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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
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A demonym (; from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos ) 'people, tribe', and ὄνυμα (ónuma ) 'name') or gentilic (from Latin gentilis 'of a clan, or gens ')[1] is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, and continent).[3] Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino , for someone from the city of Cochabamba ; French for a person from France; and Swahili , for a person of the Swahili coast .
As a sub-field of anthroponymy , the study of demonyms is called demonymy or demonymics .
Since they are referring to territorially defined groups of people, demonyms are semantically different from ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups ). In the English language , there are many polysemic words that have several meanings (including demonymic and ethnonymic uses), and therefore a particular use of any such word depends on the context. For example, the word Thai may be used as a demonym, designating any inhabitant of Thailand , while the same word may also be used as an ethnonym, designating members of the Thai people . Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms. For example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person , a Briton or, informally, a Brit .
Some demonyms may have several meanings. For example, the demonym Macedonians may refer to the population of North Macedonia , or more generally to the entire population of the region of Macedonia , a portion of which is in Greece . In some languages, a demonym may be borrowed from another language as a nickname or descriptive adjective for a group of people: for example, Québécois , Québécoise (female) is commonly used in English for a native of the province or city of Quebec (though Quebecer , Quebecker are also available).
In English, demonyms are always capitalized .[4]
Often, demonyms are the same as the adjectival form of the place, e.g. Egyptian , Japanese , or Greek . However, they are not necessarily the same, as exemplified by Spanish instead of Spaniard or British instead of Briton.[5]
English commonly uses national demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan , while the usage of local demonyms such as Chicagoan , Okie or Parisian is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.[6] [7] [8]
Etymology [ edit ]
National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a work from 1990.[9] The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the Chicago Manual of Style . It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals .[10] However, in What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names (the first edition of Labels for Locals )[11] Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon (1988),[3] which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after demonymic , which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as the name of an Athenian citizen according to the deme to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.[12] [13]
Suffixation [ edit ]
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language . The most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble Late Latin , Semitic , Celtic , or Germanic suffixes, such as -(a )n , -ian , -anian , -nian , -in(e ) , -a(ñ/n)o/a , -e(ñ/n)o/a , -i(ñ/n)o/a , -ite , -(e )r , -(i )sh , -ene , -ensian , -ard , -ese , -nese , -lese , -i(e ) , -i(ya ) , -iot , -iote , -k , -asque , -(we )gian , -onian , -vian , -ois(e ) , or -ais(e ) .
Examples of various suffixes
Asia → Asians
Australia → Australians
Europe → Europeans
North America → North Americans
South America → South Americans
Central America → Central Americans
Americas → Americans
Oceania → Oceanians
Countries
Albania → Albanians
Algeria → Algerians
Andorra → Andorrans
Angola → Angolans
Antigua → Antiguans
Armenia → Armenians
Australia → Australians
Austria → Austrians
Barbuda → Barbudans
Belize → Belizeans
Bolivia → Bolivians
Bosnia and Herzegovina → Bosnians and Herzegovinians (mostly referred as Bosnians)
Brunei → Bruneians
Bulgaria → Bulgarians
Burundi → Burundians
Cambodia → Cambodians
Chile → Chileans
Colombia → Colombians
Costa Rica → Costa Ricans
Croatia → Croatians (also "Croats ")
Cuba → Cubans
Czech Republic → Czechs
Dominican Republic → Dominicans
El Salvador → Salvadorans
Eritrea → Eritreans
Estonia → Estonians
Ethiopia → Ethiopians
Fiji → Fijian, Fijindians
Galatia → Galatians
Gambia → Gambians
Georgia → Georgians
Germany → Germans
Guatemala → Guatemalans
Guinea → Guineans
Haiti → Haitians
Honduras → Hondurans
Hungary → Hungarians
India → Indians
Indonesia → Indonesians
Jamaica → Jamaicans
Kenya → Kenyans
Kiribati → Kiribatians (also "I-Kiribati ")
Kosovo → Kosovans (also "Kosovars ")
Latvia → Latvians
Liberia → Liberians
Libya → Libyans
Lithuania → Lithuanians
Malawi → Malawians
Malaysia → Malaysians
Mali → Malians
Mauritania → Mauritanians
Mexico → Mexicans
Micronesia → Micronesians
Moldova → Moldovans
Mongolia → Mongolians (also "Mongols ")
Monaco → Monacans (also "Monegasque ")
Morocco → Moroccans
Mozambique → Mozambicans
Namibia → Namibians
Nauru → Nauruans
Nicaragua → Nicaraguans
Nigeria → Nigerians
North Korea → North Koreans
North Macedonia → Macedonians
Palau → Palauans
Papua New Guinea → Papua New Guineans
Paraguay → Paraguayans
Persia → Persians
Puerto Rico → Puerto Ricans
Romania → Romanians
Russia → Russians
Rwanda → Rwandans (also "Rwandese ")
Saint Lucia → Saint Lucians
Samoa → Samoans
Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabians (also "Saudis ")
Serbia → Serbians (also "Serbs ")
Sierra Leone → Sierra Leoneans
Singapore → Singaporeans
Slovakia → Slovakians (also "Slovaks ")
Slovenia → Slovenians (also "Slovenes ")
South Africa → South Africans
South Korea → South Koreans
Sri Lanka → Sri Lankans
St. Kitts and Nevis → Kittitians, Nevisians
Syria → Syrians
Tanzania → Tanzanians
Tonga → Tongans
Tunisia → Tunisians
Tuvalu → Tuvaluans
Uganda → Ugandans
Uruguay → Uruguayans
Vanuatu → Vanuatuans (also "Ni-Vanuatu ")
Venezuela → Venezuelans
Zambia → Zambians
Zimbabwe → Zimbabweans
Constituent states, provinces and regions
Emirate of Abu Dhabi → Abu Dhabians (also "Dhabyani ")
Alaska → Alaskans
Alberta → Albertans
Algarve → Algarvians
Andalusia → Andalusians
Arizona → Arizonans
Arkansas → Arkansans
Asturias → Asturians
Bago Region → Bagoans
Bangka Island → Bangkans
Bavaria → Bavarians
Bay Of Plenty → Bayer, Plentonians
Bohemia → Bohemians
Borneo → Borneans
British Columbia → British Columbians
Brittany → Bretons
California → Californians
Carinthia → Carinthians
Colorado → Coloradans
Connecticut → Connecticuter
Corsica → Corsicans
Crete → Cretans
Crimea → Crimeans
Cumbria → Cumbrians
Dalmatia → Dalmatians
Delaware → Delawareans
District of Columbia → Washingtonians
Extremadura → Extremadurans
Florida → Floridans (more commonly "Floridians " below)
Galicia → Galicians
Galilee → Galileans
Gaza Strip → Gazans
Georgia → Georgians
Hawaiʻi → Hawaiians[a]
Hebrides → Hebrideans
Idaho → Idahoans
Illinois → Illinoisans
Indiana → Hoosiers
Iowa → Iowans
Jakarta → Jakartans
Java → Javans (also "Javanese ")
Johor → Johoreans
Judea → Judeans
Kansas → Kansans
Karelia → Karelians
Kayah State → Kayahans
Kedah → Kedahans
Kentucky → Kentuckians
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa → Pathans
Liguria → Ligurians
Louisiana → Louisianans (also "Louisianians ")
Madeira → Madeirans
Malacca → Malaccans
Majorca → Majorcans
Mandalay Region → Mandalayans
Manitoba → Manitobans
Masuria → Masurians
Menorca → Menorcans
Minnesota → Minnesotans
Mississippi → Mississippians
Missouri → Missourians
Moluccas → Moluccans
Montana → Montanans
Moravia → Moravians
Nebraska → Nebraskans
Nevada → Nevadans
New Jersey → New Jerseyans
New Mexico → New Mexicans (also "Neomexicanos ", "Neomejicanos ")
Normandy → Normans
North Dakota → North Dakotans
Northwest Territories → Northwest Territorians
Nova Scotia → Nova Scotians
Ohio → Ohioans
Oklahoma → Oklahomans
Ontario → Ontarians
Oregon → Oregonians
Otago → Otagans
Papua → Papuans
Patagonia → Patagonians
Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanians
Pomerania → Pomeranians
Samogitia → Samogitians
Sabah → Sabahans
Sarawak → Sarawakians
Sardinia → Sardinians (also "Sards ")
Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanians (also "Saskatchewanite ")
Silesia → Silesians
Slavonia → Slavonians
South Australia → South Australians
South Dakota → South Dakotans
Styria → Styrians
Sumatra → Sumatrans
Sumba → Sumbans
Sumbawa → Sumbawans
Syrmia → Syrmians
Tahiti → Tahitians
Tamil Nadu → Tamilian
Taranaki → Taranakians
Tasmania → Tasmanians (informally "Taswegians ")
Tennessee → Tennesseans
Texas → Texans
Thuringia → Thuringians
Transnistria → Transnistrians
Transylvania → Transylvanians
Umbria → Umbrians
Utah → Utahns (also "Utahans ")
Victoria → Victorians
Virginia → Virginians
Waikato → Waikatorians
Wake Island → Wakeans
Wallachia → Wallachians
Western Australia → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "Westralians ")
West Papua → West Papuans
Westphalia → Westphalians
Cities
Abu Dhabi → Abu Dhabians (also "Dhabyani ")
Adelaide → Adelaideans
Alexandria → Alexandrians
Albuquerque → Albuquerqueans (also『Burqueños 』or the feminine "Burqueñas ")
Annapolis → Annapolitans
Atlanta → Atlantans
Baltimore → Baltimoreans
Bath → Bathonians
Bristol → Bristolians
Brockton → Brocktonians
Bogotá → Bogotans
Canberra → Canberrans
Charlotte → Charlotteans
Chattanooga → Chattanoogans
Chicago → Chicagoans
Cincinnati → Cincinnatians
Clitheroe → Clitheronians
Coimbatore → Coimbatoreians
Coventry → Coventrians[15]
Danu → Danuans
Derby → Derbeians
Dubai → Dubaians
Dundee → Dundonians
El Paso → El Pasoans, El Paseños
Galway → Galwegians
Glasgow → Glaswegians
Hanoi → Hanoians
Hatta → Hattans (also "Hattawi ")
Hobart → Hobartians
Indianapolis → Indianapolitans
İzmir → İzmirians
Jakarta → Jakartans
Kalamazoo → Kalamazooans
Kandy → Kandyans
Kuching → Kuchingites
Kyiv → Kyivans
Kolkata → Calcuttans
Las Vegas → Las Vegans
Liverpool → Liverpudlians
Madera → Maderans
Manchester → Mancunians
Manila → Manilans (also『Manileños 』or the feminine "Manileñas ")
Mecca → Meccans
Medina → Medinans
Miami → Miamians
Milwaukee → Milwaukeeans
Minneapolis → Minneapolitans
Miri → Mirians
Naypyidaw → Naypyidawans
Ngawi city → Ngawians
Oklahoma City → Oklahoma Cityans
Ottawa → Ottawans
Philadelphia → Philadelphians
Pisa → Pisans
Pueblo → Puebloans
Regina → Reginans
Riga → Rigans
Rome → Romans
Sacramento → Sacramentans
Salem → Salemians
San Antonio → San Antonians
San Diego → San Diegans
San Francisco → San Franciscans
San Jose → San Joseans
Sarasota → Sarasotans
Sioux City → Sioux Cityans
Springville → Springvillians
Sofia → Sofians
St. Louis → St. Louisans
Surabaya → Surabayans
Tauranga → Taurangians
Thebes → Thebans
Toledo, Ohio → Toledoans
Tucson → Tucsonians, Tucsonans
Tulsa → Tulsans
Utica → Uticans
Valencia → Valencians
Vilnius → Vilnians
Waco → Wacoans
Yuma → Yumians
-ian
Countries
Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanians (also "Azerbaijanis " and "Azeris ")
Bahamas → Bahamians
Barbados → Barbadians (also "Bajans ")
Belarus → Belarusians
Belgium → Belgians
Brazil → Brazilians
Cameroon → Cameroonians
Canada → Canadians
Cayman Islands → Caymanians
Chad → Chadians
Comoros → Comorians
Ecuador → Ecuadorians
Egypt → Egyptians
Ghana → Ghanaians
Gibraltar → Gibraltarians
Grenada → Grenadians
Iran → Iranians
Italy → Italians
Jordan → Jordanians
Laos → Laotians
Maldives → Maldivians
Palestine → Palestinians
Peru → Peruvians
Saint Vincent → Vincentians
Trinidad and Tobago → Trinidadians, Tobagonians (also "Trinbagonians ")
Ukraine → Ukrainians
Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities
Adelaide → Adelaidians
Alabama → Alabamians
Athens → Athenians
Ayeyarwady Region → Ayeyarwadians
Banat → Banatians
Ballarat → Ballaratians
Bareilly → Bareillian
Bengaluru → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
Banten → Bantenians (also "Banteneses ", "Banteners ")
Belgrade → Belgradians (also "Belgraders ")
Bermuda → Bermudians (also "Bermudans ")
Birmingham, Alabama → Birminghamians
Blackburn → Blackburnians
Blackpool → Blackpudlians
Bangkok → Bangkokians
Boston → Bostonians
Bracknell → Bracknellians
Bradford → Bradfordians
Brighton → Brightonians
Brisbane → Brisbanians (also "Brisbanites ")
Bristol → Bristolians
Bukovina → Bukovinian
Burgundy → Burgundians
Calgary → Calgarians
Canary Islands → Canarians
Canterbury, New Zealand → Cantabrians
Cape Town - Capetonians
Castile → Castilians
Catalonia → Catalonians (also ""Catalan"")
Cedar Rapids → Cedar Rapidians
Chelmsford → Chelmsfordians
Chester → Cestrians
Chin State → Chinians
Chittagong → Chittagonians
Christchurch → Christchurchians (also "Christchurchers ")
Cirebon → Cirebonians
Corinth → Corinthians
Coventry → Coventrians
Darwin → Darwinians
Dayton → Daytonians
Devon → Devonians
Duluth → Duluthians
Edmonton → Edmontonians
Florida → Floridians
Fort Worth → Fort Worthians
Fredericton → Frederictonians
Greenville → Greenvillians
Hamilton → Hamiltonians
Harrow → Harrovians
Hartlepool → Hartlepudlians
Hereford → Herefordians
Herzegovina → Herzegovinians
Hesse → Hessians
Hobart → Hobartians
Houston → Houstonians
Isles of Scilly → Scillonians
Iowa City → Iowa Citians
Jessup → Jessupians
Kachin State → Kachinians
Kansas City → Kansas Citians
Kentucky → Kentuckians
Kingston → Kingstonians
Labrador → Labradorians
Laguna → Lagunians (also "Laguneño ", "Lagunense ")
Lancashire → Lancastrians
Lancaster → Lancastrians
Lesbos → Lesbians
Lethbridge → Lethbridgians
Lexington → Lexingtonians
Liverpool → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "Scousers ")
Louisiana → Louisianians (also "Louisianans ")
Louisville → Louisvillians
Madison → Madisonians
Madrid → Madrilenians
Maharashtra → Maharashtrians (also "Marathis ")
McKinney → McKinnians
Melbourne → Melburnians
Memphis → Memphians
Michigan → Michiganians (also Michiganders)
Mobile, Alabama → Mobilian
Nelson → Nelsonians
New Guinea → New Guinians
New Orleans → New Orleanians
North Carolina → North Carolinians
Northern Territory → Territorians
Oregon → Oregonians
Paris → Parisians
Perlis → Perlisians
Perak → Perakians
Peterborough → Peterborians
Phoenix → Phoenicians
Plymouth → Plymothians
Port Harcourt → Harcourtians
Podgorica → Podgoricians
Preston, Lancashire →Prestonians
Prince George's County → Prince Georgians
Quezon (Tayabas) → Quezonians (also "Quezonin ", "Tayabasin ", with the Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h )in )
Rivers State → Riverians
Rochdale → Rochdalians
Rochester, New York → Rochesterians
Rockwall, Texas → Rockwallians
Rockwall County, Texas → Rockwallians
Saint Petersburg → Saint Petersburgians (also "Saint Petersburgers ")
Sarawak → Sarawakians
Saskatchewan → Saskatchewanians
Saskatoon → Saskatonians
Savannah → Savannahians[16]
Shrewsbury → Salopians
Sicily → Sicilians
Solihull → Silhillians
South Carolina → South Carolinians
Stockport → Stopfordians
Swindon → Swindonians
Tanintharyi Region → Tanintharians
Tel Aviv, Israel → Tel Avivians
Telford → Telfordians
Thrace → Thracians
Towcester → Towcestrians
Truro → Truronians
Tuban , East Java → Tubanians
Tucson → Tucsonians
Vilnius → Vilnians
Washington → Washingtonians
Wellington → Wellingtonians
Wilmington → Wilmingtonians
Yukon → Yukonians
-anian
Mawlamyine → Mawlamanians
-nian
Buffalo → Buffalonians
Cork → Corkonians
Manchester → Mancunians
Naga → Naganians
Panama → Panamanians
Sligo → Sligonians
Tampa → Tampanians
Tobago → Tobagonians
Toronto → Torontonians
Torquay → Torquinians
Trinidad and Tobago → Trinbagonians
Truro → Truronians
Wa → Wanians
-in(e )
Byzantium → Byzantines
Florence → Florentines (also Latin "Florentia ")
Gilbert Islands → Gilbertines (as by Robert Louis Stevenson , but Gilbertese was more usual)
The Levant → Levantines
Montenegro → Montenegrins
Palatinate → Palatines
Philippines → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "Filipina ", see below)
Philistia → Philistines
-(h )in
The Tayabas Tagalog suffix -(h )in , which is mostly used by the natives in the province of Quezon , is also used for their local or native demonyms in English .
Lucena → Lucenahins
Tayabas → Tayabasins (also "Tayabense ")
Lucban → Lucbanins
Infanta → Infantahins
Sariaya → Sariayahins
Brgy. Ilayang/Ibabang Talim → Talimin
Brgy. Isabang → Isabangin (both in Lucena and Tayabas )
Brgy. Morong → Morongin
-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a
Adaptations from the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)o (sometimes using a final -a instead of -o for a female, following the standard Spanish suffix -e(ñ/n)a )
Countries and regions
Cebu → Cebuanos
El Salvador → Salvadoreños (also "Salvadorans ")
New Mexico → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "New Mexicans ")
Philippines → Filipinos
Cities
Albuquerque → Burqueños or the feminine Burqueñas (also "Albuquerqueans ")
Belo Horizonte → Belo-horizontinos
Buenos Aires → Porteños (when referring to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires) or "Bonaerense" (if referring to the Province of Buenos Aires)
Caguas - Caguenos
Cainta → Cainteños
Cavite → Caviteños
Daraga → Daragueños
Davao City → Davaoeños
Iriga → Irigueños
Legazpi → Legazpeños
Ligao → Ligaoeños
Los Angeles → Angelenos
Madrid → Madrileños
Manila → Manileños (also "Manilans ")
Masbate → Masbateños
Naga → Nagueños
San Pablo → San Pableños
São Paulo → Paulistanos
Tabaco → Tabaqueños
Tauranga → Taurangans
Zamboanga City → Zamboangueños
-ite
Andhra - Andhrites
Ann Arbor → Ann Arborites
Austin → Austinites
Bagansiapiapi → Bagansiapiapites
Baku → Bakuvites
Bandung → Bandungites
Bergen County, New Jersey → Bergenites
Boulder → Boulderites
Brisbane → Brisbanites (also "Brisbanian ")
Bronx → Bronxites
Brooklyn → Brooklynites[17]
Carson City, Nevada → Carsonites
Chennai → Chennaiites
Dallas → Dallasites
Decatur → Decaturites
Delhi → Delhites
Denton, Texas → Dentonites
Denver → Denverites
Dhaka → Dhakaites (more commonly "Dhakaiya ")
Dunedin → Dunedinites
Durban → Durbanites
Erie, Pennsylvania → Erieites
Gaya → Gayaites
Guelph → Guelphites
Irmo, South Carolina → Irmites
Israel → Israelites (also "Israeli ", depending on the usage; see below)
Istanbul → Istanbulites
Jerusalem → Jerusalemites
Karachi → Karachiites
Kerala → Keralites
Kweyol → Kweyolites
Labuan Bajo → Labuan Bajoites
Leicester → Leicesterite
Manhattan → Manhattanites
Mon State → Monites
Moscow → Muscovites (also Latin "Muscovia ")
Montpelier, Vermont → Montpelierites
Mumbai → Mumbaiites, Mumbaikars
New Hampshire → New Hampshirites
Norman, Oklahoma → Normanites
Oban → Obanites
Odesa → Odesites
Pahang → Pahangite (also "Pahangese ")
Patna → Patnaites
Penang → Penangite
Perth → Perthites (also "Perthian " and "Perthling ")
Pullman → Pullmanites
Putney → Putneyites
Queens → Queensites[18]
Reading → Readingites
Reno, Nevada → Renoites
Ruskin, Florida → Ruskinites
Saint Paul, Minnesota → Saint Paulites
Salem → Salemites
Seattle → Seattleites
Seoul → Seoulites
Shiloh → Shilonites (as in: "Ahijah the Shilonite ")
Shillong → Shillongite (also "Nong Shillong " and "Nong Sor ")
Smyrna, Georgia → Smynite
Spokane → Spokanites
Sydney → Sydneyites (also "Sydneysider ")
Telangana → Telanganites
Tokyo → Tokyoites
Vancouver → Vancouverites
Vizag → Vizagites
Warangal → Warangalites
Wenham, Massachusetts → Wenhamites
Westchester County, New York → Westchesterites
Whittier, California → Whittierites
Winston-Salem → Winston-Salemites
Wisconsin → Wisconsinites
Wrexham → Wrexhamites
Wyoming → Wyomingites
Yangon → Yangonites
-(e )r
Auckland → Aucklanders
Bakersfield, CA → Bakersfielder
Beijing → Beijingers
Belgrade → Belgraders
Bergen → Bergeners
Berlin → Berliners
Bucharest → Bucharesters
Budapest → Budapesters
Cleveland → Clevelanders
Cook Islands → Cook Islanders
Copenhagen → Copenhageners
Detroit → Detroiters
Dublin → Dubliners
Dresden → Dresdeners
Fife → Fifers
Frankfurt → Frankfurters
Greenland → Greenlanders (also "Greenlandic ")
Hamburg → Hamburgers
Hannover → Hannoveraners
Hong Kong → Hongkonger , Hong Kongers (also "Hong Kongese ", "Hongkongese ")
Iceland → Icelanders (also "Icelandic ")
Kosovo [a ] → Kosovars (also "Kosovan ")
Leeds → Loiners
Leipzig → Leipzigers
Liechtenstein → Liechtensteiners
Little Rock, AR → Little Rockers
London → Londoners
Lorraine → Lorrainers
Luxembourg → Luxembourgers
Maine → Mainers
Maryland → Marylanders
Michigan → Michiganders
Montreal → Montrealers
Netherlands → Netherlanders (also "Dutchman " and "Hollanders ")
New Brunswick → New Brunswickers
New England → New Englanders
New York → New Yorkers
New York City → New Yorkers
New Zealand → New Zealanders (see below; irregular forms)
Newfoundland → Newfoundlanders
Oakland → Oaklanders
Pangkal Pinang → Pangkalpinangers
Pittsburgh → Pittsburghers
Prague → Praguers
Prince Edward Island → Prince Edward Islander
Puntland → Puntlanders
Quebec → Quebeckers, Quebecers (also "Quebecois(e ) "; though see below, irregular forms)
Queensland → Queenslanders
Rhineland → Rhinelanders
Rhode Island → Rhode Islanders
Rotterdam → Rotterdammers
Solomon Islands → Solomon Islanders
Stockholm → Stockholmers
Stuttgart → Stuttgarters
Tallinn → Tallinners
Vermont → Vermonters
Winnipeg → Winnipeggers
Yellowknife → Yellowknifers
York (UK ) → Yorkers (also "Yorkies ")
Yukon → Yukoners
Zürich → Zürchers
Often used for European locations and Canadian locations
-(i )sh
(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the toponym , or place-name.)
"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
Bangka Island → Bangkish
Britain , Great Britain and United Kingdom → British people (demonym "Britons ")
Cornwall → Cornish people (demonym "Cornishmen ", "Cornishwomen ")
Denmark → Danish people (demonym "Danes ")
England → English people (demonym "Englishmen ", "Englishwomen ")
Finland → Finnish people (demonym "Finns ", "Finnic ")
Flanders → Flemish people (demonym "Flemings ")
Ireland → Irish people (demonym "Irishmen ", "Irishwomen ")
Kent → Kentish people
Kurdistan → Kurdish people (demonym "Kurds ")
Lombok → Lombokish people
Luxembourg → Luxembourgish people (demonym "Luxembourgers ")
New South Wales → New South Welshmen
Niger → Nigerish (also "Nigerien ")
Northern Ireland → Northern Irish people
Poland → Polish people (demonym "Poles ")
Scotland → Scottish people (demonym "Scots ", "Scotsmen ", "Scotswomen ")
Spain → Spanish people (demonym "Spaniards ")
Sweden → Swedish people (demonym "Swedes ")
Turkey → Turkish people (demonym "Turks ")
Wales → Welsh people (demonym "Welshmen ", "Welshwomen ", "Walian ")
-ene
Cyrenaica → Cyrenes
Damascus → Damascenes
Nazareth → Nazarenes
Palmyra → Palmyrenes
Slovenia → Slovenes (also "Slovenians ")
Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations.
-ensian
Kingston-upon-Hull (UK ) → Hullensians
Leeds (UK ) → Leodensians
Reading (UK ) → Readingensians
-ard
Spain → Spaniards (also "Spanish ")
Savoy → Savoyards
Montagne → Montagnards
-ese, -nese or -lese
Ajman → Ajmanese
Aragon → Aragonese
Aceh → Acehnese
Assam → Assamese
Bali → Balinese
Bengal → Bengalese
Benin → Beninese (also "Beninois ")
Bergen → Bergenese
Bern → Bernese
Bearn → Bearnese
Bhutan → Bhutanese
Bologna → Bolognese
Burkina Faso → Burkinese (also "Burkinabé ")
Calabria → Calabrese
Cirebon , West Java → Cirebonese
China → Chinese
Congo → Congolese
Da Lat → Dalatese
East Timor → East Timorese
Faroe Islands → Faroese
Emirate of Fujairah → Fujairahnese
Gabon → Gabonese (also "Gabonais ", "Gabonaise ")
Genoa → Genovese, Genoese
Gilbert Islands → Gilbertese (also "Gilbertine ")
Grenadines → Grenadinese
Guangdong (Canton) → Cantonese people
Guyana → Guyanese
Hainan → Hainanese
Hong Kong → Hongkongese
Hunan → Hunanese
Japan → Japanese (also "Nipponese ")
Java → Javanese (also "Javans ")
Kawthaung → Kawthaunggese
Kelantan → Kelantanese
Kokang → Kokanggese
Lebanon → Lebanese
Leon → Leonese
London → Londonese
Macao → Macanese
Malta → Maltese
Manila → Manilese
Marshall Islands → Marshallese
Milan → Milanese
Myanmar/Burma → Burmese (though see below; irregular forms)
Nanjing (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
Navarre → Navarrese
Negeri Sembilan → Negeri Sembilanese
Pahang → Pahangese (also "Pahangite ")
Pa Laung → Palaunggese
Pa'O → Paonese
Piedmont → Piedmontese
Pittsburgh → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
Portugal → Portuguese
Rakhine State → Arakanese
Ras Al Khaimah → Khaimahnese
Rwanda → Rwandese (also "Rwandans ")
Saba → Sabanese
Sagaing Region → Sagainggese
Saigon → Saigonese
San Marino → Sammarinese
Sark → Sarkese
Sassari → Sassarese
Senegal → Senegalese
Shan State → Shanese
Shanghai → Shanghainese
Emirate of Sharjah → Sharjahnese (also "Sharjawi ")
Siam → Siamese
Sikkim → Sikkimese
(South ) Sudan → (South) Sudanese
Suriname → Surinamese
Swindon → Swindonese
Taiwan → Taiwanese
Taunggyi → Taunggese
Tegal , Central Java → Tegalese
Togo → Togolese
Turin → Torinese
Umm Al Quwain → Quwainese (also "Qewani ")
Vienna → Viennese
Vietnam → Vietnamese
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.[citation needed ] Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".[citation needed ] Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix -ese , which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending -ensis , designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for Francophone locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix -ais(e ) , which is at least in part a relative (< lat. -ensis or -iscus , or rather both).
-i(e ) or -i(ya )
Countries
Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "Azeris ", also "Azerbaijanians ")
Bahrain → Bahrainis
Bangladesh → Bangladeshis
Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis
Iraq → Iraqis
Israel → Israelis
Kazakhstan → Kazakhstanis (also "Kazakhs ")
Kurdistan → Kurdistanis (also "Kurdish ", "Kurds ")
Kuwait → Kuwaitis
Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzstanis (also "Kyrgyz ")
Nepal → Nepalis (also "Nepalese ")
Oman → Omanis
Pakistan → Pakistanis
Qatar → Qataris
Somalia → Somalis
Tajikistan → Tajikistanis (also "Tajiks ")
Thailand → Thais
Trinidad and Tobago → Trini
Turkmenistan → Turkmenistanis (also "Turkmen ")
United Arab Emirates → Emiratis
Uzbekistan → Uzbekistanis (also "Uzbeks ")
Yemen → Yemenis
States, provinces, counties, and cities
Allahabad → Allahabadis
Azawad → Azawadis
Azra → Azragis
Balochistan → Balochistanis (also "Baloch ", "Baluch ", "Baluchi ")
Barisal → Barisalis (also "Borishali ")
Beirut → Beirutis
Bangladesh, West Bengal → Bengalis
Bharat → Bharatiya
Bihar → Biharis
Birmingham (UK ) → Brummies
Dagestan → Dagestanis
Dhaka → Dhakaiya (less commonly "Dhakaites ")
Faridabad → Faridabadis
Glasgow → Weegie[19] (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
Gujarat → Gujaratis (also "Gujju ")
Hatta → Hattawi
Hazara → Hazaragis (also "Azragi ")
Hyderabad → Hyderabadis
Kerala → Malayalis (also "Malayalee ", "Keralite ")
Kumaon → Kumaonis (also "Kumaiye ")
Lahore → Lahoris
Punjab → Punjabis
Rajasthan → Rajasthanis
Rangpur → Rangpuris
Sindh → Sindhis
Sylhet → Sylhetis (also "Siloti ")
Tel Aviv → Tel Avivi (also "Tel Avivim " (plural))
Yorkshire → Yorkies (also "Yorkshireman ", "Tyke ")
Mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian locales. -i is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. Allemanni , Helvetii ). -i.e. is rather used for English places.
-iot or -iote
Corfu → Corfiots
Cyprus → Cypriots ("Cyprian " before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
Phanar → Phanariotes
Used especially for Greek locations. Backformation from Cypriot , itself based in Greek -ώτης .
-k
Slovakia → Slovaks
-asque
Menton → Mentonasque
Basque Country → Basque
Sanremo → Sanremasque
Often used for Italian and French locations.
-(we )gian
Galloway → Galwegians
Galway → Galwegians
Glasgow → Glaswegians
Magway Region → Magwegians
Norway → Norwegians
Poway, California → Powegians
Tasmania → Taswegians
-onian
Bath → Bathonians
Connacht → Connachtonians
Cork → Corkonians[20]
Dundee → Dundonians
Halifax → Haligonians
Lesotho → Lesothonians
Newport → Newportonians
Oxford → Oxonians
Often used for British and Irish locations.
-vian
Harrow → Harrovians
Moose Jaw → Moose Javians
Oamaru → Oamaruvians
Oslo → Oslovians
Peru → Peruvians
Warsaw → Warsovians
Waterloo → Waterluvians[22]
Wythenshawe → Wythenshavians
-ois(e ), -ais(e )
Benin → Beninois(e ) (also "Beninese ")
Gabon → Gabonais(e ) (also "Gabonese ")
Niger → Nigerois(e ) (also "Nigerien ")
Seychelles → Seychellois(e )
Quebec → Quebecois(e ) (also "Quebecker "; most common within Canada )
While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.
From Latin or Latinization
Annapolis → Annapolitans
Argyll → Argathelians
Ashbourne → Ashburnians (Essiburns )
Cambridge → Cantabrigians
Canterbury → Cantabrians
Chester → Cestrians
Colchester → Colcestrians
Courland → Couronians (Curonia )
Exeter → Exonians
Guernsey → Sarnians (Sarnia )
Halifax → Haligonian
Leeds → Leodensians (Ledesia )
Lviv → Leopolitans (Leopolis )
Manchester → Mancunians (Mancunia )
Melbourne → Melburnians (Melburnia )
Minneapolis → Minneapolitans
Naples → Neapolitans (Neapolis )
Newcastle → Novocastrians (Novum Castrum )
Orkney Islands → Orcadians (Orcadia )
Oswestry → Oswestrians (Oswestria )
Shropshire → Salopians (Salopia )
Tripoli → Tripolitans (Tripolis )
Venice → Venetians
Wolverhampton → Wulfrunians
Other
Botswana → Motswana (singular) Batswana (plural)
Prefixation [ edit ]
It is much rarer to find demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, Kiluba or Tshiluba . Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for Fiji ). On a country level:
Botswana → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Burundi → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
Eswatini → Liswati (singular), Emaswati (plural)
Lesotho → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
Non-standard examples [ edit ]
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as『Burqueño 』and the feminine『Burqueña 』of Albuquerque ,[23] or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the state university system , take for example the sooner of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma Sooners .[24]
Concepción, Chile → Penquistas
Connecticut → Nutmeggers
Cyprus → Cypriots
Guinea Bissau → Bissau-Guinean
Edinburgh → Lothian
Lisbon → Alfacinha
Indiana → Hoosiers [25]
Los Angeles → Angelenos[26]
Madagascar → Malagasy
Massachusetts → Bay Staters [27] [28]
North Macedonia → Macedonians
Nunavut → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
Minas Gerais → Mineiros
Rio Grande do Sul → Gaúchos
Rio de Janeiro (city) → Cariocas
Rio de Janeiro (state) → Fluminense
São Paulo (city) → Paulistanos
São Paulo (state) → Paulistas
Shropshire → Salopian
Tierra Caliente → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
Uruguay → Orientales
Valparaíso → Porteños
Informal
Birmingham, England → Brummie
Canada → Canuck
Cardiff → Taffs
Hartlepool, England → Monkey hanger
Isle Of Wight → Caulkheads [29]
Jersey → Jèrriais (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
Kansas → Jayhawker
Liverpool, England → Scouser, Liverpudlian
London, England → Cockney (specifically, someone from East London)
Mexico → Azteca [30]
Middlesbrough, England → Smoggie
Newcastle , Australia → Novocastrian
Newcastle upon Tyne, England → Geordie
Newfoundland, Canada → Newfie
New Zealand → Kiwi
Nigeria → Naija
North Carolina → Tar Heel
Philippines → Pinoy
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , United States → Yinzer
Peru → Inca (also Perulero)
Puerto Rico → Boricua (from Taino Arawak Boriken (transl. land of brave people ))
South Australia → Croweater
Sunderland, England → Mackem
Sydney, Australia → Sydneysider
Ohio → Buckeye
Oklahoma → Okie , Sooner
Oldham, England → Yonner
Tasmania → Taswegian[31]
United States → Yank or Yankee
Upper Peninsula of Michigan → Yooper
Wisconsin → Cheesehead
Ethnonyms [ edit ]
Since names of places, regions and countries (toponyms ) are morphologically often related to names of ethnic groups (ethnonyms ), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).
Azerbaijan → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
Bengal → Bengali (also "Bengalese ")
Bulgaria → Bulgarians
Cambodia → Khmers
Chechnya → Chechens
China → Chinese
Croatia → Croats
Czech Republic → Czechs
Denmark → Danes
Egypt → Egyptians
England → English
Eswatini (Swaziland) → Swazis, Swatis
Finland → Finn
Flanders → Flemings
France → French
United Kingdom → British
Haiti → Haitian
Hayastan → Hayastani (also "Armenians ")
Hungary → Hungarians, Magyars
India → Indians
Indonesia → Indonesians
Ingushetia → Ingushians
Iran → Iranians, Persians
Ireland → Irish
Israel → Israeli
Jersey → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
Kalmykia → Kalmyks
Kazakhstan → Kazakhs
KwaZulu → Zulus
Kurdistan → Kurds
Kumaon → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
Kyrgyzstan → Kyrgyzs
Lapland → Laplanders
Madagascar → Malagasys
Mali → Malis
Malta → Maltese
Mongolia → Mongols
Montenegro → Montenegrins
Morocco → Moroccans
The Americas → Native Americans , Indians
Netherlands → Dutch
New Zealand → Kiwis
Odisha → Odias
Philippines → Filipinos
Poland → Poles
Scotland → Scots
Serbia → Serbs
Sorbia → Sorbs
Slovakia → Slovaks
Slovenia → Slovenes
Somalia → Somalis
Spain → Spanish
Sweden → Swedes
Tajikistan → Tajiks
Tamil Nadu → Tamils
Tatarstan →Tatars
Thailand → Thais
Turkey → Turks
Turkmenistan → Turkmens
Ulster → Ulstermen
United States → Americans
Uzbekistan → Uzbeks
Wales → Welsh people
Fiction [ edit ]
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include Martian for hypothetical people of Mars (credited to scientist Percival Lowell ), Gondorian for the people of Tolkien 's fictional land of Gondor , and Atlantean for Plato 's island Atlantis .
Other science fiction examples include Jovian for those of Jupiter or its moons and Venusian for those of Venus . Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as Earthling (from the diminutive -ling , ultimately from Old English -ing meaning "descendant"), as well as Terran , Terrene , Tellurian , Earther , Earthican , Terrestrial , and Solarian (from Sol , the sun).
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians , from the islands of Lilliput and Brobdingnag in the satire Gulliver's Travels .
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been constructed , non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's Rohirrim (from Rohan ), the Star Trek franchise's Klingons (with various names for their homeworld), and the Sangheili from the Halo franchise, (also known as Elites in the game by humans, as well as players) named after their homeworld of Sanghelios.
See also [ edit ]
^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians . Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.[14]
References [ edit ]
^ a b Scheetz, George H. (1988). Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon . Schütz Verlag.
^ "Gramática Inglesa. Adjetivos Gentilicios" . mansioningles.com . Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015 .
^ Costa, Daniel. "demonym" . Encyclopedia Britannica .
^ "Google Ngram Viewer" . google.com . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015 .
^ "Google Ngram Viewer" . google.com . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015 .
^ "Google Ngram Viewer" . google.com . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015 .
^ "Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name?" . National Geographic Magazine . 177 . National Geographic Society (U.S.): 170. February 1990. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020 .
^ William Safire (14 December 1997). "On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2017 .
^ What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). ISBN 978-0-8160-1983-0 .
^ "Oxford English Dictionary" . Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008 .
^ "Aristotle's Constitution of Athens , edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive" . 1912. p. 116.
^ The Associated Press Stylebook: and Briefing on Media Law (42nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-465-00489-8 .
^ Gilbert, Simon (18 November 2014). "What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you" . Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019 .
^ "Savannahian" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Retrieved 12 October 2017 .
^ Finn, Robin (10 October 2014). "Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017 .
^ "Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log" . Yale Press Log . 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2015 .
^ Erskine, Rosalind (18 September 2019). "Baffie to Weegie: 18 Scottish words that are now in the dictionary - and their meaning" . The Scotsman .
^ "Corkonian" . Merriam-Webster . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015 .
^ "North West Evening Mail" . nwemail.co.uk . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014.
^ Waterloo, City of (30 October 2013). "Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest" . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015 .
^ White, Juliet (16 July 2020). "18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico" . OnlyInYourState . Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021 .
^ Oklahoma, University of (20 May 2013). "What is a Sooner?" . University of Oklahoma . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2021 .
^ Mettler, Katie (13 January 2017). " 'Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020 .
^ "Angeleno" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Retrieved 10 August 2017 .
^ "Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35" . malegislature.gov . Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2016 .
^ Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included Massachusett , borrowed from the native Massachusett tribe, Massachusite , championed by the early English Brahmins , Massachusettsian , by analogy with other state demonyms, and Masshole , originally derogatory.
^ "Why are natives of the Isle of Wight known as 'caulkheads'?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 February 2022 .
^ "Mexicanos sinónimos, mexicanos antónimos" (in Spanish). SinonimosGratis.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022 .
^ "Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies" . Australian Geographic . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018 .
Sources [ edit ]
External links [ edit ]
Ethnic group
Ethnographic realism
Hyphenated ethnicity
Indigenous peoples
Ingroups and outgroups
Meta-ethnicity
Metroethnicity
Minority group
Monoethnicity
Nation
Nationality
Panethnicity
Polyethnicity
Population
Race
Supraethnicity
Symbolic ethnicity
Tribe
Ethnic studies
Ethnoarchaeology
Ethnobiology
Ethnocinema
Ethnogeology
Ethnography
Ethnohistory
Ethnolinguistics
Ethnology
Ethnomathematics
Ethnomedicine
Ethnomethodology
Ethnomuseology
Ethnomusicology
Ethnophilosophy
Ethnopsychopharmacology
Ethnopoetics
Ethnoscience
Ethnosemiotics
Ethnotaxonomy
Countries by ethnic groups
Africa
Americas
Asia
Australia
Europe
Oceania
Cultural assimilation
Cultural identity
Demonym
Development
Endonym
Ethnarch
Ethnic flag
Ethnic option
Ethnic origin
Ethnic religion
Ethnicity in census
Ethnofiction
Ethnonym
Folk religion
Historical
Imagined community
Kinship
Legendary progenitor
Lineage-bonded society
Mythomoteur
Mores
Nation-building
Nation state
National language
National myth
Origin myth
Pantribal sodality
Statistext
Tribal name
Tribalism
Urheimat
White ethnic
Cultural appropriation
Diaspora politics
Dominant minority
Ethnic democracy
Ethnic enclave
Ethnic interest group
Ethnic majority
Ethnic media
Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic pornography
Ethnic theme park
Ethnoburb
Ethnocracy
Ethnopluralism
Ethnographic film
Ethnographic village
Indigenous rights
Middleman minority
Minority rights
Model minority
Model minority myth
Multinational state
Ethnic bioweapon
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic joke
Ethnic party
Ethnic penalty
Ethnic slur
Ethnic stereotype
Ethnic violence
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocide
Ethnosymbolism
Indigenism
Indigenization
Nativism
Separatist movements
Xenocentrism
Xenophilia
Xenophobia
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demonym&oldid=1235087916 "
C a t e g o r i e s :
● D e m o n y m s
● S e m a n t i c s
● T y p e s o f w o r d s
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● C S 1 S p a n i s h - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( es )
● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n
● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● U s e d m y d a t e s f r o m J a n u a r y 2 0 2 4
● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s
● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m A p r i l 2 0 1 3
● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m O c t o b e r 2 0 2 1
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 7 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 6 : 3 2 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
● P r i v a c y p o l i c y
● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
● D i s c l a i m e r s
● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a
● C o d e o f C o n d u c t
● D e v e l o p e r s
● S t a t i s t i c s
● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t
● M o b i l e v i e w