Abiographical filmorbiopic (/ˈbaɪoʊˌpɪk/)[1] is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or group of people. Such films show the life of a historical person and the central character's real name is used.[2] They differ from docudrama films and historical drama films in that they attempt to comprehensively tell a single person's life story or at least the most historically important years of their lives.[3]
Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island and Dennis P. Bingham of Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis. Custen, in Bio/Pics: How Hollywood Constructed Public History (1992), regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era, and in particular, Darryl F. Zanuck.[4] On the other hand, Bingham's 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway? The Biopic as Contemporary Film Genre[5] shows how it perpetuates as a codified genre using many of the same tropes used in the studio era that has followed a similar trajectory as that shown by Rick Altman in his study, Film/Genre.[6] Bingham also addresses the male biopic and the female biopic as distinct genres from each other, the former generally dealing with great accomplishments, the latter generally dealing with female victimization. Ellen Cheshire's Bio-Pics: a life in pictures (2014) examines UK/US films from the 1990s and 2000s. Each chapter reviews key films linked by profession and concludes with further viewing list.[7] Christopher Robé has also written on the gender norms that underlie the biopic in his article, "Taking Hollywood Back" in the 2009 issue of Cinema Journal.[8]
Roger Ebert defended The Hurricane and distortions in biographical films in general, stating "those who seek the truth about a man from the film of his life might as well seek it from his loving grandmother. ... The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable."[9]
Casting can be controversial for biographical films. Casting is often a balance between similarity in looks and ability to portray the characteristics of the person. Anthony Hopkins felt that he should not have played Richard NixoninNixon because of a lack of resemblance between the two.[citation needed] The casting of John WayneasGenghis KhaninThe Conqueror was objected to because of the American Wayne being cast as the Mongol warlord. Egyptian critics criticized the casting of Louis Gossett Jr., an African American actor, as Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in the 1983 TV miniseries Sadat.[10] Also, some objected to the casting of Jennifer LopezinSelena because she is a New York City native of Puerto Rican descent while Selena was Mexican American.[11]
Because the figures portrayed are actual people, whose actions and characteristics are known to the public (or at least historically documented), biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses.[citation needed] Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, Ben Kingsley, Johnny Depp, Jim Carrey, Jamie Foxx, Robert Downey Jr., Brad Pitt, Emma Thompson, Tom Hanks, Eddie Redmayne, and Cillian Murphy all gained new-found respect as dramatic actors after starring in biopics:[citation needed] Beatty and Dunaway as Clyde Barrow and Bonnie ParkerinBonnie and Clyde (1967), Kingsley as Mahatma GandhiinGandhi (1982), Depp as Ed WoodinEd Wood (1994), Carrey as Andy KaufmaninMan on the Moon (1999), Downey as Charlie ChaplininChaplin (1992) and as Lewis StraussinOppenheimer (2023), Foxx as Ray CharlesinRay (2004), Thompson and Hanks as P. L. Travers and Walt DisneyinSaving Mr. Banks (2013), Redmayne as Stephen HawkinginThe Theory of Everything (2014), and Murphy as J. Robert OppenheimerinOppenheimer (2023).
Some biopics purposely stretch the truth. Confessions of a Dangerous Mind was based on game show host Chuck Barris' widely debunked yet popular memoir of the same name, in which he claimed to be a CIA agent.[12] Kafka incorporated both the life of author Franz Kafka and the surreal aspects of his fiction.[citation needed] The Errol Flynn film They Died with Their Boots On tells the story of Custer but is highly romanticized. The Oliver Stone film The Doors, mainly about Jim Morrison, was highly praised for the similarities between Jim Morrison and actor Val Kilmer, look-wise and singing-wise, but fans and band members did not like the way Val Kilmer portrayed Jim Morrison,[13] and a few of the scenes were even completely made up.[14]
In rare cases, sometimes called auto biopics,[15] the subject of the film plays themself. Examples include Jackie RobinsoninThe Jackie Robinson Story (1950), Muhammad AliinThe Greatest (1977), Audie MurphyinTo Hell and Back (1955), Patty DukeinCall Me Anna (1990), Bob MathiasinThe Bob Mathias Story (1954), Arlo GuthrieinAlice's Restaurant (1969), FantasiainLife Is Not a Fairytale (2006), and Howard SterninPrivate Parts (1997).
In 2018, the musical biopic Bohemian Rhapsody, based on the life of Queen singer Freddie Mercury, became the highest-grossing biopic in history at the time.[16][17][18] In 2023, it was surpassed by Oppenheimer, based on the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the creation of the atomic bomb in World War II.[19]
