Viburnum opulus is a deciduousshrub growing to 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and broad, with a rounded base and coarsely serrated margins; they are superficially similar to the leaves of some maples, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green, with valvate bud scales.
The hermaphrodite flowers are white, produced in corymbs 4–11 cm (2–4 in) in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers 1.5–2 cm in diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small (5 mm), fertile flowers; the flowers are produced in early summer, and pollinated by insects. The fruit is a globose bright red drupe 7–10 mm diameter, containing a single seed. The seeds are dispersed by birds.
The common name 'guelder rose' relates to the Dutch province of Gelderland, where a popular cultivar, the snowball tree, supposedly originated.[5] Other common names include water elder, cramp bark, snowball tree, common snowball,[6] and European cranberrybush, though this plant is not closely related to the cranberry. Some botanists also include the North American species Viburnum trilobumasV. opulusvar.americanumAit., or as V. opulussubsp.trilobum (Marshall) Clausen.
Viburnum opulus is a member of the Viburnum genus which contains 160 to 170 species. It is classified in the subsection Opulus, which usually contains five species. Phylogenetic analyses suggest the following relationship between those species:
clade containing sections Sambucina, Lobata, Coriacea, and Succodontotinus
Opulus sect.
V. edule (squashberry, mooseberry)—Canada and northern parts of the US
Viburnum opulus is grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers and berries, growing best on moist, moderately alkaline soils, though tolerating most soil types well. Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Roseum', in which all the flowers are only of the larger sterile type, with globular flower heads.
The shrub is also cultivated as a component of hedgerows, cover plantings, and as part of other naturalistic plantings in its native regions.
The fruit is edible in small quantities, with a very bitter taste; it can be used to make jelly. It is however mildly toxic, and may cause vomiting or diarrhea if eaten in large amounts.[11] The ripe fruit is often ignored by birds and avoided by humans due to a foul smell emitted when crushed, described by some as "musty socks" or "urine and vomit".[12]
The term 'cramp bark' is related to the bark's use in traditional medicine for cramps, but there is no scientific evidence of its effectiveness for this use or any other.[13]
Mentions of the viburnum can be found throughout Ukrainian folklore such as songs, decorative art, Ukrainian embroidery, and poetry.[14] Its symbolic roots can be traced to the Slavic paganism of millennia ago. According to a legend, kalyna was associated with the birth of the Universe, the so-called Fire Trinity: the Sun, the Moon, and the Star.[15][16] Its berries symbolize one's home and native land, blood, and family roots.[17][18] Kalyna is often depicted on Ukrainian embroidery: ritual cloths and shirts. In Slavic paganism kalyna also represents the beauty of a young lady, which rhymes well in the Ukrainian language: ka-ly-na – div-chy-na.[19][20][21] The song "Chervona Kalyna" was the anthem of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen[22][23] and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army; along with these national liberating movements in 20th century guelder rose was established as a symbol of riflemen honor, and state independence.[24]
In Russia the Viburnum fruit is called kalina (калина) and is commonly found in folklore. Kalina derived in Russian language from kalit'orraskalyat', which means "to make red-hot". The red fiery color of the berries represents beauty in Russian culture and together with sweet raspberries it symbolises the passionate love of a beautiful maiden, since berries were always an erotic symbol in Russia.[25]: 149 The bitter side of the red fruit also symbolizes love separation in Russian folk culture.[26] The name of the Russian song Kalinka is a diminutive of Kalina.Viburnum opulus is also an important symbol of the Russian national ornamental wood painting handicraft style called Khokhloma.[citation needed]
^"AGM Plants - Ornamental"(PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^Adams, William Lee (18 March 2022). "Go_A release 'Kalyna' to raise funds for Ukraine...and to remind the world it must unite to fight evil". wiwibloggs. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023. Kalyna (guelder-rose) is a symbol that has been a part of Ukrainian culture since ancient times. Its meanings were transferred through the ages in legends and songs. A broken kalyna tree was a sign of trouble and tragedy; abuse of this tree was a shameful act. Ukrainian people carefully protected it because there was a belief that kalyna grew only next to good people. According to our ancestors, kalyna has a power that brings immortality and can unite generations to fight evil.
![Viburnum opulus or kalyna has been a symbol of Ukrainian culture since ancient times.[27]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_10_06_6302_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg)
![Graphical depiction of Viburnum opulus on the flag of the president of Ukraine[citation needed]](https://akarinohon.com/text/taketori.cgi/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Ukraine.svg)
