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Chakma Circle

Part of a serieson
Zamindars of Bengal
Central Bengal Present Divisions: Dhaka and Mymensingh Baliati Mohera Bhawal Dhaka Karatia
Eastern Bengal Present Divisions: Chittagong and Sylhet Baniachong Barshala Bohmong Chakma Homnabad-Pashchimgaon Kanihati Mong Panchakhanda Prithimpassa Sandwip
Northern Bengal Present Divisions: Rangpur and Rajshahi Dighapatia Gunahar, Bogra Tajhat, Rangpur Mahipur, Rangpur Natore Dulai, Pabna Puthia Queen Bhabai Estate of Rajshahi (Natore) Dinajpur Singranatore
Southern Bengal Present Divisions: Barishal, Khulna and Faridpur Chandradwip Haturia Padamdi
Western Bengal Andul rajbari Azimganj Baruipur Bawali Burdwan Dhanyakuria Gobardanga Hetampur Jagtai Jhargram Karnagarh Mahishadal Murshidabad Nadia Narajole Nashipur Nimtita Serampur Shibpur Sovabazar Surul Taki Uttarpara Mallick Bari Cooch Behar
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The Chakma Circle (Chakma: 𑄌𑄇𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄥𑄢𑄴𑄇𑄬𑄣𑄴), also known as the Chakma Raj, is one of three hereditary chiefdoms (or "circles") in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of modern-day Bangladesh.^[1] The Chakma Circle encompasses parts of Rangamati Hill District and Dighinala and Rajasthali Upazilas in neighbouring Khagrachari District and Bandarban District respectively. The chiefdom's members are of Chakma descent.

The Chakma Circle is led by a hereditary chieftain called a "raja," whose role encompasses judicial, administrative, ceremonial, legal and social responsibilities. Political power is passed from the father to the first-born son.^[2]

The incumbent chieftain is Devasish Roy (b. 10 April 1959), according to the Chakma Bijok, a compilation of the Chakma history (1876-1934 CE). The Chakma chieftain also sits on the Advisory Council for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and the Rangamati Hill District Council.^[3] The Chakma chieftain leads a "rajpunnah" festival.^[4]

The lineage of Chakma chieftains may date to the 11th century or mid-16th century.^[5] Chakma folklore and tradition ascribe the Chakma origins to the warrior castes of Bhagalpur in modern-day India.^[6] The legendary raja Bijoy Giri (c. 1630), who is believed to have migrated the ancestors of the Chakma people north of the Naf River.^[7] Through intermarriages with the Rakhine people, the Chakmas eventually converted to Buddhism.^[7] Extant historical records date to the 1700s. Following the expansion of the Mughal Empire into Chakma territory, Chakma chieftains adopted Muslim names and titles (e.g., Khan) in exchange for tributary payments.^[6][8]

During British rule, the Chittagong Hill Tracts were administratively divided into three circles in 1884, namely the Chakma Circle, the Bohmong Circle, and the Mong Circles, each presided over by a hereditary chief from the Chakma and Marma peoples.^[7][9] The circles were codified into law with the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulations, 1900, which eased revenue collection and administrative burdens on British authorities by delegating tax collection, land administration management and social arbitration responsibilities to the chieftains.^[9][10] In 1901, the Bohmong Circle extended 2,421 square miles (6,270 km²).^[11] This administrative structure remained in place until 1964, when the introduction of local self-government abolished the special status of these circles and brought local administration under the control of the central government.^[12]

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• Chakma people
• Marma people
• Bohmong Circle
• Mong Circle