Contents

Cassius Dio

Lucius Cassius Dio
17th century illustration of Dio
Native name	Δίων Κάσσιος
Born	c. 165 AD Nicaea, Bithynia
Died	c. 235 AD (aged approx. 70) Bithynia
Occupation	Historian, senator, praetor, proconsul, consul
Nationality	Roman
Subject	History
Notable works	History of Rome
Relatives	Cassius Apronianus (father), Cassius Dio (grandchild or great-grandchild)

Lucius Cassius Dio (c. 165 – c. 235),^[i] also known as Dio Cassius (Greek: Δίων Κάσσιος Dion Kassios), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (27 BC) up until 229 AD, during the reign of Severus Alexander. Written in Ancient Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history.

Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such as Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk of the 11th century, and Zonaras, a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century.

Lucius Cassius Dio^[ii] was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator and member of the Cassia gens, who was born and raised at NicaeainBithynia. Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, Dio Chrysostom; however, this relationship has been disputed. Although Dio was a Roman citizen, he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "my home", as opposed to his description of his villa in Capua, Italy ("the place where I spend my time whenever I am in Italy").^[4]

For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of the public service. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna following the death of Septimius Severus; he became a suffect consul in approximately the year 205. Dio was also proconsulinAfrica and Pannonia. Severus Alexander held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul in 229. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native Bithynia, where he eventually died.^[3][9]

Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio, consul in 291.^[10]

Dio published a Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία, Rhōmaïkḕ Historía) in 80 books in Greek, later translated into Latin as the Historia Romana. On the matter of its composition, he writes the following: "I spent ten years in collecting all the achievements of the Romans from the beginning down to the death of Severus [211 AD], and twelve years more in composing my work. As for subsequent events, they also shall be recorded, down to whatever point it shall be permitted me".^[11][12]

The books cover a period of approximately 1,400 years, beginning with the tales from Roman mythology of the arrival of the legendary Aeneas in Italy (c. 1200 BC) and the founding of Rome by his descendant Romulus (753 BC); as well as the historic events of the republican and imperial eras through 229 AD. The work is one of only three written Roman sources that document the British revolt of 60–61 AD led by Boudica.^[13] Until the first century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events; after that period, his accounts become more detailed.

Dio's work has often been deprecated as unreliable and lacking any overall political aim.^[14][15] Recently, however, some scholars have re-evaluated his work and have highlighted his complexity and sophisticated political and historical interpretations.^[16][17][18]

The first 21 books have been partially reconstructed based on fragments from other works, as well as the 12th-century epitomeofJoannes Zonaras who used Dio's Roman History as a main source. Scholarship on this part of Dio's work is scarce but the importance of the Early Republic and Regal period to Dio's overall work has recently been underlined.^[18] Books 22 through 35, which are only sparsely covered by fragments, were already lost by the times of Zonaras.^[19]

The books that follow, Books 36 through 54, are all nearly complete; they cover the period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign of Pompey and the death of Mithridates to the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Book 55 contains a considerable gap, while Books 56 through 60 (which cover the period from 9–54 AD) are complete and contain events from the defeat of Varus in Germany to the death of Claudius.

Of the 20 subsequent books in the series, there remain only fragments and the meager abridgement of John Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk from the 11th century sponsored by emperor Michael VII Doukas. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with Book 35 and continues to the end of Book 80. The last book covers the period from 222 to 229 AD (the first half of the reign of Alexander Severus).

The fragments of the first 36 books have been collected in four ways:

Fragmenta Valesiana

Fragments that were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, and lexicographers, and were collected by Henri Valois

Fragmenta Peiresciana

Large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices", contained in the collection, or portative library, compiled by order of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged to Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.

Fragmenta Ursiniana

The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work by Constantine, entitled "Of Embassies". These are known under the name of Fragmenta Ursiniana, as the manuscript in which they are contained was found in SicilybyFulvio Orsini.

Excerpta Vaticana

Excerpta VaticanabyAngelo Mai contains fragments of Books 1 to 35 and 61 to 80. Additionally, fragments of an unknown continuator of Dio (Anonymus post Dionem), generally identified with the 6th century CE historian Peter the Patrician, are included; these date from the time of Constantine. Other fragments from Dio that are primarily associated with the first 34 books were found by Mai in two Vatican manuscripts; these contain a collection that was compiled by Maximus Planudes. The annals of Joannes Zonaras also contain numerous extracts from Dio.

An outline of Roman History.

• Tacitus
• Severan dynasty
• Herodian
• Roman historiography

• Aalders, G. J. D. (1986). "Cassius Dio and the Greek World". Mnemosyne. 39 (3/4): 282–304. doi:10.1163/156852586X00446. ISSN 0026-7074. JSTOR 4431512.
• Baltussen, Han (2002). "Matricide Revisited: Dramatic and Rhetorical Allusion in Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio". Antichthon. 36: 30–40. doi:10.1017/S0066477400001313. ISSN 0066-4774. S2CID 145157474.
• Burden-Strevens, Christopher; Lindholmer, Mads (2018). Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome: The Roman History, Books 1–21 (PDF). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-38455-2.
• Eisman, Michael M. (1977). "Dio and Josephus : Parallel Analyses". Latomus. 36 (3): 657–673. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41530379.
• Fromentin, Valérie; Bertrand, Estelle; Coltelloni-Trannoy, Michèle; Molin, Michel; Urso, Gianpaolo (2023). Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures. Scripta Antiqua (in French and English). Pessac: Ausonius Éditions. ISBN 978-2-35613-569-8.
• Gleason, Maud (2011). "Identity Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio's Contemporary History". Classical Antiquity. 30 (1): 33–86. doi:10.1525/CA.2011.30.1.33. ISSN 0278-6656.
• Kordoš, Jozef (2010). "Thucydidean elements in Cassius Dio". Acta Antiqua. 50 (2–3): 249–256. doi:10.1556/AAnt.50.2010.2-3.6. ISSN 0044-5975.
• Lange, Carsten Hjort; Madsen, Jesper Majborm, eds. (2016). Cassius Dio: Greek Intellectual and Roman Politician. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004335318. ISBN 978-90-04-33531-8.
• Mallan, C. T. (2013). "Cassius Dio on Julia Domna: A Study of the Political and Ethical Functions of Biographical Representation in Dio's Roman History". Mnemosyne. 66 (4–5): 734–760. doi:10.1163/1568525X-12341161. ISSN 0026-7074.
• McDougall, Iain (1991). "Dio and his Sources for Caesar's Campaigns in Gaul". Latomus. 50 (3): 616–638. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41536119.
• Millar, Fergus (1964). A Study of Cassius Dio. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814336-9.
• Murison, Charles L. (1999). Rebellion and Reconstruction: Galba to Domitian. Scholars Press. ISBN 978-0-7885-0547-8.
• Reinhold, Meyer (1988). From Republic to Principate: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 49–52 (36–29 B.C.). Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-55540-112-2.
• Scott, Andrew G. (2023). An age of iron and rust: Cassius Dio and the history of his time. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004541115.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Dio Cassius.

• "Dio Cassius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 278–279.
• Media related to Cassius Dio at Wikimedia Commons
• Works by or about Cassius DioatWikisource
• Works by or about Cassius DioatInternet Archive
• Greek text of Dio's Roman History at the Perseus Digital Library (Earnest Cary & Herbert Baldwin Foster, Loeb Classical Library, 1914–1927)
• Greek text of Dio's Roman History at Poesia Latina (1914–1927 edition)
• Works by Cassius DioatProject Gutenberg (English translation of Roman History by Herbert Baldwin Foster, 1905)
• English translation of Dio's Roman HistoryonLacusCurtius (1914–1927 edition)
• Greek text with French Translation (Étienne Gros^(fr) and V. Boissée, 1845–1870)
• Dio Cassius: the Manuscripts of "The Roman History" at the Tertullian Project
• Editio princeps: ΤΩΝ ΔΙΩΝΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΪΚΩΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΩΝ ΕΙΚΟΣΙΤΡΙΑ ΒΙΒΛΙΑ: Dionis Romanarum historiarum libri XXIII, à XXXVI ad LVIII vsque Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, Greek text edited by Robert Estienne, Paris, 1548. Held by the Corning Museum of Glass.
• Editio princeps of Xiphilinus's Epitome (Robert Estienne, Paris, 1551) at Google Books