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Electrical load

Electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes electric power

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Anelectrical load is an electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes (active) electric power,^[1][2] such as electrical appliances and lights inside the home. The term may also refer to the power consumed by a circuit. This is opposed to a power supply source, such as a batteryorgenerator, which provides power.^[2]

The term is used more broadly in electronics for a device connected to a signal source, whether or not it consumes power.^[2] If an electric circuit has an output port, a pair of terminals that produces an electrical signal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. For example, if a CD player is connected to an amplifier, the CD player is the source, and the amplifier is the load.^[2]

Load affects the performance of circuits with respect to output voltagesorcurrents, such as in sensors, voltage sources, and amplifiers. Mains power outlets provide an easy example: they supply power at constant voltage, with electrical appliances connected to the power circuit collectively making up the load. When a high-power appliance switches on, it dramatically reduces the load impedance.

The voltages will drop if the load impedance is not much higher than the power supply impedance. Therefore, switching on a heating appliance in a domestic environment may cause incandescent lights to dim noticeably.

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When discussing the effect of load on a circuit, it is helpful to disregard the circuit's actual design and consider only the Thévenin equivalent. (The Norton equivalent could be used instead, with the same results.) The Thévenin equivalent of a circuit looks like this:

With no load (open-circuited terminals), all of ${\displaystyle V_{S}}$ falls across the output; the output voltage is ${\displaystyle V_{S}}$. However, the circuit will behave differently if a load is added. Therefore, we would like to ignore the details of the load circuit, as we did for the power supply, and represent it as simply as possible. For example, if we use an input resistance to represent the load, the complete circuit looks like this:

Whereas the voltage source by itself was an open circuit, adding the load makes a closed circuit and allows charge to flow. This current places a voltage drop across ${\displaystyle R_{S}}$, so the voltage at the output terminal is no longer ${\displaystyle V_{S}}$. The output voltage can be determined by the voltage division rule:

${\displaystyle V_{OUT}=V_{S}\cdot {\frac {R_{L}}{R_{L}+R_{S}}}}$

If the source resistance is not negligibly small compared to the load impedance, the output voltage will fall.

This illustration uses simple resistances, but a similar discussion can be applied in alternating current circuits using resistive, capacitive, and inductive elements.

• Dummy load