hermitage of San Segundo, Basilica of San Vicente, Church of San Andrés, Church of San Pedro, Church of San Nicolás, Church of Santa María de la Cabeza, Church of San Martín, Convent of La Encarnación, Convent of San José, Royal Monastery of Santo Tomás |
| Criteria | Cultural: iii, iv |
| Reference | 348 |
| Inscription | 1985 (9th Session) |
| Area | 36.4 ha |
Ávila (UK: /ˈævɪlə/ AV-il-ə,[2] US: /ˈɑːv-/ AHV-,[3] Spanish: [ˈaβila] ⓘ) is a city of Spain located in the autonomous communityofCastile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Ávila.
It lies on the right bank of the Adaja river. Located more than 1,130 m above sea level, the city is the highest provincial capital in Spain.[4]
Distinctively known by its medieval walls, Ávila is sometimes called the Town of Stones and Saints, and it claims that it is one of the towns with the highest number of Romanesque and Gothic churches per capita in Spain.[5] It has complete and prominent medieval town walls, built in the Romanesque style; writer José Martínez Ruiz, in his book El alma castellana ("The Castilian Soul"), described it as "perhaps the most 16th-century town in Spain". The town is also known as Ávila de los Caballeros, Ávila del Rey and Ávila de los Leales ("Ávila of the knights", "Ávila of the king", "Ávila of the loyal ones"), each of these epithets being present in the town standard.
Orson Welles once named Ávila as the place in which he would most desire to live, calling it a "strange, tragic place".[6] Various scenes of his 1965 film Chimes at Midnight were filmed in the town.
Ávila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. The site originally consisted of the walled city and four extra muros churches. The number of churches included in the site has since been increased.
Situated 1132 metres (3714 feet) above sea level on a rocky outcrop on the right bank of the Adaja river, a tributary of the Duero, Ávila is the highest provincial capital in Spain. It is built on the flat summit of a rocky hill, which rises abruptly in the midst of a veritable wilderness; a brown, arid, treeless table-land, strewn with immense grey boulders, and shut in by lofty mountains.[7]
Ávila's position results in a temperate Mediterranean climate (Csb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with warm summers and chilly winters with snowfalls, bordering on a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). The hottest month, July, has an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69 °F), and the coldest month, January, has an average of 3.0 °C (37 °F). The average annual precipitation is 416 mm (16.38 in).[8] Annual rainfall is low compared to surrounding areas, implying that it lies in a rain shadow. The Adaja is dry for several months of the year and the town has historically had water supply problems. Ávila has the coldest winter low temperatures of the Spanish provincial capital cities, thanks to its high altitude (1,132 metres (3,714 ft) above sea level).
| Climate data for Ávila 1,130 metres (3,710 ft) (1983–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.6 (99.7) |
37.4 (99.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
37.6 (99.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.9 (82.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.0 (3.2) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34 (1.3) |
24 (0.9) |
23 (0.9) |
40 (1.6) |
55 (2.2) |
33 (1.3) |
12 (0.5) |
19 (0.7) |
30 (1.2) |
53 (2.1) |
48 (1.9) |
42 (1.7) |
416 (16.4) |
| Average precipitation days | 6 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 67 |
| Average snowy days | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 20 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 72 | 63 | 63 | 59 | 51 | 43 | 45 | 56 | 69 | 78 | 79 | 63 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 133 | 154 | 212 | 223 | 253 | 312 | 353 | 322 | 244 | 182 | 131 | 117 | 2,636 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[9] | |||||||||||||
In pre-Roman times (the 5th century BC), Ávila was inhabited by the Vettones, who called it Obila (Ὀβίλα)[10] ("High Mountain") and built one of their strongest fortresses here. There are Bronze Age stone statues of boars (known as verracio) nearby.
Ávila may have been the ancient town known as Abula, mentioned by Ptolemy in his Geographia (II 6, 60) as being located in the Iberian region of Bastetania. Abula is mentioned as one of the first towns in Hispania that was converted to ChristianitybySecundus of Abula (San Segundo), however, Abula may alternatively have been the town of Abla.[11]
After the conquest by ancient Rome, the town was called AbilaorAbela. The plan of the town remains typically Roman; rectangular in shape, with its two main streets (cardo and decumanus) intersecting at a forum in the centre. Roman remains that are embedded in town walls at the eastern and southern entrances (now the Alcazar and Rastro Gates) appear to have been ashlar altar stones.[12]
By tradition, in the 1st century, Secundus, having travelled via the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, brought the Gospel to Ávila, and was created its first bishop.[13]
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ávila became a stronghold of the Visigoths. Conquered by the Moors (Arabs) (who called it Ābila, آبلة), it was repeatedly attacked by the northern Iberian Christian kingdoms, becoming a virtually uninhabited no man's land. It was repopulated about 1088 following the definitive reconquest of the area by Raymond of Burgundy, son in law of Alfonso VI of León and Castile. He employed two foreigners, Casandro Romano and Florin de Pituenga, to construct a stone frontier town and creating the walls that still stand.[14]
The city achieved a period of prosperity under the Catholic Monarchs in the early 16th century.
During the Revolt of the Comuneros, the city became the first meeting place of the Santa Junta [es] on 1 August 1520.[15] The Junta of Ávila drafted the Proyecto de Ley Perpetua (a sort of proto-constitutional draft that never came into force) in the Cathedral of Ávila in the Summer of 1520, envisaging that cities assembled every three years without the requirement for royal sanction or presence, determining taxation and acting as a check and balance on government activity.[16][17]
The city experienced a long decline since the 17th century, its population reducing to just 4,000 inhabitants.
In the 19th century, there was some population growth with the construction of the railway line from Madrid to the French border at Irun and an important junction near the town.
In 1936, at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the town quickly became part of the area occupied by rebel troops. Growth continued slowly again under Franco, but Ávila has not had a major influence in Spanish society in recent history, apart from the nurturing of politicians such as Adolfo Suárez, the first democratically elected prime minister of Spain post-Franco, and José María Aznar, prime minister from 1996 to 2004, who represented Ávila in the Cortes but was not from the town.
Ávila was once home to a thriving Jewish community. The first written evidence documenting the presence of Jews living in the town dates to 1144. By the end of the 13th century, the Jewish population in Ávila was one of the largest in Castile. In 1375, the Jews of Ávila were forced to watch a religious disputation between Juan de Valladolid and Moses ha-Kohen of Tordesillas. After the 1492 expulsion of the Jews, the Jewish community was nonexistent.[18]
The main landmark in the city is the imposing Walls of Ávila (11th–14th centuries), begun in 1090. The enclosed area is 31 hectares (77 acres) with a perimeter of 2,516 metres (2,752 yd), 88 blocks of semicircular towers, 2,500 merlons, curtain walls 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick, with an average height of 12 m (39 ft), and 9 gates.[19]
The walls represent the largest fully illuminated monument in the world. It is possible to walk upon the walls for roughly half their circumference. While some of the walls will never be walkable because of their integration into other structures, a large stretch has yet to be made safe for pedestrians.[citation needed]
The construction of the iron-grey granite Gothic Cathedral of Ávila is said to have commenced in 1107 under Alvar Garcia de Estrella. Other historians believe the cathedral to be the work of the master mason Fruchel in the 12th century, coinciding with the repopulation of the town led by Raymond of Burgundy. The eastern apse, which forms part of the town walls, is half church, half fortress, and it was here that the loyal citizens elevated Alonso VII as their king, hence Ávila del Rey. The transept was finished in 1350 by Bishop Sancho de Ávila. The earlier Romanesque parts are made of a striking red-and-white "blood" limestone, while the Gothic parts were built with pure white stone.
Highlight the tomb of Saint Peter of the Boat and, above all, the Cenotaph of the Holy Brothers Martyrs, the head of the temple, Saint Vincent of Ávila, and her sisters, along with the torture he suffered in the 4th century, Saint Sabina and Saint Cristeta, (Cenotafio de los santos Vicente, Sabina y Cristeta), one of the most important works of Romanesque sculpture in Spain.
The Convent of Saint Joseph is the first monastery of Discalced Carmelite nuns founded by Saint Teresa of Jesus. The convent was built in the year of 1562, although the most important architectural element, the church, was built in 1607. The church was designed by the architect Francisco de Mora (1553–1610). It has been designated a national monument since 1968.
A hermitage located to the west of Ávila, outside the town walls, on the right bank of the Adaja river. Highlights the sculpted capitals in which the sculptor is the footprint of the apse of San Andrés. Alabaster statue made by Juan de Juni. Popular belief has it that, on introducing a handkerchief into the tomb and asking for three wishes, the saint will grant one. His pilgrimage is celebrated on 2 May, Segundo being the patron saint of Ávila.
This 16th-century palace is located inside the walls and attached to it as junt walk through the door of San Vicente, defended the access of Muslim troops.[clarification needed] Located on a busy street by different arms of the Águila family.[clarification needed]
Real Monasterio de Santo Tomás is a Dominican convent of the late 15th century. Despite being away from the historic centre, it is one of the most important monuments of the town.
This sanctuary is located 6 km from the capital in a picturesque area, and has a restaurant, hostel, picnic areas, and playgrounds.
There is located the statue of the Virgin of Sonsoles, co-patroness of Ávila, and patroness of the fields in the province.
It is tradition in this town to make pilgrimage to the sanctuary, making a wish to the Virgin, and to get to the door barefoot until you enter the church.
Notable examples of secular architecture are the Valderrábanos Palace (15th century), the Casa de los Deanes (16th century), the Torreón de los Guzmanes and the Verdugos Palace (15th–16th centuries).
Ávila has two universities: the Catholic University of Ávila (UCAV) and the University of Mysticism, which became operational on September 2, 2008.[citation needed] There are three colleges of the University of Salamanca (USAL): the Polytechnic School of Ávila, the College of Education and Tourism in Ávila, and the School of Nursing.
The town is home to Óbila CB, a professional basketball team of Spain's LEB Plata. The team plays its home games at the Multiusos Carlos Sastre.
The local football team, Real Ávila CF, plays at the Adolfo Suárez Stadium, owned by the municipality.
The first public festival after the winter cold is the Holy week. The temperature is low, especially at night, so one should not forget warm clothes.
Ávila holidays are October 15, Santa Teresa de Jesús, and May 2, San Segundo. The festivities take place around October 15 and the Summer Festival in mid-July.
Holy Week as celebrated in Ávila is considered of international tourist interest. It is one of the highest expressions of art and wealth as seen in numerous steps of Holy Week along the town walls. Processions have either fifteen or twelve fraternities.
The festivities of Santa Teresa last almost the entire month of October. The proclamation is done by the mayor in the Plaza Mayor, accompanied by some celebrity. After the proclamation was organized in the same place a musical performance with renowned singers.
The festival program includes several musical concerts, a fairground, bullfights, passacaglia, processions of the fan groups, chocolate with churros and liturgical acts naturally focus on the day of the patroness, on 15 October with multitudinous mass presided by Bishop, then celebrated a great procession, headed the image of Santa Teresa with the Virgin of La Caridad, and is accompanied by all the authorities of Ávila, civil and military, and several bands music. The procession takes place between the Cathedral of Ávila and Santa Teresa Church. Takes place the day before the "Procession Girl" from the Iglesian de Santa Teresa to the cathedral.
Typical dishes of the town and region are "Judías del Barco", "Chuletón de Ávila", "Patatas revolconas" and "Yemas de Santa Teresa". Also worth mentioning is "Hornazo", "Bun stuffed with sausage, bacon, steak and eggs", "Mollejas de ternera" or the "Cochinillo", which can be found in the capital and in Arévalo.
This sweet can always be found in the traditional pastry shop "La Flor de Castilla". In the other bakeries in the town it is produced under the name "Yemas de Ávila", or simply "Yemas", produced as its name indicates from egg yolk.
This is a grilled ribeye steak, best cooked rare, which can be enjoyed in any hotel in the town. It is made from Avileña-Negra ibérica, an indigenous black cow known for its excellent meat, whose fame transcends the borders of the province and the country.
Ávila is twinned with:
Rhodes, Rhodes Island, Greece[22]
Rueil-Malmaison, Île-de-France, France[23]
Teramo, Abruzzo, Italy[24] Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France[25]
The Ávila Railway Station serves the town. The closest airport is Adolfo Suárez in Madrid-Barajas. The city can be reached via the A-6 from Madrid. The city itself can be explored on foot.
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ávila". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
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