Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  

































Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 History  



1.1  Ancient civilizations  





1.2  Asia  





1.3  Europe  





1.4  The Americas  





1.5  Modern day  







2 Design  



2.1  Principles  





2.2  Elements  







3 Media  



3.1  Fresh  



3.1.1  Flowers  





3.1.2  Foliage  







3.2  Preserved  







4 Tools  





5 Education  





6 Community  



6.1  Floral shops  





6.2  Street vendors  





6.3  Associations  





6.4  Designers  







7 See also  





8 References  














Floral design






Afrikaans
Čeština
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français

Қазақша
Magyar

Nederlands

Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ி
Українська
Tiếng Vit
 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 




In other projects  



Wikimedia Commons
 
















Appearance
   

 






From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 

(Redirected from Flower arranging)

A woman creating a flower arrangement in the 1930s in Tokyo, Japan
An arrangement displayed at a church in Beer, United Kingdom

Floral designorflower arrangement is the art of using plant material and flowers to create an eye-catching and balanced composition or display. Evidence of refined floral design is found as far back as the culture of ancient Egypt. Floral designs, called arrangements, incorporate the five elements and seven principles of floral design.[1]

Floral design is considered a section of floristry. But floral design pertains only to the design and creation of arrangements. It does not include the marketing, merchandising, caring of, growing of, or delivery of flowers.

Common flower arrangements in floral design include vase arrangements, wreaths, nosegays, garlands, festoons, boutonnieres, corsages, and bouquets.

History[edit]

The Eastern, Western, and European styles have all influenced the commercial floral design industry as it is today. Western design historically is characterized by symmetrical, asymmetrical, horizontal, and vertical style of arrangements. The history of flower arrangement first dates back to Ancient Egypt, and has gradually evolved over time.[citation needed]

Ancient civilizations[edit]

Egyptians were among the first to place lotus flowers and buds in vases nearly 4,000 years ago.[2] Egyptians also created bouquets, wreaths, garlands, headwear, and collars. These arrangements often used lotus and papyrus, as they were seen as sacred plants to the goddess Isis. Ancient Greeks and Romans also created garlands and wreaths to wear. Greeks and Romans also created cornucopias full of fruits and vegetables as religious offerings.[3]

Asia[edit]

Chinese and Korean arrangements were, and still are, traditionally based upon the Confucian idea of reflection, the Buddhist principle of preservation, and Taoist symbolism. The arrangements of the Chinese and Koreans often use containers of varying height and shape, and use natural elements, such as rocks.[3][4]

Ikebana is the Japanese style of floral design, and incorporates the three main line placements that correspond with heaven, humans, and the earth.[4]

Europe[edit]

During the Renaissance, pieces often had a degree of symbolism and used bright, vivid, and contrasting triadic colors. Designs were symmetrical and combined fresh and dried material, as well as fruits and vegetables. These arrangements were often triangular, arching, or ellipse-shaped.[5][2][4]

In French design, arrangements often used soft pastel colors. Arrangements were often light and airy, and stressed the individual beauty of each flower itself, rather than the entire arrangement. Pieces were semi-ovoid, soft and airy, had a feminine design, were symmetrical, and had no focal point. They accentuated rhythm with curves, lines, and flourishes of plant material.[5][2][4]

English design drew from the vast variety of plant materials that were available in estates and the countryside. Most arrangements during the various periods were formal pieces, generally triangular in shape, and symmetrical.[5][2][4]

The Americas[edit]

A recreation of an American Colonial Period arrangement using synthetic flowers

Inthe Americas, during the Colonial Period (1607–1699), arrangements were made used gathered wildflowers, grasses, and seed pods. These arrangements reflected a simplistic lifestyle with few luxuries; a reflection of the first colonists to arrive there. American arrangements then evolved from numerous influences, primarily European. As such, American pieces began to reflect the sophistication, symmetry, and shapes of European design ideals of the time.[5][2][4]

Modern day[edit]

In the mid 20th century, flower arranging and floral design came to be seen as an art form. While modern floral designers and arrangers are still inspired by the naturalistic, 19th century designs, modern designers tend to want to break free from the rigid patterns and restrictions of past period designs. This led to the creation of abstract designs in modern floral arrangement. Other modern designers, however, did not feel inspired or drawn to abstract designs. As such, these designers began to create new design styles. Today's floral arrangements are born out of these two factors. Modern arrangements range from zero abstraction, in which pieces and components are untreated and organized naturally, to total abstraction, which totally disregards patterns and rules.[6][7][8]

Today, there are many styles of floral design including the Botanical Style, the Garden Style (Hand Tied, Compote or Armature), the Crescent Corsage, the Nosegay Corsage, Pot au Fleur, the Inverted "T", Parallel Systems, Western Line, the Hedgerow Design, Mille de Fleur, and Formal Linear.[9]

Design[edit]

Principles[edit]

When creating flower arrangements, there are generally seven principles that floral designers must incorporate into their arrangement to create a flattering and appealing piece. These seven principles include:[1][10][11]

It is important to keep in mind that not every arrangement will use all seven principles of design. For example, French Baroque and Rococo style arrangements do not include a focal point. Rococo designs also disregarded proportion; they were to be much taller than they were wide. Some traditional designs disregarded space (and therefore a part of rhythm).[5][2] Modern abstract designers may disregard the seven principles entirely.[7]

Elements[edit]

In addition to the seven principles, there are also five elements of design a designer must keep in mind when arranging flowers. These five elements include:[1][12][10][11]

Media[edit]

Fresh[edit]

The vast majority of the media used in floral design is fresh, or living, media. Fresh media includes flowers and foliage.

Flowers[edit]

Flowers used in floral design are often broke into four categories: line flowers, form flowers, mass flowers, and filler flowers. Each category serves its own purpose in achieving an element or principle of design. The four categories are listed as follows:[13][14]

Examples for each category of flowers. Clockwise, from upper left: Bells of Ireland (line flower), moth orchid (form flower), waxflower (filler flower), carnation (mass flower).

It is worth noting that just because a flower is defined in one category, that does not exclude it from other categories. For example, chrysthanthemums can be considered both a mass flower or a filler flower, depending on the size and variety of the bloom. Anthuriums and orchids can be considered form flowers, as well as mass flowers.

Other flowers commonly used by floral designers include peruvian lilies, cosmos, freesias, gardenia, hyacinth, kalanchoe, larkspur, lavender, lilac, lilies, limonium, lupine, peonies, phlox, protea, ranunculus, sedum, solidago, sunflowers, tulips, and zinnias.[15]

Foliage[edit]

Much like flowers, foliage can also be divided into the same four categories. Usually, they are meant to accent what is being done by their flower counterparts.[13]

Another similarity shared in the categorization of foliage in the same way as flowers is that a certain type of foliage may be included in more than one category. Leatherleaf fern can be considered a mass foliage or a line foliage, and ruscus can be considered form foliage or a line foliage.

Other foliage used by floral designers today include Italian ruscus, Israeli ruscus, dusty miller, monstera deliciosa, eucalyptus (including silver dollar, gunnii, and baby blue), various types of ferns (such as tree fern), camellia, olive branches, hypericum berries, and pittosporum.[16]

Preserved[edit]

Dried materials such as bark, wood, dried flowers, dried (and often aromatic) inflorescences, leaves, leaf skeletons, and other preserved materials are common extensions of the art and media of floral design. They are of practical importance in that they last indefinitely and are independent of the seasons. Their materials offer effects and associations complementary to, and contrasting with, fresh flowers and foliage.[examples needed]

Tools[edit]

An example of shears that can be used in floral design

To create an arrangement, a floral designer has to use a multitude of tools. In general, the most common tools are floral tape, pot tape, glue, flower frogs, cutting tools, floral foam, containers, and wire.[17][18]

Vases and other containers are used to hold the arrangement. They often lend to the final look of a piece, and come in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit numerous types of projects.

Floral foam is a piece of dense foam that holds moisture and keeps flowers in place. Most floral foam has a specific container that can hold the foam without anything more than placing it into the container. However, floral foam can be cut into any shape, and therefore placed in any container.[19] In recent years, there has been controversy over the environmental impact of floral foam, as well as the potential negative health effects from inhaling the powder created from unsoaked foam. Nevertheless, floral foam is still an essential tool in floral design.[20]

Cutting tools, such as floral knives, floral shears, pruners, and ribbon scissors can be used to cut a variety of materials in floral design. Knives can be used to cut flowers or floral foam. Shears and pruners can also be used to trim and cut foliage and flowers. Ribbon scissors are used to cut ribbon and twine.[21]

Adhesive tools include floral tape, pot tape, floral adhesive (also known as cold glue), and hot glue. Floral tape is most often used to secure flowers together or to cover the mechanics of an arrangement, especially when creating a boutonniereorcorsage. Pot tape is used to create a grid pattern in vases, which helps keeps flowers and foliage in place. Pot tape can also be used to secure floral foam to a container. Cold glue is used to secure fresh, living flowers together or in place for an arrangement. Hot glue is used to glue non-living media in place or together.[22]

Wire is used in floral design for a variety of purposes. It can be used to secure ribbons in place, fix broken stems, or provide strength to weak or flimsy material. Wire comes in different gauges, or sizes, which are used for different applications.

Flower frogs are devices that keep flowers upright. They usually have holes to place the flowers into, or spikes to "spear" the cut end of the flower into.

Education[edit]

With the ever-growing interest in the natural world and flowers, the floral industry continues to grow. The increase in educational institutes providing training in floral design has expanded to many state universities, certified design schools, and even high schools worldwide. Schools that teach floral design courses teach techniques to arrange flowers, plant identification, foliage and flower care for both fresh and preserved media, retail floral shop practices, and how to place and receive flower orders. Most of these programs reward students with certificates or degrees in floral design, shop management, or artisanship.

Collection of arrangements created by a high school floral design student. This photo shows two round arrangements and a corsage.

Floral design course are typically cheaper than most higher education programs, and can cost anywhere from US$125 to over US$25,000. Most courses take around six to eighteen months to complete.[23]

The following list is composed of schools and organizations that offer floral design courses:[23][24]

Community[edit]

Floral shops[edit]

A florist's shop in Paris

Floral shops are business establishments that create and sell floral designs. Floral shops often have a vast variety of flowers and foliage to use in creating arrangements, which can be custom ordered or pre-designed. Floral shops usually receive a majority of their business on the following holidays and events: Christmas, Valentine's Day, Administrative Professionals' Day, Mothers' Day, All Souls Day, Advent, Easter, weddings and funerals.[25] Floral shops also include the other aspects of floristry, including marketing, buying and selling of flowers, production, etc.

Street vendors[edit]

A street vendor selling flowers from a bicycle on a street in Hanoi, Vietnam

Street vendors that sell flowers and arrangements are called flower sellers. Flower sellers are popular in countries like Mexico, India, Vietnam and Southwestern states in the United States.[citation needed]

Associations[edit]

Prominent industry associations that promote floral design worldwide include the American Institute of Floral Designers (AIFD), the Society of American Florists (SAF), and the National Association of Flower Arranging Societies (NAFAS). In the United States, there are also numerous floriculture and floral design organizations for nearly all of the 50 states in the country.[26] These associations promote floral design through workshops, conferences, flower shows, and seminars.[27]

Designers[edit]

Notable floral designers include Daniel Ost, Junichi Kakizaki, Paula Pryke, Phil Rulloda, Catherine Conlin, Constance Spry, Jennifer McGarigle, Judith Blacklock, Stanlee Gatti, Irene Hayes, Julia Clements, Azuma Makoto, and the White House Chief Floral Designer.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Book of Floral Terminology, AIFD
  • ^ a b c d e f Vagg, Daphne (2006). PERIOD FLOWER ARRANGING. National Association of Flower Arrangement Societies.
  • ^ a b "Floral decoration". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  • ^ a b c d e f Berrall, Julia S. (1 January 1953). A History of Flower Arrangement. The Saint Austin Press.
  • ^ a b c d e Hannay, Frances J. (1948). Period Flower Arrangements. National Council Books, Inc.
  • ^ "Floral Styles and Designs" (PDF). Garden Club of Virginia. 26 May 2015.
  • ^ a b Curtis, Christina D. (2004). Contemporary Floral Design. National Association of Flower Arrangement Societies.
  • ^ Healey, Deryck (1986). The New Art of Flower Design. Villard Books.
  • ^ "Floral Design Institute | Floral Design Styles |". www.floraldesigninstitute.com. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
  • ^ a b Lersch, Gregor (1999). Principles of Floral Design. Donau Verlag Kriener & Potthoff KG.
  • ^ a b Johnson, James. "Principles of Design" (PDF). Texas State Florists’ Association. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  • ^ Dicks, Lori. "Elements of Floral Design". Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  • ^ a b https://www.ecisd.net/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=7707&dataid=11229&FileName=8943-A.pdf, FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES USED IN FLORAL DESIGNS, Instructional Materials Service.
  • ^ "Floral Design curriculum Chapter 2" (PDF). Texas State Florists’ Association. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  • ^ "List of Common Florist Flowers". We Love Florists. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  • ^ Neary, Kayla (21 November 2019). "Green Foliage: Eleven Varieties to Pair with Flowers".
  • ^ "10 Floral Tools Every Florist Should Have". Floranext. 23 June 2021.
  • ^ "Essential Floral Tools and How to Use Them". Walden Floral. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  • ^ "Best-Kept Secrets of Floral Foam". American Rose Society. 1 February 2015.
  • ^ Feldmann, Rita (27 November 2019). "Floral Foam – the impact on our environment". Flowers Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  • ^ "Using a Knife to Cut Fresh Flowers". Mississippi State University. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  • ^ "WHY AND HOW TO GLUE PROM (AND OTHER) FLOWERS". OASIS Floral Products. 25 March 2019.
  • ^ a b "Floral Design Schools and Colleges in the US". Thursd. 28 December 2022.
  • ^ "The Best Florist Schools In The World". Onya Magazine. 28 April 2020.
  • ^ This list of primary floral events is from Teagasc – Advisory – Factsheet 29: Floristry. Archived 6 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  • ^ https://endowment.org/associations-industry-organizations/, Associations and Industry Organizations
  • ^ Kruchmol, Connie. "Revolutionary Wiggy Flowers". Bella Online—The Voice of women. Bella Online. Retrieved 18 May 2015.

  • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floral_design&oldid=1219658448"

    Categories: 
    Design
    Floristry
    Arts occupations
    Hidden categories: 
    Webarchive template wayback links
    Articles with short description
    Short description is different from Wikidata
    All articles with unsourced statements
    Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023
    Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
    All articles needing examples
    Articles needing examples from March 2023
    Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023
    Articles with NDL identifiers
    Articles with NKC identifiers
     



    This page was last edited on 19 April 2024, at 02:18 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki