Method of teaching in which students teach the subject to each other
In the field of pedagogy, learning by teaching is a method of teaching in which students are made to learn material and prepare lessons to teach it to the other students. There is a strong emphasis on acquisition of life skills along with the subject matter.
The method of having students teach other students has been present since antiquity.[1] Most often this was due to lack of resources.[1] For example, the Monitorial System was an education method that became popular on a global scale during the early 19th century. It was developed in parallel by Scotsman Andrew Bell who had worked in Madras and Joseph Lancaster who worked in London; each attempted to educate masses of poor children with scant resources by having older children teach younger children what they had already learned.[2]
Systematic research into intentionally improving education, by having students learn by teaching began in the middle of the 20th century.[3]
In the early 1980s, Jean-Pol Martin systematically developed the concept of having students teach other in the context of learning French as a foreign language, and he gave it a theoretical background in numerous publications, which was thus referred to in German as Lernen durch Lehren, shortened to LdL.[4] The method was originally resisted, as the German educational system generally emphasized discipline and rote learning.[1] However the method became widely used in Germany in secondary education, and in the 1990s it was further formalized and began to be used in universities as well.[4] By 2008 Martin had retired, and although he remained active Joachim Grzega took the lead in developing and promulgating LdL.[1][5]
LdL method
[edit]LDL, modeled on the structure of the brain by Martin[6]
After preparation by the teacher, students become responsible for their own learning and teaching. The new material is divided into small units and student groups of not more than three people are formed.[1]
Students are then encouraged to experiment to find ways to teach the material to the others. Along with ensuring that students learn the material, another goal of the method, is to teach students life skills like respect for other people, planning, problem solving, taking chances in public, and communication skills.[7][8][9][10] The teacher remains actively involved, stepping in to further explain or provide support if the teaching-students falter or the learning-students do not seem to understand the material.[1]
A related method is the plastic platypus learningorplatypus learning technique. This technique is based on evidence that show that teaching an inanimate object improves understanding and knowledge retention of a subject.[11][12][13] The advantage of this technique is that the learner does not need the presence of another person in order to teach the subject. The concept is similar to the software engineering technique of rubber duck debugging, in which a programmer can find bugs in their code without the help of others, simply by explaining what the code does, line by line, to an inanimate object such as a rubber duck.[14]
A similar process is the Feynman technique, named after physicist Richard Feynman, in which a person attempts to write an explanation of some information in a way that a child could understand, developing original analogies where necessary. When the writer reaches an area which they are unable to comfortably explain, they go back and re-read or research the topic until they are able to do so.[15]
Traditional instructor teaching style classes can be mixed with or transformed to flipped teaching. Before and after each (traditional/flipped) lecture, anonymized evaluation items on the Likert scale can be recorded from the students for continuous monitoring/dashboarding. In planned flipped teaching lessons, the teacher hands out lesson teaching material one week before the lesson is scheduled for the students to prepare talks. Small student groups work on the lecture chapters instead of homework, and then give the lecture in front of their peers. The professional lecturer then discusses, complements, and provides feedback at the end of the group talks. Here, the professional lecturer acts as a coach to help students with preparation and live performance.[16]
^"About me" (in German). Jean-Pol Martins Weblog. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
^Kahl, von Reinhard (2005). Treibhäuser der Zukunft wie in Deutschland Schulen gelingen; eine Dokumentation (2nd, überarb. Aufl. ed.). Berlin: Archiv der Zukunft [u.a.] ISBN978-3-407-85830-6.
^Grzega, Joachim; Schöner, Marion (4 July 2008). "The didactic model LdL (Lernen durch Lehren) as a way of preparing students for communication in a knowledge society". Journal of Education for Teaching. 34 (3): 167–175. doi:10.1080/02607470802212157. S2CID59268569.
^Bargh, John A.; Schul, Yaacov (1980). "On the cognitive benefits of teaching". Journal of Educational Psychology. 72 (5): 593–604. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.72.5.593.
^Koh, Aloysius Wei Lun; Lee, Sze Chi; Lim, Stephen Wee Hun (2018). "The learning benefits of teaching: A retrieval practice hypothesis". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 32 (3): 401–410. doi:10.1002/acp.3410.
^Mastmeyer, A. (2020). "Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Transforming to Flipped-Classroom from Instruction Teaching using Micro Feedback Loops". Manuscript Work in Progress: 1–42. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4000357.
Grzega, Joachim; Klüsener, Bea (15 May 2011). "Learning by Teaching through Polylogues: Training Expert Communication in Information and Knowledge Societies Using LdL (Lernen durch Lehren)". Fachsprache. 33 (1–2): 17–35. doi:10.24989/fs.v33i1-2.1379.
Kabache, Taieb (2022): Probing the Impact of Learning-by-teaching Method to Boost EFL Learners’ Engagement during the Grammar Session: The case of first-year PEM students at Taleb Abdurrahman ENS Laghouat. Algeria.[1]
Kolbe, Simon (2021): Learning by Teaching - a Resource Orientated Approach Towards Mordern Inclusive Education. In: Mevlüt Aydogmus (Hg.): New Trends and Promising Directions in Modern Education. New Perspectives 2021. Meram/Konya: Palet Yayinlari Verlag, 234-255.
Krüger, Rudolf (1975). Projekt Lernen durch Lehren : Schüler als Tutoren von Mitschülern. Bad Heilbrunn (Obb.): Klinkhardt. ISBN978-3-7815-0243-7.
Martin, Jean-Pol (1985). Zum Aufbau didaktischer Teilkompetenzen beim Schüler : Fremdsprachenunterricht auf der lerntheoretischen Basis des Informationsverarbeitungsansatzes. Tübingen: Narr. ISBN978-3-87808-435-8.
mMartin, Jean-Pol (1994). Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Tübingen: Narr. ISBN978-3-8233-4373-8.
Martin, Jean-Pol (2018). "Lernen durch Lehren: Konzeptualisierung als Glücksquelle". In Burow, Olaf-Axel; Bornemann, Stefan (eds.). Das Große Handbuch Unterricht & Erziehung in der Schule (in German) (1 ed.). Link, Carl. pp. 345–360. ISBN9783556073360.
Martin, Jean-Pol; Oebel, Guido (2007). "Lernen durch Lehren: Paradigmenwechsel in der Didaktik?". Deutschunterricht in Japan. 12: 4–21. ISSN1342-6575. (Author copy)
Schelhaas, Christine (2003). "Lernen durch Lehren" für einen produktions- und handlungsorientierten Fremdsprachenunterricht : ein praktischer Leitfaden mit zahlreichen kreativen Unterrichtsideen und reichhaltiger Materialauswahl (2nd, verb. Aufl. ed.). Marburg: Tectum-Verl. ISBN978-3-8288-8548-6.
Serholt, Sofia, Ekström Sara, Künster Dennis, Ljungblad Sara, Pareto Lena (2022): Comparing a Robot Tutee to a Human Tutee in a Learning-By-Teaching Scenario with Children, 2022 Front. Robot. AI, 21 February 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.836462
