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Grand unification energy

The unification of the electroweak force and the strong force with the gravitational force in a so-called "Theory of Everything" requires an even higher energy level which is generally assumed to be close to the Planck scaleof${\displaystyle 10^{19}}$ GeV. In theory, at such short distances, gravity becomes comparable in strength to the other three forces of nature known to date. This statement is modified if there exist additional dimensions of space at intermediate scales. In this case, the strength of gravitational interactions increases faster at smaller distances and the energy scale at which all known forces of nature unify can be considerably lower. This effect is exploited in models of large extra dimensions.

The most powerful collider to date, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is designed to reach about 10⁴ GeV in proton–proton collisions. The scale 10¹⁶ GeV is only a few orders of magnitude below the Planck energy of 10¹⁹ GeV, and thus not within reach of man-made earth bound colliders.^[1]

See also[edit]

• Desert (particle physics)
• Standard Model
• Timeline of the Big Bang

References[edit]

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