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| Dmitry Donskoy | |||||
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Miniature from the Tsarskiy titulyarnik ("Tsar's Book of Titles", 1672)
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| Prince of Moscow | |||||
| Reign | 13 November 1359 – 19 May 1389 | ||||
| Predecessor | Ivan II | ||||
| Successor | Vasily I | ||||
| Grand Prince of Vladimir | |||||
| Reign | 1363 – 19 May 1389 | ||||
| Predecessor | Dmitry of Suzdal | ||||
| Successor | Vasily I | ||||
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| Born | 12 October 1350 Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow | ||||
| Died | 19 May 1389(1389-05-19) (aged 38) Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Consort | Eudoxia Dmitriyevna | ||||
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| Dynasty | Rurik | ||||
| Father | Ivan II of Moscow | ||||
| Mother | Alexandra Vasilyevna Velyaminova | ||||
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy[a] (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Донско́й; 12 October 1350 – 19 May 1389) was Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 until his death. He was the heir of Ivan II.
He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia. In traditional Russian historiography, he is regarded as a Russian national hero and a central figure of the Russian Middle Ages. His nickname, Donskoy ("of the Don"), alludes to his great victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), which took place on the Don River.[1] He is venerated as a saint in the Orthodox Church with his feast day on 19 May.
Dmitry was born in Moscow in 1350, the son of Ivan the Fair, Grand Prince of Moscow, and his second wife, Alexandra Vassilievna Velyaminova, the daughter of the mayor of Moscow. Dmitry was orphaned at the age of nine and ascended the throne of the Principality of Moscow.[2] Per the terms of Ivan's will, during Dmitry's minority, Metropolitan Aleksey served as regent.[citation needed]
In 1360 Khiḍr Khan, Khan of the Golden Horde, transferred the title most prized among the Russian princes, that of Grand Prince of Vladimir, to Dmitry KonstantinovichofNizhny Novgorod. In 1363, after that prince was deposed, Dmitry Ivanovich was crowned at Vladimir. Three years later, he made peace with Dmitry Konstantinovich and married his daughter Eudoxia.[citation needed]
The most important event during Dmitry's early reign was to start building the Moscow Kremlin; it was completed in 1367. Thanks to the new fortress, the city withstood two sieges by AlgirdasofLithuania during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372).[3] The war ended with the Treaty of Lyubutsk. In 1375, Dmitry settled, in his own favor, a conflict with Mikhail II of Tver over Vladimir. Other princes of in the northeastern Rus' principalities acknowledged his authority and contributed troops to the impending struggle against the Horde. By the end of his reign, Dmitry had more than doubled the territory of the Principality of Moscow.[citation needed]
Mongol domination of Rus' began to crumble during Dmitry's thirty-year reign. The Golden Horde was severely weakened by civil war and dynastic rivalries. Dmitry took advantage of this lapse in Mongol authority to openly challenge the Tatars. While he kept the Khan's patent to collect taxes for all of Russia,[citation needed] Dmitry is also famous for leading the first Russian military victory over the Mongols.[citation needed] Mamai, a Mongol general and claimant to the throne, tried to punish Dmitry for attempting to increase his power. In 1378 Mamai sent a Mongol army, but it was defeated by Dmitry's forces in the Battle of Vozha River.[3]
Two years later Mamai personally led a large force against Moscow. Sergius of Radonezh blessed Dmitry Donskoy when he went to fight the Tatars in the signal Battle of Kulikovo field, but only after he was certain Dmitry had pursued all peaceful means of resolving the conflict. Sergius sent the two warrior monks Alexander Peresvet and his friend Rodion Oslyabya to join the Russian troops. The battle of Kulikovo was opened by single combat between two champions. The Russian champion was Alexander Peresvet. The Horde champion was Temir-murza. The champions killed each other in the first run. Dmitry defeated the Horde.[2] In gratitude for the victory, Dmitry established the Dormition monastery on the Dubenka River and built a church in honor of the Nativity of the Holy Theotokos over the graves of the fallen warriors.[4][5]
The defeated Mamai was presently dethroned by a rival Mongol general, Tokhtamysh. That khan reasserted Mongol rule of Rus and overran Moscow in 1382 for Dmitry's resistance to Mamai. Dmitry, however, pledged his loyalty to Tokhtamysh and to the Golden Horde and was reinstated as Mongol principal tax collector and Grand Duke of Vladimir. Upon his death in Moscow in 1389, Dmitry was the first Grand Duke to bequeath his titles to his son Vasily I of Moscow without consulting the Khan.[2]
He was married to Eudoxia of Nizhniy Novgorod. She was a daughter of Dmitry of Suzdal and Vasilisa of Rostov. They had at least twelve children:
Demetrius Ioannovich Donskoy
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| Right-Believing Prince | |
| Honored in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Canonized | 6 June 1988, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergiusby1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, (Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow) |
| Major shrine | Cathedral of the Archangel |
| Feast | 23 January, 9 May, 19 May, 6 July, 22 August, 22 September |
| Attributes | sword and helmet |
| Patronage | The Military Police of Russia |
Right-Believing Prince Demetrius Ioannovich Donskoy was canonized on 6 June 1988 in Trinity Lavra of St. Sergiusby1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow.[6]
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| Preceded by | Grand Prince of Vladimir 1362–1389 |
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| Preceded by | Prince of Moscow 1359–1389 | |
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