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Baire category theorem

Versions of the Baire category theorem were first proved independently in 1897 by Osgood for the real line ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$ and in 1899 by Baire^[1] for Euclidean space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$.^[2] The more general statement for completely metrizable spaces was first shown by Hausdorff^[3] in 1914.

Statement[edit]

ABaire space is a topological space ${\displaystyle X}$ in which every countable intersection of open dense sets is dense in ${\displaystyle X.}$ See the corresponding article for a list of equivalent characterizations, as some are more useful than others depending on the application.

• (BCT1) Every complete pseudometric space is a Baire space.^[4][5][6] In particular, every completely metrizable topological space is a Baire space.^[7]
• (BCT2) Every locally compact regular space is a Baire space.^[4][8] In particular, every locally compact Hausdorff space is a Baire space.^[9][7]

Neither of these statements directly implies the other, since there are complete metric spaces that are not locally compact (the irrational numbers with the metric defined below; also, any Banach spaceofinfinite dimension), and there are locally compact Hausdorff spaces that are not metrizable (for instance, any uncountable product of non-trivial compact Hausdorff spaces is such; also, several function spaces used in functional analysis; the uncountable Fort space). See Steen and Seebach in the references below.

Relation to the axiom of choice[edit]

The proof of BCT1 for arbitrary complete metric spaces requires some form of the axiom of choice; and in fact BCT1 is equivalent over ZF to the axiom of dependent choice, a weak form of the axiom of choice.^[10]

A restricted form of the Baire category theorem, in which the complete metric space is also assumed to be separable, is provable in ZF with no additional choice principles.^[11] This restricted form applies in particular to the real line, the Baire space ${\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega },}$ the Cantor space ${\displaystyle 2^{\omega },}$ and a separable Hilbert space such as the ${\displaystyle L^{p}}$-space ${\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})}$.

Uses[edit]

BCT1 is used in functional analysis to prove the open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem and the uniform boundedness principle.

BCT1 also shows that every nonempty complete metric space with no isolated pointisuncountable. (If${\displaystyle X}$ is a nonempty countable metric space with no isolated point, then each singleton ${\displaystyle \{x\}}$in${\displaystyle X}$isnowhere dense, and ${\displaystyle X}$ismeagre in itself.) In particular, this proves that the set of all real numbers is uncountable.

BCT1 shows that each of the following is a Baire space:

• The space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$ofreal numbers
• The irrational numbers, with the metric defined by ${\displaystyle d(x,y)={\tfrac {1}{n+1}},}$ where ${\displaystyle n}$ is the first index for which the continued fraction expansions of ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle y}$ differ (this is a complete metric space)
• The Cantor set

ByBCT2, every finite-dimensional Hausdorff manifold is a Baire space, since it is locally compact and Hausdorff. This is so even for non-paracompact (hence nonmetrizable) manifolds such as the long line.

BCT is used to prove Hartogs's theorem, a fundamental result in the theory of several complex variables.

BCT1 is used to prove that a Banach space cannot have countably infinite dimension.

Proof[edit]

(BCT1) The following is a standard proof that a complete pseudometric space ${\displaystyle X}$ is a Baire space.^[6]

Let ${\displaystyle U_{1},U_{2},\ldots }$ be a countable collection of open dense subsets. It remains to show that the intersection ${\displaystyle U_{1}\cap U_{2}\cap \ldots }$ is dense. A subset is dense if and only if every nonempty open subset intersects it. Thus to show that the intersection is dense, it suffices to show that any nonempty open subset ${\displaystyle W}$of${\displaystyle X}$ has some point ${\displaystyle x}$ in common with all of the ${\displaystyle U_{n}}$. Because ${\displaystyle U_{1}}$ is dense, ${\displaystyle W}$ intersects ${\displaystyle U_{1};}$ consequently, there exists a point ${\displaystyle x_{1}}$ and a number ${\displaystyle 0<r_{1}<1}$ such that:

${\displaystyle B(x,r)}$

${\displaystyle {\overline {B}}(x,r)}$

${\displaystyle x}$

${\displaystyle r.}$

${\displaystyle U_{n}}$

${\displaystyle x_{n}}$

${\displaystyle 0<r_{n}<{\tfrac {1}{n}}}$

(This step relies on the axiom of choice and the fact that a finite intersection of open sets is open and hence an open ball can be found inside it centered at ${\displaystyle x_{n}}$.) The sequence ${\displaystyle \left(x_{n}\right)}$isCauchy because ${\displaystyle x_{n}\in B\left(x_{m},r_{m}\right)}$ whenever ${\displaystyle n>m,}$ and hence ${\displaystyle \left(x_{n}\right)}$ converges to some limit ${\displaystyle x}$ by completeness. If ${\displaystyle n}$ is a positive integer then ${\displaystyle x\in {\overline {B}}\left(x_{n},r_{n}\right)}$ (because this set is closed). Thus ${\displaystyle x\in W}$ and ${\displaystyle x\in U_{n}}$ for all ${\displaystyle n.}$ ${\displaystyle \blacksquare }$

There is an alternative proof using Choquet's game.^[12]

(BCT2) The proof that a locally compact regular space ${\displaystyle X}$ is a Baire space is similar.^[8] It uses the facts that (1) in such a space every point has a local baseofclosed compact neighborhoods; and (2) in a compact space any collection of closed sets with the finite intersection property has nonempty intersection. The result for locally compact Hausdorff spaces is a special case, as such spaces are regular.

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989) [1967]. General Topology 2: Chapters 5–10 [Topologie Générale]. Éléments de mathématique. Vol. 4. Berlin New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-64563-4. OCLC 246032063.
• Engelking, Ryszard (1989). General Topology. Heldermann Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-88538-006-4.
• Kelley, John L. (1975). General Topology. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 27. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-90125-1. OCLC 338047.
• Levy, Azriel (2002) [First published 1979]. Basic Set Theory (Reprinted ed.). Dover. ISBN 0-486-42079-5.
• Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). Topological Vector Spaces. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1584888666. OCLC 144216834.
• Schechter, Eric (1996). Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-622760-4. OCLC 175294365.
• Steen, Lynn Arthur; Seebach, J. Arthur Jr (1978). Counterexamples in Topology. New York: Springer-Verlag. Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 1995. ISBN 0-486-68735-X (Dover edition).
• Willard, Stephen (2004) [1970]. General Topology. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43479-7. OCLC 115240.

External links[edit]

• Encyclopaedia of Mathematics article on Baire theorem
• Tao, T. (1 February 2009). "245B, Notes 9: The Baire category theorem and its Banach space consequences".