In October 930, Southern Han, a Chinese state in southern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, launched an attack on the Jinghai circuit, which at the time was a Viet principality controlled by the Khúc clan. The leader of the Khuc, Khúc Thừa Mỹ, was taken prisoner by the Southern Han emperor Liu Yan.[5] In 931, the local general Dương Đình Nghệ raised a 3,000-men army of retainers and drove the Southern Han back to the borders of the Jinghai Circuit.[6]
In 937, Đình Nghệ was assassinated by Kiều Công Tiễn, a military officer.[7][8] Đình Nghệ's son in law and also his general, Ngô Quyền, mobilized his army to overthrow Kiều Công Tiễn. Công Tiễn asked Liu Yan for support. Liu Yan dispatched his son Liu Hongcao in command of the expedition fleet, which sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin and headed inland up Bạch Đằng River. Liu Yan led an additional force following his son's fleet.[6][9]
In late 938, the Southern Han fleet led by Liu Hongcao met Ngô Quyền's fleet on the gate of the Bạch Đằng River. The Southern Han fleet consisted fast warships carrying fifty men on each–twenty sailors, twenty five warriors, and two crossbowmen.[4] Ngô Quyền and his force had set up massive stakes tipped with iron foiled points on the river bed.[6] When the river tide rose, the sharpened stakes were covered by water. As the Southern Han sailed into the estuary, Viets in smaller crafts went down and harassed the Southern Han warships, luring them to follow upstream. When the tide fell, Ngô Quyền's force counterattacked and pushed the enemy fleet back to the sea. The Southern Han ships were immobilized by the stakes.[4] Half of the Han army died, either killed or drowned, including Liu Hongcao.[6][10][11] When the news of the defeat reached Liu Yan on the sea, he retreated back to Guangzhou.[12]
In spring 939, Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself king and chose the town of Co Loa as the capital.[13][14] This battle has been described as the point when Vietnamese history came into its own as the Jinghai Circuit achieved de facto independence.[15]
Coedes, George (2015). The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia). Taylor & Francis.
Elleman, Bruce A. (2019), The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics, U.S. Naval War College: Anthem Press, ISBN978-1-78527-101-4
Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981), History of South East Asia, Macmillan Education, Limited
Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press.
